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History - home Historians of the country From documents XVII XIX From documents of Russia and Russia New history XVII XIX - Efimov History of the Middle Ages V - XVII: Agibalova - Donskoy History of the Middle Ages - Golin, Kuzmenko, Loiberg History of Russia BC - XVIII: Nechkina - Leibengrub History of the country (BC - XIX century) History of the Russian Federation VIII - XX: Alekseev - Karpov History of the USSR 1938-1972 - Balev, Berkhin, Kim, Potemkin History of the Ancient World 7000 BC - V. V. Korovkin
From this category:
The Germans after the fall of the Western Roman Empire
The emergence of the state among the Franks - 5th century
The growth of large land holdings and the enslavement of peasants
The formation of the Frankish Empire and its collapse
A feudal estate in Western Europe
The life and everyday life of the serfs of Europe
Life and life of the feudal lords of Europe
Feudal fragmentation in Western Europe
Slavs in the VI X centuries
What is the feudal system?
Settlement of the lands of the Byzantine Empire by the Slavs in the 5th 11th centuries
The establishment of the feudal system in Byzantium.
Culture of Byzantium
The beginning of the unification of the Arab tribes of the VI century.
The Arab Caliphate and its collapse 7-9 century
Economy and culture of the Arab Caliphate countries
Results of the first period of the history of the Middle Ages
The emergence of cities in Western Europe in the 11th 14th centuries.
Craft in a medieval city of the 12th 14th centuries
The struggle of cities with feudal lords in the XII XIII centuries
Development of trade in feudal Europe
The First Crusade of 1096
The Hussite Wars (from 1419 to 1434)
The conquest of the Balkan Peninsula by the Turks - The Fall of Byzantium in 1453
The formation of the Ottoman Empire.
The struggle of the conquered peoples against the Turkish conquerors.
Education and science in the Middle Ages in Europe - during the XII XV centuries
Art and literature in the Middle Ages the period of 12-15 centuries
China in the Middle Ages - The Feudal System
Economic development in China in the Middle Ages
The Mongol conquest and the struggle of the Chinese people for independence 13-14 centuries.
Chinese culture in the Middle Ages
India in the Middle Ages - The Feudal System
Development of economy and culture in India in the Middle Ages
Results of the second period of the history of the Middle Ages
The development of technology in the XV XVI centuries in Western Europe
America in the XV century - The discovery of America by Columbus, the first trip around the world - by Fernando Magellan
Colonial conquests of Europeans of the 15th 16th centuries.
Conclusion - the development of technology, geographical discoveries in the 15-16 centuries.
The development of capitalist industry in England in the 16th century
Enclosures and their consequences in England in the 16th century
England: Trade and the struggle for the colonies 16-17bv 1588 the defeat of the " Invincible Armada"
The establishment of an unlimited monarchy in France 16-18c
The bourgeoisie, peasants and nobles in France 16-17c
In the XVI and the first half of the XVII century, the feudal system still prevailed in Western Europe.
The beginning of the Reformation in Germany - the XVI century.
Causes and the beginning of the peasant War in Germany in the 16th century.
The highest rise and defeat of the peasant war in Germany - 16b.
The spread of the Reformation in Europe and the struggle against it of the Catholic Church 16-17c.
The Netherlands under the rule of feudal Spain The beginning of the revolution the 16th century
The victory of the bourgeois revolution in the north of the Netherlands - 16 in
The culture of Europe at the end of the xv first half of the XVII century the culture of the Renaissance
The heyday of art in Italy in the 16th century (Renaissance)
The struggle between science and the Church 15-17 centuries
Results of the third period of the history of the Middle Ages
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History: The history of the Middle Ages V XVII: Agibalova Donskoy
Economy and culture of the Caliphate countries
1.
Who was the creator of the culture of the Caliphate
The caliphate included many countries with a high ancient culture: Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Central Asia.
At first, in terms of cultural development, the Arabs were much lower than the majority of the conquered peoples; there were few literate people among the Arabs.
Ignorant conquerors destroyed cultural monuments.
After capturing Alexandria with its famous library, the Caliph declared: "If the books do not say what is written in the Koran, they should be destroyed, and if the same is said,- then they are not needed."
And the Caliph ordered to burn the ancient manuscripts.
But gradually the Arabs assimilated the achievements of the conquered peoples in science and art.
The Arabic language was widely spread in the countries of the Caliphate.
It was spoken and conducted in court, it was studied in schools.
Therefore, Syrian, Iranian, Central Asian scientists and writers created their works in Arabic.
Arabic became the language of science and literature in the countries of the Caliphate.
The culture of the countries of the Caliphate was created not only by the Arabs, but also by all the peoples who were part of the Arab state.
2. Development of the economy of the Arab Caliphate
Agriculture, crafts and trade were developed in the countries of the Arab Caliphate.
With their labor, the peasants transformed the barren steppes.
The valleys of Syria were buried in orchards and vineyards.
Barley and wheat were sown on the irrigated lands, dates and sugar cane were bred.
From India and China, the Arabs imported cotton and rice, oranges and lemons; these crops spread widely in the countries of the caliphate.
Skilled artisans produced light and durable fabrics from cotton and wool.
Iran was famous for its carpets.
In Syria, bright silks and glassware were made.
Syrian gunsmiths were famous all over the world: swords, sabers and shells made of Damascus steel were highly valued by the feudal lords of eastern and European countries.
Merchants from the caliphate traded with India and China.
On camels and horses, they carried silk and dishes from China through hot deserts and high mountains.
Fabrics and precious stones were brought from India on ships and boats on the waves of the Indian Ocean.
Arab merchants often appeared in Western Europe and on the banks of the Volga.
Here they sold valuable Oriental goods.
Traveling to distant countries of the East and West, Arab merchants established ties between peoples, helped them to exchange the achievements of their culture.
3. The science of the Arabs
"The greatest adornment of man is knowledge," said Arab scientists.
In the countries of the Caliphate, sciences related to crafts and trade were successfully developed: mathematics, astronomy, geography.
Higher schools were opened in large cities.
Arab mathematicians created algebra.
They began to use Indian numbers, and Europeans borrowed these numbers from the Arabs (these numbers are still called "Arabic" in Europe).
Astronomers used sophisticated instruments.
They were able to calculate approximately the size of the globe.
The scientist Al Biruni from Central Asia made a brilliant guess that the Earth moves around the Sun.
The Arabs held geography in high esteem.
An Arabic proverb says about this: "If you set out on a journey for the sake of science, the doors of paradise open before you."
Arab travelers described all the countries of the Caliphate, India, China, penetrated far into the depths of Africa and Eastern Europe.
They made maps of the lands and seas known to them.
In the XI century, a great scientist Ibn Sina lived in Central Asia (in Europe he was called Avicenna).
He owns more than a hundred scientific works.
Ibn Sina was especially famous as a doctor.
He described the signs of many diseases that had not been able to distinguish before him.
In the East, Ibn Sina was called the "head of the scholars".
But the Muslim clergy persecuted the advanced scientist, accusing him of godlessness.
4. Literature and Art
Along with expensive goods, merchants and camel drivers brought wonderful fairy tales and stories from India, Iran, and Egypt.
They were told in the palaces of the Caliph and the nobility, on the streets and in the houses of Baghdad.
The rich loved to listen to stories about amazing journeys and adventures.
And in the squares and bazaars, porters and fishermen passed on to each other funny stories about cunning people who deceived judges, merchants and officials.
From these fairy tales, the world famous collection "One Thousand and One Nights"was later compiled.
Mosque
in Cordoba.
Internal view.
The construction of the mosque was started in the VIII century.
Elegant light columns made of marble and white stone seem to be lost in the semi darkness of a huge hall, there are more than 600 columns.
The second row of quadrangular columns rises above the lower row of round columns.
The columns are knitted together by semicircular arches.
The walls are richly decorated with carvings.
Architecture reached a brilliant heyday in the Caliphate.
For the Caliphs, architects built magnificent palaces with many fountains; fabulous buildings were buried in the greenery of shady gardens.
Arab builders built Muslim temples mosques (translated from Arabic - "places of worship").
The quadrangular building of the mosque was usually crowned with a dome from above.
The roofs were decorated with battlements and cornices, the walls were decorated with patterns of intertwining lines.
The Muslim religion forbade depicting people and animals.
Therefore, sculpture and painting in the countries of the Caliphate almost did not develop.
5. The significance of the culture of the Caliphate
Europeans borrowed a lot of valuable scientific knowledge from the Arabs.
The works of Arab mathematicians and astronomers served as a guide for medieval scientists of Western Europe.
Avicenna's works, translated into Latin, were the reference books of European doctors until the XVII century.
Europeans got acquainted with the culture of the countries of the Caliphate mainly in Arab Spain.
Its capital, Cordoba, had a population of half a million and 27 high schools.
they were lectured by prominent scientists, including non Muslims.
In addition to the Arabs, many students from different European countries studied in Cordoba.
Valuable ancient manuscripts were stored here in huge libraries.
Up to 16 thousand books were translated and rewritten in Cordoba every year.
Many works of ancient scientists and writers became known in Europe thanks to Arabic translations.
Remember this date!
Around 630, the formation of an Arab state.
< The Arab Caliphate and its collapse 7-9 century - > Results of the first period of the history of the Middle Ages >
Tags: Art and Science
The Arab Caliphate
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#2 Guest 11.10.2015 10: 29 very interesting, but too much volume
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#1 ali 24.10.2014 07: 32 good afternoon to everyone, tell me the translation from Arabic to Russian on the ring with a stone I will send a photo zhunbyandex.ru
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