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10 basic first aid skills
Nastya Raduzhnaya December 24, 2013
Survival
128 151
15
The article is devoted to the basic skills of first aid.
From it, you will learn what to do if a person fainted, he is bleeding or if he frostbitten his finger.
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First aid is a set of urgent measures aimed at saving a person's life.
An accident, a sharp attack of the disease, poisoning – in these and other emergency situations, competent first aid is necessary.
According to the law, first aid is not medical – it is provided before the arrival of doctors or the delivery of the victim to the hospital.
First aid can be provided by any person who is near the victim at a critical moment.
But for some categories of citizens, first aid is an official duty.
We are talking about police officers, traffic police and emergency situations officers, military personnel, firefighters.
The ability to provide first aid is an elementary, but very important skill.
In an emergency, he can save someone's life.
We present to your attention 10 basic first aid skills.
The algorithm of first aid.
In order not to get lost and correctly provide first aid, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions.
Ensure the safety of yourself, the victim and others (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
Check whether the victim has signs of life (pulse, breathing, reaction of the pupils to light) and consciousness.
To check the breathing, it is necessary to tilt the victim's head back, bend down to his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel the breath; to" listen " to the pulse, it is necessary to attach the fingertips to the victim's carotid artery; to assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, gently shake and ask a question.
Call specialists (112 - from a mobile phone, from a city – 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescuers)).
Provide emergency first aid.
Depending on the situation, this may be: restoration of airway patency; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; stopping bleeding and other measures.
Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort, wait for the arrival of specialists.
Signs of life: breathing
Signs of life: pulse
Signs of life: the reaction of the pupils to light
Artificial respiration
Artificial ventilation of the lungs – ventilator) is the introduction of air (or oxygen) into the respiratory tract of a person in order to restore natural ventilation of the lungs.
It refers to elementary resuscitation measures.
Typical situations requiring a ventilator:
a car accident; an accident on the water; an electric shock and others.
There are various methods of ventilation.
Mouth to mouth and mouth to nose artificial respiration is considered the most effective when providing first aid by a non specialist.
If natural breathing is not detected during the examination of the victim, artificial ventilation of the lungs should be carried out immediately.
Artificial respiration mouth to mouth: Ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract.
Turn the victim's head to the side and remove mucus, blood, and foreign objects from the oral cavity with your finger.
Check the nasal passages of the victim; if necessary, clean them.
Tilt the victim's head back, holding the neck with one hand.
Do not change the position of the victim's head in case of a spinal injury!
Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and index finger.
Take a deep breath, press your lips tightly to the victim's mouth.
Exhale into the victim's lungs.
The first 5-10 exhalations should be fast (in 20-30 seconds), then 12-15 exhalations per minute.
Follow the movement of the victim's chest.
If the victim's chest rises when inhaling air, it means that you are doing everything correctly.
Clear the upper respiratory tract
Tilt the victim's head back
Perform artificial respiration
Indirect heart massage.
If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to do an indirect heart massage.
Indirect (closed) heart massage or chest compression is the compression of the heart muscles between the sternum and the spine in order to maintain blood circulation in a person with cardiac arrest.
It refers to elementary resuscitation measures.
Attention!
You can not perform a closed heart massage in the presence of a pulse.
Indirect heart massage technique: Place the victim on a flat, hard surface.
It is impossible to perform chest compression on the bed and other soft surfaces.
Determine the location of the affected xiphoid process.
The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrowest part of the sternum, its end.
Measure 2-4 cm up from the xiphoid process – this is the compression point.
Place the base of your palm on the compression point.
In this case, the thumb should point either to the chin or to the abdomen of the victim, depending on the location of the person performing resuscitation.
Place the other palm on top of one hand.
Pressure is carried out strictly with the base of the palm – your fingers should not come into contact with the sternum of the victim.
Perform rhythmic thrusts of the chest strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, with the weight of the upper half of your body.
The frequency is 100-110 pressures per minute.
In this case, the chest should bend by 3-4 cm.
For infants, indirect heart massage is performed with the index and middle finger of one hand.
Teenagers – with the palm of one hand.
If a ventilator is performed simultaneously with a closed heart massage, every two breaths should alternate with 15 pressures on the chest.
Xiphoid process
Find the xiphoid process
Place your palm on the compression point
Hand position
Perform rhythmic thrusts of the chest
Indirect heart massage for an infant, teenager, adult
Heimlich's Reception
When food or foreign bodies enter the trachea, it becomes clogged (completely or partially) – a person suffocates.
Signs of airway blockage: Lack of proper breathing.
If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely, he holds his throat.
Inability to speak.
Blueness of the skin of the face, swelling of the vessels of the neck.
Cleaning of the respiratory tract is most often carried out according to the Heimlich method: Stand behind the victim.
Wrap your arms around it, clasping them in a "lock", just above the navel, under the costal arch.
Press hard on the victim's stomach, sharply bending the arms at the elbows.
Do not squeeze the victim's chest, except for pregnant women, who are pressed in the lower part of the chest.
Repeat the procedure several times until the airway is free.
If the victim lost consciousness and fell, put him on his back, sit on his hips and press on the rib arches with both hands.
To remove foreign bodies from the child's respiratory tract, it is necessary to turn him on his stomach and pat him 2-3 times between the shoulder blades.
Be very careful.
Even if the baby coughed quickly, consult a doctor for a medical examination.
Grasp the victim from behind under the costal arch
Put a lot of pressure on the victim's stomach
If the person is unconscious, sit on his hips and press on the rib arches with both hands
Bleeding
Stopping bleeding is a measure aimed at stopping blood loss.
When providing first aid, we are talking about stopping external bleeding.
Depending on the type of vessel, there are capillary, venous and arterial bleeding.
Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic dressing, as well as, if the arms or legs are injured, raising the limbs above the level of the trunk.
In case of venous bleeding, a pressure bandage is applied.
To do this, a wound tamponade is performed: gauze is applied to the wound, several layers of cotton wool are placed on top of it (if not, a clean towel), it is tightly bandaged.
The veins squeezed by such a bandage are quickly thrombosed – the bleeding stops.
If the pressure bandage gets wet, press it hard with the palm of your hand.
To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be squeezed.
Points of compression of the arteries
The technique of squeezing the artery: press the artery strongly with your fingers or fist to the underlying bone formations.
The arteries are easily accessible for palpation, so this method is very effective.
However, it requires physical strength from the person providing first aid.
In case of limb injuries, the best way to stop bleeding is a tourniquet.
Technique of applying a hemostatic tourniquet:
Apply a tourniquet to clothing or a soft lining just above the wound.
Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the vessels – the bleeding should stop, and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
Put a bandage on the wound.
Write down the exact time when the tourniquet is applied.
The tourniquet on the limbs can be applied for a maximum of 1 hour.
After its expiration, the tourniquet must be loosened for 10-15 minutes.
If necessary, tighten again, but not for more than 20 minutes.
Apply a tourniquet through clothing or a soft lining
Tighten the harness
Bandage the wound
Fractures
A fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bone.
The fracture is accompanied by severe pain, sometimes fainting or shock, bleeding.
There are open and closed fractures.
The first is accompanied by a wound of soft tissues, bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.
First aid for a fracture:
Assess the severity of the victim's condition, determine the localization of the fracture.
If there is bleeding, stop it.
Determine whether it is possible to move the victim before the arrival of specialists.
Do not transfer the victim and do not change his position in case of spinal injuries!
Ensure the immobility of the bone in the fracture area – immobilization.
To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
Apply a splint.
As a tire, you can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, and so on.
The splint must be tightly, but not tightly, fixed with bandages or a plaster.
With a closed fracture, immobilization is performed over clothing; with an open one, you can not apply a splint to the places where the bone protrudes outward.
Applying a splint to the forearm
Applying a splint to the shin
Splint application in case of hip fracture
Burns
A burn is damage to the body's tissues under the influence of high temperatures or chemicals.
Burns vary in degrees, as well as types of damage.
On the last basis, the following are distinguished:
thermal (flame, liquid, steam, incandescent objects); chemical (alkalis, acids); electrical; radiation (light and ionizing radiation); and combined burns.
Gradation of burns by the depth of the lesion
In case of burns, the first step is to eliminate the effect of the damaging factor (fire, electric current, boiling water, etc.).
Then, in case of thermal burns, the affected area should be freed from clothing (carefully, without tearing off, but cutting off the stuck tissue around the wound) and, for the purpose of disinfection and anesthesia, sprinkle it with a water alcohol solution (1 to 1) or vodka.
Do not use oil ointments and greasy creams – fats and oils do not reduce pain, do not disinfect the burn and do not promote healing.
Then sprinkle the wound with cold water, apply a sterile bandage and apply cold.
In addition, give the victim warm salted water.
Fainting
Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness caused by a temporary violation of the cerebral blood flow.
In other words, it is a signal to the brain that it does not have enough oxygen.
It is important to distinguish between normal and epileptic fainting.
The first, as a rule, is preceded by nausea and dizziness.
The pre fainting state is characterized by the fact that a person rolls his eyes, becomes covered with a cold sweat, his pulse weakens, his limbs become cold.
Typical situations of fainting:
fright; excitement; stuffiness and others.
If a person has fainted, give him a comfortable horizontal position and provide fresh air (unbutton your clothes, loosen your belt, open windows and doors).
Sprinkle cold water on the victim's face, pat him on the cheeks.
If you have a first aid kit at hand, give a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to smell.
If consciousness does not return for 3-5 minutes, call an ambulance immediately.
When the victim comes to himself, give him strong tea or coffee.
Drowning and sunstroke
Drowning is the penetration of water into the lungs and respiratory tract, which can lead to death.
First aid in case of drowning:
Remove the victim from the water.
A drowning person grabs everything that comes to hand.
Be careful swim up to him from behind, hold him by the hair or armpits, keeping his face above the surface of the water.
Put the victim's stomach on his knee, so that the head is at the bottom.
Clean the oral cavity of foreign bodies (mucus, vomit, algae).
Check for signs of life.
If there is no pulse and breathing, immediately start a ventilator and indirect heart massage.
After restoring breathing and heart activity, put the victim on his side, cover him and provide comfort until the arrival of medics.
Remove the victim from the water
Perform resuscitation measures
Lay the victim on his side, wait for specialists
In the summer, sunstrokes are also dangerous.
Sunstroke is a disorder of the brain caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.
Symptoms:
headache; weakness; tinnitus; nausea; vomiting.
If the victim still remains in the sun, his temperature rises, shortness of breath appears, sometimes he even loses consciousness.
Therefore, when providing first aid, first of all, it is necessary to transfer the victim to a cool, ventilated place.
Then release him from his clothes, loosen the belt, take off his shoes.
Put a cold, wet towel on his head and neck.
Let me smell the ammonia.
If necessary, perform artificial respiration.
In case of sunstroke, the victim should be given plenty of cool, slightly salted water (drink often, but in small sips).
Move the victim to the shade
Free him from his clothes
Make cooling compresses
Hypothermia and frostbite
Hypothermia (hypothermia) is a decrease in a person's body temperature below the norm necessary to maintain a normal metabolism.
First aid for hypothermia:
Get (bring) the victim into a warm room or wrap up with warm clothes.
Rub the victim's body first with your hands, and then with a soft cloth, until the skin turns pink and sensitivity returns.
Give me a hot drink and food.
Do not use alcohol!
Bring the victim into the heat
Warm it up
Give the victim a hot drink
Hypothermia is often accompanied by frostbite, that is, damage and necrosis of body tissues under the influence of low temperatures.
Frostbite of the fingers and toes, nose and ears is especially common – a part of the body with a reduced blood supply.
The causes of frostbite are high humidity, frost, wind, stationary position.
The condition of the victim is aggravated, as a rule, by alcohol intoxication.
Symptoms:
a feeling of cold; tingling in the frostbitten part of the body; then numbness and loss of sensitivity.
First aid for frostbite:
Place the victim in a warm place.
Take off his frozen or wet clothes.
In case of slight frostbite, rub the damaged areas of the body.
In severe cases (frostbite of the II IV degree), rubbing should not be done.
Use oil or vaseline for rubbing.
Do not rub the victim with snow.
Wrap the frostbitten area of the body.
Give the victim a hot sweet drink or hot food.
Place the victim in a warm place
Take off his frozen clothes
In case of slight frostbite, rub the damaged areas of the body.
Wrap him up
Poisoning
Poisoning is a disorder of the vital activity of the body that has arisen due to the ingress of a poison or toxin into it.
Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:
carbon monoxide; toxic chemicals; alcohol; medicines; food and others.
First aid measures depend on the nature of poisoning.
The most common food poisoning, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain.
The victim in this case is recommended to take 3-5 grams of activated charcoal every 15 minutes for an hour, drink a lot of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.
In addition, accidental or intentional poisoning with drugs, as well as alcohol intoxication, are common.
In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:
Rinse the affected stomach.
To do this, make him drink a few glasses of salted water (10 grams of salt and 5 grams of soda per 1 liter).
After 2-3 glasses, cause the victim to vomit.
Repeat these steps until the vomit becomes "clean".
Gastric lavage is possible only if the victim is conscious.
Dissolve 10-20 tablets of activated carbon in a glass of water, give it to the victim to drink.
Wait for the arrival of specialists.
See also:
How to act on the scene of an accident May 31, 2015B "Survival" Tactical medicine (TC3): how we mastered it and what it really is on October 5, 2014B "Survival" What to read on the weekend?
A selection of the best materials for the week of December 28, 2013B " Motivation"
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