Beethoven, Ludwig Van
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven in the portrait of Karl Stiller (1820) Basic Information Date of birth December 16, 1770(1770-12-16)
Place of birth Bonn, Westphalia
Date of death March 26 1827(1827-03-26)[1][2] (56 years)
Place of death Vienna, Austria[1]
The years of activity 1782-1827
Country Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
The Austrian Empire
Professions composer, pianist, conductor
Instruments piano, violin
Genres Classical music (academic music of the second half of the XVIII century the beginning of the XIX century)
Autograph
Audio, photo, video on Wikimedia Commons
The query "Beethoven" is redirected here; see also other values.
Ludwig van Beethoven (German.
Ludwig van Beethoven, [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːt.hoːfən] (i), 16 December 1770[3], Bonn, Westphalia — 26 March 1827, Vienna, Austria erzherzogin) was a German composer and pianist, the last representative "of the Viennese classical school."
Beethoven is a key figure of Western classical music in the period between classicism and romanticism, one of the most performed composers in the world.
He wrote in all genres that existed in his time, including opera, music for dramatic performances, choral compositions.
The most significant in his legacy are considered instrumental works: piano, violin and cello sonatas, concertos for piano, for violin, quartets, overtures, symphonies.
Beethoven's work had a significant impact on the symphonism of the XIX and XX centuries.
4].
Content
1 Biography 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early years 1.3 The first ten years in Vienna (1792-1802) 1.4 Later years (1802-1815) 1.5 Recent years (1815-1827) 1.5.1 Causes of death
2 Beethoven teacher 2.1 Students
3 The image of Beethoven in culture 3.1 In literature 3.2 In cinema 3.3 In non academic music
4 Works 4.1 Performances of Beethoven's music 4.2 Musical fragments
5 Memory 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
Biography
Origin
The house where the composer was born
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in Bonn on December 16, baptized on December 17, 1770 in Bonn, in the Catholic Church of St. Remigius.
His father, Johann Beethoven (1740-1792), was a singer, tenor in the court chapel[5].
Her mother, Maria Magdalene, before her marriage, Keverich (1748-1787), was the daughter of a court chef in Koblenz.
They were married in 1767.
His grandfather, Ludwig Beethoven (1712-1773), was from Mechelen (Southern Netherlands).
He served in the same chapel as Johann, first as a singer, bass, and then as a kapellmeister The composer's father wanted to make a second Mozart out of his son and began teaching him to play the harpsichord and violin.
In 1778, the first performance took place in Cologne.
However, Beethoven did not become a miracle child, but his father entrusted the boy to his colleagues and friends.
One taught Ludwig to play the organ, the other the violin.
In 1780, the organist and composer Christian Gottlob Nefe came to Bonn.
He became a real teacher of Beethoven.
Nefe immediately realized that the boy had a talent.
He introduced Ludwig to Bach's "Well tempered Clavier" and the works of Handel, as well as to the music of his older contemporaries: F. E. Bach, Haydn and Mozart.
Thanks to the Nave, Beethoven's first composition, variations on the theme of Dressler's March, was also published.
Beethoven was twelve years old at the time, and he was already working as an assistant to the court organist.
After the death of my grandfather, the financial situation of the family worsened.
Ludwig had to leave school early, but he learned Latin, studied Italian and French, and read a lot.
Already becoming an adult, the composer confessed in one of the letters[7]: "There is no work that is too learned for me; without claiming in the slightest degree to be learned in the proper sense of the word, I have nevertheless been striving since childhood to understand the essence of the best and wisest people of every epoch."
Among Beethoven's favorite writers are the ancient Greek authors Homer and Plutarch, the English playwright Shakespeare, the German poets Goethe and Schiller.
At this time, Beethoven began composing music, but was in no hurry to print his works.
Much of what he wrote in Bonn was subsequently reworked by him.
Three children's sonatas and several songs, including "The Groundhog", are known from the composer's youth compositions.
In 1787, Beethoven visited Vienna.
After listening to Beethoven's improvisation, Mozart exclaimed: "He will make everyone talk about himself!"
But the classes never took place: Beethoven learned about his mother's illness and returned to Bonn.
She died on July 17, 1787.
A seventeen year old boy was forced to become the head of the family and take care of his younger brothers.
He joined the orchestra as a violist.
Italian, French and German operas are staged here.
The young man was particularly impressed by the operas of Gluck and Mozart.
In 1789, Beethoven, wanting to continue his education, began to attend lectures at the university.
Just at this time, news of the revolution in France arrives in Bonn.
One of the university professors publishes a collection of poems celebrating the revolution.
Beethoven subscribes to it.
At the same time, he composes the "Song of a Free Man", in which there are the words: "He is free for whom the advantages of birth and title mean nothing."
Haydn stopped in Bonn on his way from England.
He spoke with approval of Beethoven's compositional experiments.
The young man decides to go to Vienna to take lessons from the famous composer, since Haydn becomes even more famous after returning from England.
In the autumn of 1792, Beethoven left Bonn.
After arriving in Vienna, Beethoven began classes with Haydn, later claimed that Haydn did not teach him anything; the classes quickly disappointed both the student and the teacher.
Beethoven believed that Haydn was not attentive enough to his efforts; Haydn was afraid not only of Ludwig's bold views at that time, but also of rather gloomy melodies, which was not widespread in those years.
Haydn once wrote to Beethoven[8]:
Your things are beautiful, they are even wonderful things, but here and there there is something strange, gloomy in them, because you yourself are a little gloomy and strange; and the style of a musician is always himself.
Soon Haydn left for England and handed over his student to the famous teacher and theorist Albrechtsberger.
In the end, Beethoven himself chose a mentor —Antonio Salieri.
Already in the first years of his life in Vienna, Beethoven won fame as a virtuoso pianist His performance impressed the audience.
Beethoven boldly opposed extreme registers (and at that time they played mostly in the middle), widely used the pedal (it was also rarely used at that time), used massive chord consonances.
In fact, it was he who created the piano style, far from the exquisitely lacy manner of harpsichordists.
This style can be found in his piano sonatas No. 8 "Pathetic" (the name is given by the composer himself), No. 13 and No.
14. Both have the author's subtitle Sonata quasi una Fantasia ("in the spirit of fantasy").
The poet L. Relshtab later called Sonata No. 14 "Lunar", and although this name only fits the first part, and not the finale, it was fixed for the entire work.
Beethoven also stood out greatly for his appearance among the ladies and gentlemen of that time.
He was almost always found carelessly dressed and unkempt.
Beethoven was extremely sharp.
One day, when he was playing in a public place, one of the guests started talking to a lady; Beethoven immediately cut off the performance and added[8]: "I will not play to such pigs!".
And no apologies and persuasions helped.
Another time Beethoven was visiting Prince Lichnovsky.
Lichnovsky had great respect for the composer and was a fan of his music.
He wanted Beethoven to play in front of the audience.
The composer refused.
Lichnovsky began to insist and even ordered to break down the door of the room where Beethoven was locked.
Outraged, the composer left the estate and returned to Vienna.
The next morning, Beethoven sent a letter to Lichnovsky[7]: "Prince!
What I am, I owe to myself.
There are and will be thousands of princes, but Beethoven is only one!"
However, despite such a harsh character, Beethoven's friends considered him a rather kind person.
For example, the composer never refused to help close friends.
One of his quotes[8]:
None of my friends should be in need as long as I have enough for a piece of bread, if my purse is empty and I am not able to help immediately, well, I just have to sit down at the table and get to work, and pretty soon I will help him out of trouble.
Beethoven's works began to be widely published and enjoyed success.
During the first ten years spent in Vienna, twenty sonatas for piano and three piano concertos, eight sonatas for violin, quartets and other chamber works, the oratorio "Christ on the Mount of Olives", the ballet "The Works of Prometheus", the First and Second Symphonies were written.
Teresa Brunswick, Beethoven's loyal friend and disciple
In 1796, Beethoven begins to lose his hearing.
He develops tinnitus an inflammation of the inner ear, leading to ringing in the ears.
On the advice of doctors, he retreats for a long time in the small town of Heiligenstadt.
However, peace and quiet do not improve his well being.
Beethoven begins to realize that deafness is incurable.
During these tragic days, he writes a letter that will later be called the Heiligenstadt testament.
The composer tells about his experiences, admits that he was close to suicide[8]:
It seemed unthinkable to me to leave the world before I had fulfilled everything to which I felt called.
In Heiligenstadt, the composer begins work on a new Third Symphony, which he will call Heroic.
As a result of Beethoven's deafness, unique historical documents have been preserved: "conversation notebooks", where Beethoven's friends wrote down their remarks for him, to which he answered either orally or in a response record[11].
However, the musician Schindler, who still had two notebooks with recordings of Beethoven's conversations, probably burned them, since " they contained the most rude, fierce attacks against the emperor, as well as the crown Prince and other high ranking persons.
This, unfortunately, was Beethoven's favorite topic; in conversation, Beethoven constantly resented the authorities, their laws and regulations"[12].
The incident in the Greenhouse
Once Beethoven and Goethe, walking together in the Greenhouse, met the Emperor Franz, who was there at that time, surrounded by his retinue and courtiers.
Goethe, stepping aside, bowed deeply, Beethoven walked through the crowd of courtiers, barely touching his hat[13].
Later years (1802-1815)
Beethoven composes the Sixth Symphony
When Beethoven was 34 years old, Napoleon despised the ideals of the Great French Revolution and declared himself emperor.
Therefore, Beethoven refused to dedicate his Third Symphony to him[14]: "This Napoleon is also an ordinary man.
Now he will trample underfoot all human rights and become a tyrant."
On the title page of the "Pathetic" manuscript, you can see the dedication crossed out by the author.
At the same time, Beethoven called his Third Symphony "Heroic".
In piano creativity, the composer's own style is already noticeable in the early sonatas, but in symphonic maturity came to him later.
According to Tchaikovsky[8], only in the third symphony "the whole immense, amazing power of Beethoven's creative genius was revealed for the first time".
Due to deafness, Beethoven rarely leaves the house, loses sound perception.
He becomes sullen, withdrawn.
It was during these years that the composer created his most famous works one after another.
During the same years, Beethoven was working on his only opera "Fidelio".
This opera belongs to the genre of operas of "horrors and salvation".
The success of Fidelio came only in 1814, when the opera was staged first in Vienna, then in Prague, where it was conducted by the famous German composer Weber, and finally in Berlin.
Giulietta Guicciardi, to whom the composer dedicated the Moonlight Sonata
Shortly before his death, the composer gave the manuscript of "Fidelio" to his friend and secretary Schindler with the words[8]: "This child of my spirit was born in more severe torments than others, and gave me the greatest grief.
Therefore, it is dearer to me than all..."
The last years (1815-1827)
After 1812, the composer's creative activity fell for a while.
However, after three years, he begins to work with the same energy.
At this time, piano sonatas from the 28th to the last, 32nd, two sonatas for cello, quartets, a vocal cycle "To a distant beloved" were created.
A lot of time is also devoted to processing folk songs.
Along with Scottish, Irish, Welsh, there are also Russians.
But the main creations of recent years have been two of Beethoven's most monumental works — "Solemn Mass" and Symphony No. 9 with chorus.
The ninth symphony was performed in 1824.
The audience gave the composer an ovation.
It is known that Beethoven was standing with his back to the audience and did not hear anything, then one of the singers took him by the hand and turned him to face the audience.
People waved handkerchiefs, hats, and hands, greeting the composer.
The ovation lasted so long that the police officials who were present immediately demanded that it be stopped.
Such greetings were allowed only in relation to the person of the emperor[8].
In Austria, after the defeat of Napoleon, a police regime was established.
The government, frightened by the revolution, suppressed any "free thoughts".
Numerous secret agents penetrated into all layers of society.
In Beethoven's conversational notebooks, there are warnings every now and then[8]: "Hush!
Watch out, there's a spy here! "
And, probably, after some particularly bold statement by the composer: "You will end up on the scaffold!"
Beethoven's grave in the central cemetery of Vienna, Austria
However, Beethoven's popularity was so great that the government did not dare to touch him.
Despite his deafness, the composer continues to be aware of not only political, but also musical news.
He reads (that is, listens with his inner ear) the scores of Rossini's operas, looks through a collection of Schubert's songs[8], gets acquainted with the operas of the German composer Weber "The Magic Shooter" and "Euryanthe".
Arriving in Vienna, Weber visited Beethoven.
They had breakfast together, and Beethoven, usually not inclined to ceremony, courted his guest.
After the death of his younger brother, the composer took care of his son.
Beethoven places his nephew in the best boarding schools and instructs his student Karl Czerny to study music with him.
The composer wanted the boy to become a scientist or an artist, but he was attracted not by art, but by cards and billiards.
Entangled in debt, he attempted suicide.
This attempt did not cause much harm: the bullet only slightly scratched the skin on the head.
Beethoven was very worried about this.
His health deteriorated sharply.
The composer develops a serious liver disease.
Beethoven's Funeral
Beethoven died on March 26, 1827.
More than twenty thousand people followed his coffin.
During the funeral, Beethoven's favorite Requiem mass in C Minor by Luigi Cherubini was performed.
A speech written by the poet Franz Grillparzer was performed at the grave[8]:
He was an artist, but also a man, a man in the highest sense of the word…
It can be said about him, as about no one else: he did great things, there was nothing wrong with him.
Causes of death
See also: The Death of Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven on his deathbed (drawing by Josef Eduard Telcher)
On August 29, 2007, the Viennese pathologist and forensic medicine expert Christian Reuter (associate professor of the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Vienna) suggested that his doctor Andreas Vavrukh inadvertently accelerated Beethoven's death by repeatedly piercing the patient's peritoneum (to remove fluid), after which he applied lead containing lotions to the wounds.
Reiter's hair studies showed that the level of lead in Beethoven's body increased sharply every time after a doctor's visit[15].
Beethoven is a teacher
Beethoven began giving music lessons in Bonn.
His Bonn student Stefan Breining remained the composer's most devoted friend until the end of his days.
Breuning helped Beethoven in the alteration of the libretto of "Fidelio".
In Vienna, the young Countess Giulietta Guicciardi became a student of Beethoven.
Juliet was a relative of the Brunswicks, in whose family the composer visited especially often.
Beethoven became interested in his student and even thought about getting married.
He spent the summer of 1801 in Hungary, at the Brunswick estate.
According to one hypothesis, it was there that the "Moonlight Sonata"was composed[8].
The composer dedicated it to Juliet.
However, Juliet preferred Count Gallenberg to him, considering him a talented composer.
Critics wrote about the count's compositions that they can accurately indicate from which work of Mozart or Cherubini this or that melody is borrowed.
Beethoven's student was Theresa Brunswick.
She had a musical talent — she played the piano perfectly, sang and even conducted.
After meeting the famous Swiss teacher Pestalozzi, she decided to devote herself to raising children.
In Hungary, Teresa opened charity kindergartens for the children of the poor.
Until her death (Teresa died in 1861 at an advanced age) she remained faithful to her chosen cause.
Beethoven had a long friendship with Theresa.
After the composer's death, a large letter was found, which was called "A Letter to an immortal Beloved".
The addressee of the letter is unknown, but some researchers consider Teresa Brunswick to be an "immortal beloved".
Dorothea Ertmann, one of the best pianists in Germany, was also a student of Beethoven.
One of her contemporaries spoke about her like this[8]:
Her tall, statuesque figure and beautiful, full of animation face caused me ... intense expectation, and yet I was shocked, as never before, by her performance of the Beethoven sonata.
I have never seen such a combination of strength with heartfelt tenderness even among the greatest virtuosos.
Ertman was famous for performing Beethoven's works.
The composer dedicated Sonata No. 28 to her.
After learning that Dorothea's child had died, Beethoven played to her for a long time.
Dorothea Ertmann, German pianist, one of the best performers of Beethoven's works
At the end of 1801, Ferdinand Ries arrived in Vienna.
Ferdinand was the son of a Bonn kapellmeister, a friend of the Beethoven family.
The composer accepted the young man.
Like other students of Beethoven, Rees already owned an instrument and also composed.
Once Beethoven played him a newly completed adagio.
The young man liked the music so much that he memorized it by heart.
After visiting Prince Lichnovsky, Rees played a play.
The prince learned the beginning and, coming to the composer, said that he wanted to play his composition to him.
Beethoven, who was not very ceremonious with the princes, categorically refused to listen.
But Lichnovsky still played.
Beethoven immediately guessed about Rhys ' trick and was terribly angry.
He forbade the student to listen to his new compositions and really never played anything to him again[8].
One day, Rhys played his march, passing it off as Beethoven.
The audience was delighted.
The composer, who was right there, did not expose the student.
He only told him[8]:
You see, dear Rhys, what these great experts are like.
Just give them the name of their pet, and they donot need anything else!
One day, Rhys happened to hear a new creation of Beethoven.
Once they got lost on a walk and returned home in the evening.
Along the way, Beethoven growled a stormy melody.
When he got home, he immediately sat down at the instrument and, carried away, completely forgot about the presence of the student.
So the final of the "Appassionata" was born.
At the same time, Karl Czerny began studying with Beethoven with Rice.
Karl was perhaps the only child among Beethoven's students.
He was only nine years old, but he had already performed concerts.
His first teacher was his father, the famous Czech teacher Wenzel Czerny.
When Karl first came to Beethoven's apartment, where, as always, there was a mess, and saw a man with a dark unshaven face, wearing a vest made of coarse woolen fabric, he took him for Robinson Crusoe.
Beethoven at work at home
Cherni studied with Beethoven for five years, after which the composer gave him a document in which he noted "the exceptional success of the student and his amazing musical memory"[8].
Cherni's memory was really amazing: he knew by heart all the piano compositions of the teacher.
Czerny started teaching early and soon became one of the best teachers in Vienna.
Among his students was Theodor Leshetitsky, who can be called one of the founders of the Russian piano school.
From 1858 Leshetitsky lived in St. Petersburg, and from 1862 to 1878 he taught at the newly opened conservatory.
Here he studied with A. N. Esipova, later a professor at the same conservatory, V. I. Safonov, professor and director of the Moscow Conservatory, S. M. Maykapar.
In 1822, a father and a boy came to the Mob, who came from the Hungarian town of Doboryan.
The boy had no idea about either the correct fit or the fingering, but an experienced teacher immediately realized that he was facing an unusual, gifted, maybe a genius child.
The boy's name was Franz Liszt.
Liszt studied with the Rabble for a year and a half.
His success was so great that the teacher allowed him to speak to the public.
Beethoven was present at the concert.
He guessed the boy's talent and kissed him.
Liszt kept the memory of this kiss all his life.
Franz Liszt
Not Rice, not Rabble, but Liszt inherited Beethoven's style of playing.
Like Beethoven, Liszt treats the piano as an orchestra.
During a tour of Europe, he promoted the work of Beethoven, performing not only his piano works, but also symphonies, which he adapted for the piano.
At that time, Beethoven's music, especially symphonic, was still unknown to a wide audience.
In 1839, Liszt came to Bonn.
They had been planning to erect a monument to the composer here for several years, but things were moving slowly.
What a shame for everyone!
an indignant Liszt wrote to Berlioz.
- What a pain for us! ...
It is unacceptable that a monument to our Beethoven should be built on this barely put together stingy alms.
This shouldnot be happening!
This will not happen!
Liszt filled in the missing amount with the proceeds from his concerts.
Only thanks to these efforts, a monument to the composer was erected[8].
Students
Karl Czerny
Ferdinand Rees
Rudolf Johann Joseph Rainer von Habsburg of Lorraine
The image of Beethoven in culture
In the literature
Beethoven became the prototype of the main character the composer Jean Christophe in the novel of the same name, one of the most famous works of the French author Romain Rolland.
The novel became one of the works for which Rolland was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915.
The story of the Czech writer Antonin Zgorz "One against Fate"is dedicated to the life and creative path of Beethoven.
The book includes Beethoven's letters written by him in different years of his life.
In the cinema
In the film" Heroic Symphony " Beethoven was played by Ian Hart.
In the Soviet German film " Beethoven.
Days of Life " by Beethoven was played by Donatas Banionis.
The film "Rewriting Beethoven" tells about the last year of the composer's life (starring Ed Harris).
The two part feature film "The Life of Beethoven" (USSR, 1978, directed by B. Galanter) is based on the surviving memories of the composer of his close friends.
The film "Lecture 21" (English)Russian. (Italy, 2008)
, the film debut of the Italian writer and musicologist Alessandro Baricco, is dedicated to the "Ninth Symphony".
In the film by Bernard Rose (English)Russian.
"The Immortal Beloved" the role of Beethoven was performed by Gary Oldman.
In non academic music
American musician Chuck Berry in 1956 wrote the song Roll Over Beethoven, which was included in the list of the 500 greatest songs of all time according to Rolling Stone magazine.
The song "Beethoven" from the album "Split Personality" by the group "Splin"is dedicated to the composer.
In 2000, the neoclassical metal band Trans Siberian Orchestra released the rock opera "Beethoven's Last Night", dedicated to the composer's last night.
The song "Beethoven" from the album "Stranger" by the group "Picnic"is dedicated to the composer
Works of art
9 symphonies: № 1 (1799-1800), № 2 (1803), № 3 "Heroic" (1803-1804), № 4 (1806), № 5 (1804-1808), № 6 "Pastoral" (1808), № 7 (1812), № 8 (1812), № 9 (1824); 8 symphonic overtures, including "Leonora" No. 3; 5 piano concertos with orchestra; music for dramatic performances: "Egmont", "Coriolanus", "King Stefan"; 6 youth sonatas for piano; 32 piano sonatas, "32 variations in C minor" and about 60 pieces for piano; 10 sonatas for violin and piano; concerto for violin and orchestra, concerto for violin, cello and piano with orchestra ("triple concerto"); 5 sonatas for cello and piano; 16 string quartets; 6 trio; ballet "The Works of Prometheus"; opera "Fidelio";
A solemn mass; a vocal cycle "To a distant beloved"; songs based on poems by various poets and arrangements of folk songs.
Performances of Beethoven's music
Among the conductors who have recorded all of Beethoven's symphonies are Claudio Abbado (twice), Ernest Ansermet, Nikolaus Arnoncourt, Daniel Barenboim, Leonard Bernstein (twice), Karl Boehm, Bruno Walter (twice), Gunther Wand, Felix Weingartner, John Eliot Gardiner, Carlo Maria Giulini, Kurt Sanderling, Eugen Jochum (three times), Herbert von Karajan (four times), Otto Klemperer, Andre Kluitans, Willem Mengelberg, Pierre Monte, George Sell, Arturo Toscanini (twice), Wilhelm Furtwengler, Bernard Haitink (three times), Hermann Scherchen, Georg Scholti (twice).
Among the pianists who have recorded all of Beethoven's piano sonatas are Claudio Arrau (twice, the second cycle is not completed), Vladimir Ashkenazi, Wilhelm Backhaus (twice, the second cycle is not completed), Daniel Barenboim (three times), Alfred Brendel (three times), Maria Greenberg, Friedrich Gulda (three times), Wilhelm Kempf (twice), Tatiana Nikolaeva, Annie Fischer, Arthur Schnabel.
Walter Gieseking, Emil Gilels, Rudolf Serkin started recording full cycles of sonatas, but died before they could complete these projects.
In 2011, Brian Cooper, a professor at the University of Manchester, reported that he had managed to restore a 72 bar opus for string quartet written by Beethoven in 1799, rejected and subsequently lost: "Beethoven was a perfectionist.
Any other composer would be happy to compose this passage."
The newly found music was performed on September 29 by the Manchester University String Quartet[16].
Music fragments
"Ode to Joy" - the final chorus from the 9th Symphony to the text of Schiller (anthem of the European Union)
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Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, part 1 Allegro con brio
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To Eliza (Bagatelle No. 25)
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Piano Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight", part 1 Adagio sostenuto
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Piano Concerto No. 4, part 1
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Memory
There are many monuments in honor of Beethoven all over the world.
The first monument to Beethoven was opened in the composer's homeland, in Bonn, on August 12, 1845, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his birth.
In 1880, a monument appeared in Vienna — a city closely associated with the musician's work.
The author of the book "Images of Beethoven", art critic Silke Bettermann, notes that he managed to count about a hundred monuments in 54 cities on all five continents[17].
Monument in Bonn
Ludwig van Beethoven Monument in Vienna
Memorial plaque in Prague
Memorial plaque in Vienna
An old postcard
The image of the composer is imprinted on postage stamps of different countries.
In particular, he is depicted on the Austrian stamp of 1995, and a series of stamps were issued in Albania for the 200th anniversary of Beethoven.
See also
Lucesi, Andrea
Notes
↑ 1 2 Record #118508288 // Gemeinsame Normdatei — 2012—2016.
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↑ Bibliothèque nationale de France: open data platform — 2011.
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The exact date of Beethoven's birth is unknown.
He was baptized on December 17, 1770.
According to the established point of view (based on the opinion of Beethoven himself), December 16 is considered his birthday.
See Thayer's Life of Beethoven, Vol. 1. Princeton University Press, 1991, P.
53. ↑ L. Kirillina.
Ludwig van Beethoven ↑ 1 2 Beethoven, Ludwig / / Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 vol. (82 volumes and 4 supplements).
- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
↑ H. C. Robbins Landon.
Beethoven.
Macmillan Company, 1970 ↑ 1 2 Eduard Herriot.
The life of Beethoven (fragments from the chapter "Man, his character").
↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Velikovich E. I. Great musical names / / Composer: A guide for the muses.
schools and gymnasiums.
- St. Petersburg, April 3, 2006.
- No. 030560.
↑ Jim Powell.
Ludwig van Beethoven’s Joyous Affirmation of Human Freedom.
The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 (1020 days) - history), December 1995 Vol. 45 No. 1
