Michelangelo
Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on January 17, 2016; checks require 7 edits.
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on January 17, 2016; checks require 7 edits.
Go to: navigation, Search
There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the name Michelangelo.
There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Buonarroti.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Birth name: Michelangelo Buonarroti
Date of birth: March 6, 1475(1475-03-06)
Place of birth: Caprese Michelangelo, near Arezzo
Date of death: February 18, 1564(1564-02-18) (88 years old)
Place of death: Rome, Lazio, Italy[1]
Country: Italy Italy
Genre: sculpture
painting
architecture
poetry
Style: Renaissance
baroque
Patrons: Lorenzo the Magnificent
Julius II
Paul III
Signature:
Works on Wikimedia Commons
Michelangelo Buonarroti, full name Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni (ital.
Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni( 6 March 1475, Caprese — 18 February 1564, Rome) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.
One of the greatest masters of the Renaissance and early Baroque.
Content
1 Biography 2 Works 2.1 Famous works 2.2 Poetic creativity
3 Spiritual quest and personal life 4 Assessment 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 In cinema 9 References
Biography[edit / edit wiki text]
Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 in the Tuscan town of Caprese, north of Arezzo, in the family of an impoverished Florentine nobleman Lodovico Buonarroti (1444-1534), a city councilor.
Some biographical books say that Michelangelo's ancestor was a certain Messer Simone, who came from the family of the Counts di Canossa.
In the XIII century, he allegedly arrived in Florence and even ruled the city as a podesta.
The documents, however, do not confirm this origin.
They do not even confirm the existence of a podesta with this name, but Michelangelo's father apparently believed this, and even later, when Michelangelo had already become famous, the count's family willingly recognized the kinship with him.
Alessandro di Canossa in 1520 in a letter called him a respected relative, invited him to visit him and asked him to consider his house as his own.
Charles Clement, the author of several books about Michelangelo, is sure that the origin of Buonarroti from the Counts di Canossa, generally accepted in the time of Michelangelo, seems more than doubtful today.
In his opinion, the Buonarroti settled in Florence a very long time ago and at different times were in the service of the government of the republic in quite important positions.
About his mother, Francesca di Neri di Miniato del Sera, who married early and died of exhaustion from frequent pregnancies in the year of Michelangelo's sixth birthday, the latter never mentions in his voluminous correspondence with his father and brothers.
Lodovico Buonarroti was not rich, and the income from his small estate in the village was barely enough to support many children.
In this regard, he was forced to give Michelangelo to the nurse, the wife of "scarpelino" from the same village, called Settignano.
There, raised by a married couple Topolino, the boy learned to knead clay and use a chisel before reading and writing.
In any case, Michelangelo himself later told his friend and biographer Giorgio Vasari:
"If there is anything good in my talent, it is from the fact that I was born in the rarefied air of your Aretian land, and I extracted both the chisels and the hammer with which I make my statues from the milk of my nurse."
In 1488, Michelangelo's father accepted his son's inclinations and placed him as an apprentice in the studio of the artist Domenico Ghirlandaio.
He studied there for one year.
A year later, Michelangelo goes to the school of the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni, which existed under the patronage of Lorenzo de ' Medici, the actual owner of Florence.
The Medici recognizes Michelangelo's talent and patronizes him.
From about 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo was at the Medici court.
Perhaps at this time "The Madonna near the Stairs" and "The Battle of the Centaurs"were created.
After the death of the Medici in 1492, Michelangelo returns home.
In 1494-1495, Michelangelo lived in Bologna, creating sculptures for the Arch of St. Dominic.
In 1495, he returned to Florence, where the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola ruled, and created sculptures "Saint Johannes" and "Sleeping Cupid".
In 1496, Cardinal Raphael Riario buys Michelangelo's marble Cupid and invites the artist to work in Rome, where Michelangelo arrives on June 25.
In the years 1496-1501, he created "Bacchus" and "Roman Pieta".
In 1501, Michelangelo returned to Florence.
Commissioned works: sculptures for the "Piccolomini altar" and "David".
In 1503, works were commissioned: "The Twelve Apostles", the beginning of work on "St. Matthew" for the Florentine Cathedral.
Approximately in 1503-1505, the creation of the "Madonna of Doni", "Madonna of Taddea", "Madonna of Pitti" and "Madonna of Bruges" takes place.
In 1504, the work on "David"ends; Michelangelo receives an order to create the "Battle of Kashin".
In 1505, the sculptor was summoned by Pope Julius II to Rome; he ordered a tomb for him.
An eight month stay in Carrara follows, the selection of the necessary marble for the work.
In 1505-1545, work was carried out (with interruptions) on the tomb, for which the sculptures "Moses", "Bound Slave", "Dying Slave", "Leah"were created.
In April 1506, he returned to Florence again, and in November he reconciled with Julius II in Bologna.
Michelangelo receives an order for a bronze statue of Julius II, which he was working on in 1507 (it was later destroyed).
In February 1508, Michelangelo returned to Florence again.
In May, at the request of Julius II, he goes to Rome to paint the ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel; he works on them until October 1512.
In 1513, Julius II dies.
Giovanni de ' Medici becomes Pope Leo X. Michelangelo signs a new contract to work on the tomb of Julius II.
In 1514, the sculptor received an order for "Christ with the Cross" and the chapels of Pope Leo X in Engelsburg.
The Tomb of Michelangelo Buonarroti in Santa Croce
In July 1514, Michelangelo returned to Florence again.
He receives an order to create the facade of the Medici Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, and he signs the third contract for the creation of the tomb of Julius II.
In 1516-1519, numerous trips were made to Carrara and Pietrazanta to get marble for the facade of San Lorenzo.
In 1520-1534, the sculptor worked on the architectural and sculptural complex of the Medici Chapel in Florence, and also designed and built the Laurenzina Library.
In 1546, the artist was entrusted with the most significant architectural orders in his life.
For Pope Paul III, he completed the Palazzo Farnese (the third floor of the courtyard facade and cornice) and designed for him a new decoration of the Capitol, the material embodiment of which lasted, however, for a long time.
But, by far, the most important order that prevented him from returning to his native Florence until his death was for Michelangelo his appointment as the chief architect of St. Peter's Cathedral.
Having been convinced of such trust in him and faith in him on the part of the pope, Michelangelo, in order to show his good will, wished that the decree should declare that he serves in the construction out of love for God and without any remuneration.
Michelangelo died on February 18, 1564 in Rome.
He was buried in the Church of Santa Croce in Florence.
Before his death, he dictated the will with all his characteristic laconicism: "I give my soul to God, my body to the earth, my property to my relatives."
According to Bernini, the great Michelangelo said before his death that he regretted that he was dying just when he had just learned to read syllables in his profession.
Works[edit / edit wiki text]
The genius of Michelangelo left an imprint not only on the art of the Renaissance, but also on the entire subsequent world culture.
Its activities are mainly connected with two Italian cities Florence and Rome.
By the nature of his talent, he was primarily a sculptor.
This is also felt in the master's paintings, which are extremely rich in the plasticity of movements, complex poses, distinct and powerful modeling of volumes.
In Florence, Michelangelo created an immortal example of the High Renaissance the statue " David "(1501-1504), which became the standard image of the human body for many centuries, in Rome — the sculptural composition" Pieta " (1498-1499), one of the first incarnations of the figure of a dead man in plastic.
However, the artist was able to realize his most ambitious plans in painting, where he acted as a true innovator of color and form.
Commissioned by Pope Julius II, he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), representing the biblical story from the creation of the world to the flood and including more than 300 figures.
In 1534-1541, in the same Sistine Chapel, he performed a grandiose, dramatic fresco "The Last Judgment"for Pope Paul III.
The architectural works of Michelangelo are striking in their beauty and grandeur — the ensemble of the Capitol Square and the dome of the Vatican Cathedral in Rome.
The arts have reached such perfection in him, which you will not find either among the ancients or among the new people for many, many years.
He had such a perfect imagination, and the things presented to him in the idea were such that he could carry out the idea with his hands it was impossible to achieve such great and amazing things, and he often abandoned his creations, moreover, destroyed many; for example, it is known that shortly before his death he burned a large number of drawings, sketches and cartons created with his own hands, so that no one could see the labors he overcame, and the ways in which he tested his genius, in order to show it no other than perfect.
- Giorgio Vasari.
"Biographies of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects."
T. V. M., 1971.
Famous works[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: List of Michelangelo's works
The Madonna is at the stairs.
Marble.
Ca.
1491.
Florence, Buonarroti Museum.
The battle of the Centaurs.
Marble.
Ca.
1492.
Florence, Buonarroti Museum.
Pieta.
Marble.
1498-1499.
Vatican City, St. Peter's Cathedral.
Madonna and child.
Marble.
Ca.
1501.
Bruges, the Church of Notre Dame.
David.
Marble.
1501—1504.
Florence, Academy of Fine Arts.
Madonna of Taddei.
Marble.
Ca.
1502-1504.
London, Royal Academy of Arts.
Madonna Doni.
1503—1504.
Florence, Uffizi Gallery.
Madonna Pitti.
Ca.
1504-1505.
Florence, Bargello National Museum.
The Apostle Matthew.
Marble.
1506.
Florence, Academy of Fine Arts.
Painting of the vault of the Sistine Chapel.
1508—1512.
Vatican City.
The Creation of Adam
A dying slave.
Marble.
Ca.
1513.
Paris, the Louvre.
Moses.
Ca.
1515.
Rome, Church of San Pietro in Vincoli.
Atlant.
Marble.
Between 1519, ca .
1530-1534.
Florence, Academy of Fine Arts.
The Medici Chapel 1520-1534.
Madonna.
Florence, the Medici Chapel.
Marble.
1521-1534.
The Laurentian Library.
1524—1534, 1549—1559.
Florence.
The tomb of Duke Lorenzo.
The Medici Chapel.
1524-1531.
Florence, San Lorenzo Cathedral.
The tomb of Duke Giuliano.
The Medici Chapel.
1526-1533.
Florence, San Lorenzo Cathedral.
A crouching boy.
Marble.
1530-1534.
Russia, St. Petersburg, the State Hermitage Museum.
Brutus.
Marble.
After 1539.
Florence, Bargello National Museum.
The Last Judgment.
The Sistine Chapel.
1535—1541.
Vatican City.
Tomb of Julius II.
1542-1545.
Rome, Church of San Pietro in Vincoli.
The Pieta (Position in the coffin) of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
Marble.
Ca.
1547-1555.
Florence, Opera del Duomo Museum.
In 2007, Michelangelo's last work was found in the Vatican archives — a sketch of one of the details of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral.
The drawing, made in red chalk, is "an image of a detail of one of the radial columns that make up the drum of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome."
It is believed that this is the last work of the famous artist, made shortly before his death in 1564[2].
This is not the first time that Michelangelo's works have been found in archives and museums.
So, in 2002, in the vaults of the National Museum of Design in New York, among the works of unknown authors of the Renaissance, another drawing was found: on a sheet of paper measuring 45×25 cm, the artist depicted a menorah a candlestick for seven candles.
In early 2015, it became known about the discovery of the first and probably the only surviving bronze sculpture by Michelangelo — a composition of two riders on panthers[3].
Poetic creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
Vittoria and Michelangelo at "Moses", a painting of the XIX century
Michelangelo is better known today as the author of beautiful statues and expressive frescoes; however, few people know that the famous artist wrote no less wonderful poems.
Michelangelo's poetic talent was fully manifested only at the end of his life.
Some of the poems of the great master were set to music and already during his lifetime won considerable popularity, but for the first time his sonnets and madrigals were published only in 1623.
About 300 poems by Michelangelo have survived to this day.
The study of Michelangelo's poetic creativity was carried out, in particular, by the German writer Wilhelm Lang, who defended his dissertation on this topic, published in 1861[4].
Spiritual quest and personal life[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1536, Vittoria Colonna, Marchioness of Pescara, came to Rome, where this 47 year old widowed poet earned the deep friendship of 61 year old Michelangelo.
Vittoria is the only woman whose name is firmly associated with Michelangelo.
His poems to her... sometimes difficult to distinguish from the sonnets to the young man Tommaso Cavalieri, it is also known that Michelangelo himself sometimes replaced the circulation of "señor" to "lady" before to put his poetry to the people"[5].
(In the future censorship of his poems were subjected to his great nephew before publication).
Her departure to Orvieto and Viterbo in 1541 due to the rebellion of her brother Ascanio Colonna against Paul III did not cause a change in her relationship with the artist, and they continued to visit each other and correspond as before.
She returned to Rome in 1544.
Sonnet No. 60
And the highest genius will not add
A single thought to the fact that the marble itself
It hides in abundance, and only this is for us
The hand, obedient to reason, will reveal.
I'm waiting for joy, anxiety is pressing my heart,
The wisest, good Donna — - to you
I am obliged to everything, and the shame is heavy for me,
That my gift does not glorify you as it should.
Not the power of Love, not your beauty,
Or coldness, or anger, or the oppression of contempt
They bear the blame for my misfortune, —
Because death is merged with mercy
It's on your heart — but my pathetic genius
To extract, loving, is capable of death alone.
Michelangelo
Biographers of the famous artist note: "The correspondence of these two remarkable people is not only of high biographical interest, but is a wonderful monument of the historical era and a rare example of a lively exchange of thoughts full of intelligence, subtle observation and irony"[6].
Researchers write about sonnets dedicated to Michelangelo Vittoria: "The deliberate, forced platonism of their relationship aggravated and brought to crystallization the love philosophical warehouse of Michelangelo's poetry, which largely reflected the views and poetry of the Marquise herself, who played the role of Michelangelo's spiritual guide during the 1530s.
Their poetic "correspondence" aroused the attention of contemporaries; perhaps the most famous was sonnet 60, which became the subject of a special interpretation"[7].
Recordings of conversations between Vittoria and Michelangelo, heavily processed, are preserved in the posthumously published recordings of the Portuguese artist Francesco d'olland[8].
Rating[edit / edit wiki text]
Michelangelo was considered the most outstanding master during his lifetime.
Now he is considered one of the greatest masters in the history of mankind.
A significant number of his sculptures, paintings and works of architecture are the most famous in the world.
Perhaps his most famous work is the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel[9].
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
(3001) Michelangelo
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Record #118582143 // Gemeinsame Normdatei — 2012—2016.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q256507"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q170109"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a>
Мик Michelangelo's "last sketch" has been found ↑ Kolpakov, G. Michelangelo sent greetings after 500 years.
The only non marble sculptural composition of Michelangelo was found.
Newspaper.
<url> (2.02.2015).
- "Scientists have even managed to establish an approximate date of the creation of the bronze pair between 1506 and 1508 years" Checked on February 2, 2015.
↑ Lang, Wilhelm.
Michel Angelo Buonarroti als Dichter.
(German).
Mäcken in Stuttgart .
(1861).
Checked on November 2, 2012.
Archived from the original source on November 4, 2012.
↑ Richard Norton.
The Passions of Michelangelo ↑ The diamond of S. M. Michelangelo (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 (1031 days) - history) series of ZhZL ↑ Poems of Michelangelo translated by Efros ↑ Francisco De Holanda, Dialogues with Michelangelo, Pallas Athene, 2006, ISBN 1-84368-015-7 ↑ Michelangelo biography // Encyclopædia Britannica.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Somov A. I. Michelangelo Buonarroti // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
(82 volumes and 4 supplements).
- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Karel Schultz, "Stone and pain" (the text of the novel in the library of Alexander Belousenko) Dazhina V. D. Michelangelo.
Drawing in his work.
Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1987.
- 215 S. P. D. Barenboim, Secrets of the Medici Chapel, St. Petersburg, Publishing House of SPbGUP, 2006, ISBN 5-7621-0291-2 Barenboim Peter, Sergey Shiyan, Michelangelo.
Riddles of the Medici Chapel, Slovo, M., 2006.
ISBN 5-85050-825-2 Michelangelo.
Poetry.
Letters.
Judgments of contemporaries / comp.
V. N. Grashchenkov.
- M., 1983 — - 176 p. Michelangelo.
Life.
Creation / Comp.
V. N. Grashchenkov; introductory article by V. N. Lazarev.
- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1964.
Rotenberg E. I. Michelangelo.
- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1964.
- 180 p.
Michelangelo and his time / Edited by E. I. Rotenberg, N. M. Gershenzon Chegodaeva.
- M.: Iskusstvo, 1978 — - 272 p — - 25,000 copies.
Irving Stone, "Torments and Joys", big library.info/?act=read&book=26322 Wallace, William E. Michelangelo: Skulptur, Malerei, Archtektur.
— Köln: DuMont, 1999. (Monte von DuMont)
Tolnay K. Michelangelo.
— Princeton, 1943—1960.
Gilles Néret.
Michelangelo.
- Köln: Taschen, 1999.
- 96 p — - (Basic Art).
Romain Rolland, "The Life of Michelangelo" Peter Barenboim, "Michelangelo Drawings — Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation", Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006, ISBN 5-98856-016-4 Edith Balas, "Michelangelo's Medici Chapel: a new Interpretation", Philadelphia, 1995 James Beck, Antonio Paolucci, Bruno Santi, "Michelangelo.
The Medici Chapel», London, New York, 2000 Władysław Kozicki, Michał Anioł, 1908.
Wydawnictwo Gutenberg — Print, Warszawa
In the cinema[edit / edit wiki text]
"Agony and Ecstasy" / The Agony and the Ecstasy dir.
Carol Reed, (USA, Great Britain, 1965) Performance of G. Mackevicius "Overcoming" Documentary "Michelangelo Superstar" (Michelangelo superstar)
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Michelangelo in Wikicitatnik?
Michelangelo in Wikitek?
Michelangelo on Wikimedia Commons?
Michelangelo Buonarroti.
He could do anything.
The program "Echo of Moscow" from the cycle "Everything is like this", Part 1 and Part 2 on artcyclopedia.com on wga.hu The poetry of Michelangelo translated by A.M. Efros Florentine Society Alexander Burganov "Michelangelo, Drawing, the Renaissance".
Tretyakov Gallery Magazine, #4 2013 (41)
Michelangelo Designations: 1 Probable authorship • 2 Lost Sculptures Florence (1488-1492)
The Faun's Head2 • Madonna at the stairs • Young Archer1 • Battle of the Centaurs • Crucifixion • Hercules 2
Tomb of Saint Dominic (1494-1495)
Saint Petronius • Saint Proclus • Angel
Florence (1495-1496)
John the Baptist 2 • The Sleeping Cupid • Standing Cupid • Gallino's Crucifixion1 •
Rome (1496-1500)
Bacchus (1496-1497 • * Pieta (1499-1500) • The Crucifixion of Montserrat
Florence (1501-1504)
David • Madonna of Bruges • Tondo Taddei • Tondo Pitti • Saint Matthew
Siena (1503-1504)
Piccolomini Altar: Saint Gregory I • Saint Paul • Saint Peter • Pius •
Bologna (1507-1508)
Julius II 2
Tomb of Julius II (1513-1545)
Moses • Michelangelo's Slaves: (Rebellious Slave • Dying Slave • Young Slave • Bearded Slave • Atlantean Slave • Awakening Slave) * The Spirit of Victory • Rachel • Leah
Florence (1519-1534)
Christ the Savior • Apollo (David) (1530) * The Crouching Boy (1530-1534) •
The Medici Chapel
Giuliano de ' Medici • Morning • Day • Evening • Night • Lorenzo de ' Medici • The Medici Madonna
Rome (1535-1564)
Brutus • Palestrina Pieta 1 • Florentine Pieta • Pieta Rondanini (1552-1564)
Painting
The Torment of St. Anthony 1 (1487-1488) • The Manchester Madonna (1497) • The Stigmata of St. Francisc2 (1500) • The Madonna of Doni (1503-1506) • The Battle of Kashin2 (1504) • The Burial of Christ (1505) • Leda and the Swan 2 (1530)
Frescoes Sistine Chapel
Ceiling (1508-1512; including: Separation of Light from darkness • The Creation of Adam • The Prophet Jonah • The Prophet Jeremiah • The Prophet Daniel • The Prophet Isaiah • The Prophet Joel • The Prophet Ezekiel • The Prophet Zechariah) * The Last Judgment (1534-1541)
Paolina Chapel (1542-1550)
The Torments of St. Peter • The Conversion of Saul
Drawings
Sketch of a kneeling girl for a tombstone (1500-1501) • Epiphany (1550-1553)
Architecture of Florence
New Sacristy (1520-1534 • * Biblioteca Laurentiana (1523-1559)
Rome
Campidoglio Square (1538 • * Palazzo Farnese (1546) • St. Peter's Basilica (1546-1564) • San Giovanni dei Fiorentini (1559-1560) • Pius Gate (1561-1565) • Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri (1561—?)
Environment
Cecchino del Bracci * Tom azzo del Cavalieri • Vittoria Colonna • Ascanio Condivi • Sebastiano del Piombo • Febo di Poggio • Luigi del Rizzio • Gerardo Perini
list of works by * Casa Buonarroti
Thematic sites
Notable Names Database · Structurae · MusicBrainz · Project Gutenberg · RKDartists · Open Directory Project · Find a Grave
Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Great Catalan · Brockhaus and Efron · Cyril and Methodius · Brief literary · Circumnavigation · Larousse · Small Brockhaus and Efron · Britannica (online)
Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10205075 · BNC: a10309603 · BNE: XX1161659 · BNF: 11885845q · CiNii: DA08122726 · GND: 118582143 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\017291 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2124 3640 · LCCN: n80152368 · NDL: 00449952 · NKC: jn19992000718 · NLA: 36432281 · NTA: 069228957 · NUKAT: n94208535 · PTBNP: 23554 · LIBRIS: 292503 · SUDOC: 026650800 · VIAF: 24585191 · ULAN: 500010654
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo&oldid=76859581"
Categories: Born on March 6, Born in 1475 Persons alphabetically Born in Caprese Michelangelo Died on February 18, Died in 1564 Died in Rome Artists alphabetically Sculptors alphabetically Sculptors of Italy Sculptors of the Renaissance Sculptors of the XV century Sculptors of the XVI century Artists of the XV century Artists of Italy Renaissance Artists Artists of the XVI century Architects alphabetically Architects of Italy Architects of the XV century Architects of the XVI century Poets alphabetically Poets of Italy Poets of the XV century Poets of the XVI century Italian artists of the XVI century Italian artists the 16th century muralist artists Michelangelo Buried in the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence
Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links from May 2013 Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Articles with links to Wikicitatnik
Navigation
Personal Tools
You have not introduced yourself to the system Discussion Contribution Create an account Log in
Namespaces
Article Discussion
Variants
Views
Read Current version Edit Edit wiki text History
More
Search
Navigation
Title Page Heading Index A Z Selected articles Random article Current Events
Participation
Report a bug Community Portal Forum Recent edits New pages Help Donate
Tools
Links Here Related Edits Special Pages Permalink Page Information Wikidata element Quote Page
Print/Export
Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons Wikicitatnik Wikitek
In other languages
Aсshaa Afrikaans Alemannisch Ar Aragonés العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bashortsa Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Blgarski भोजपुरी Bislama বাংলা གཟུགས་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Català buryad nohchiyn Chamoru کوردیی ناوەندی Qırımtatarca Cushla Corsu Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Nordfriisk Furlan Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 Avañe'ẽ 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Gaelg Hawai'i עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 La .lojban.
Basa Jawa ქააიი Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Adyghebze Kazaksha Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Ripoarisch Kurdî Kernowek Kyrgyzch Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Lezgi Limburgs Lumbaart لرری شومالی Lietuviū Latviešu Malagasy Olyk mari Māori Baso Minangkabau Macedonian മലയാളം Mongol मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Dorerin Naoero Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan iron ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Picard Piemontèis پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Rosinsky Armãneashti Tarandíne Sakha Sardu Sicilianu Scots Sámegiella Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenscina Soomaaliga Shqip Srpski / Seeltersk
srpski Basa Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Tatarcha/tatarça Ukrainian اردو O'zbekcha/Becca Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West Vlams Winaray Volapük Vahcuengh IsiXhosa ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Bân lâm gú 粵語 IsiZulu
Edit links
Last modified on this page: 19: 21, March 2, 2016.
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license; in some cases, additional conditions may apply.
For more information, see Terms of use.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the non profit organization Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Contact us
Privacy Policy Wikipedia Description Disclaimer Developers Cookie Agreement Mobile Version
