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References RSS Biography of Anton Chekhov
10:2129.01.2015703183 January 29, 2015 marks the 155 anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer and playwright Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born on January 29 (January 17, old style), 1860 in Taganrog.
His grandfather Yegor Cech was a serf, his father was the owner of a grocery store.
The family had six children — five sons and a daughter.
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Anton Chekhov studied at the Greek school at the Church of Tsar Constantine in Taganrog, then at the gymnasium.
As a student at the gymnasium, he simultaneously worked in his father's shop.
In 1876, my father went bankrupt and had to flee with his family from creditors to Moscow.
Anton remained in Taganrog until graduation from high school, earning a living by tutoring.
He arrived in Moscow in 1879 and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, graduating in 1884.
As a student, Anton Chekhov worked at the Resurrection Zemstvo Hospital (now the city of Istra) under the famous zemstvo doctor Pavel Arkhangelsky, then for some time he was a doctor at the Zvenigorod hospital.
Chekhov began to engage in literary activity as a student.
In 1880-1887, he collaborated under the pseudonyms "Antosha Chekhov", " Antosha Ch."
, "My brother's Brother", "Ruver", "The Man without a spleen"in numerous humorous publications ("Dragonfly"," Alarm Clock"," Spectator"," Entertainment"), especially fruitfully — in the magazine" Fragments", published by Nikolai Leikin.
In 1884, the first collection of his short stories "Tales of Melpomene" appeared in the publication of "Fragments", in 1886 the collection" Motley Stories "was published, in 1887 — "Innocent Speeches".
In 1886, Chekhov received an invitation to work from the famous publisher Alexey Suvorin in the newspaper Novoe Vremya.
With the beginning of regular cooperation with the newspaper, he abandoned the pseudonym and began to sign with his full name.
In 1887, Chekhov's first play "Ivanov"was staged at the Korsh Theater in Moscow.
In 1888, for the collection "At Dusk" (1887), he was awarded the Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences.
The collections "Stories" (1888), "Children" (1889), "Gloomy People" (1890) were published in St. Petersburg.
In 1890, the writer took a trip to Sakhalin to write a book about the exiled colony and penal servitude.
The creative result of the trip was the book "Sakhalin Island" (1895), written in the genre of " travel notes.
Russian Russian literature In the first half of the 1890s, the writer became one of the most widely read in Russia — his works were published in the magazines "Severny Vestnik" and "Russkaya Mysl" (since 1892), the newspapers "Novoe Vremya" (until 1893) and "Russkie Vedomosti".
His collection "Novellas and Short Stories" (1894) was published.
Chekhov gained a reputation as a writer of everyday life and a master of subtle psychological analysis.
In 1892, the writer purchased a small estate of Melikhovo in the Serpukhov district of the Moscow province.
In 1892-1898, he created "Ward No. 6", "The Man in the case", "Babye Tsardom", "A Case from practice", "Ionich", "Gooseberry", the story "Three years", the plays "The Seagull" and "Uncle Vanya".
Tuberculosis of the lungs forced Chekhov to move with his family to the Crimea, where in 1898 he purchased a plot near Yalta and built a house.
In 1899-1901, the first collection of Chekhov's works was published in the Marx publishing house.
In 1901, the writer married Olga Knipper, an artist of the Moscow Art Theater.
In Yalta, Chekhov wrote the play "Three Sisters", the story "The Lady with the Dog", the story "In the ravine".
Chekhov's last work was the play "The Cherry Orchard", staged by the Art Theater in January 1904.
The writer was engaged in charity and social activities.
During his trip to Sakhalin, he made a census of the island's population.
In Melikhov, in addition to creating a medical center at his own expense and treating patients during the cholera epidemic, he built three schools for peasant children, a bell tower and a fire shed for peasants, participated in the construction of a highway.
The writer donated more than two thousand volumes of his own books to the public library of Taganrog, among which were unique autographed editions of museum value, and later replenished the funds with specially purchased books.
During the famine (1891-1892), Chekhov organized a collection of donations for the benefit of the starving Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces and went to the disaster sites himself.
In Yalta, he was elected to the board of trustees of the women's gymnasium, donated 500 rubles for the construction of the school.
Being ill with tuberculosis himself, he worked in the Yalta Guardianship of visiting patients.
In 1897, Chekhov was elected a member of the Union of Mutual Assistance of Russian Writers and Scientists.
In 1900, he became an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature, in 1902 he refused the title in protest against the cancellation of the election of Maxim Gorky as an honorary academician.
In 1897, Anton Chekhov was awarded a bronze medal for his work on the population census.
In 1899, "for his excellent zeal in the affairs of public education", he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus, III degree.
In May 1904, due to the deterioration of his condition, Chekhov and his wife left for the famous Bandenweiler resort in Germany.
On the night of July 15 (July 2, old style), 1904, the writer died.
He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
The first Chekhov Museum was opened in Taganrog in 1914.
Museums of the writer were created in Moscow, Melikhov, in the city of Alexandrovsk Sakhalinsky, Yalta and Gurzuf in the Crimea.
Chekhov's museums were also founded in Sumy (Ukraine), in Badenweiler (Germany), where he spent the last month of his life and died.
In the late 1990s, a memorial room for Chekhov was opened in the Grand Oriental Hotel in Colombo (Sri Lanka), where Chekhov spent several days returning from Sakhalin.
In 1954, the working village of Lopasnya, near which Melikhovo was located, was renamed the city of Chekhov in honor of the writer.
A metro station was named after Chekhov in Moscow in 1985.
Since 1987, Chekhov's name has been assigned to the Moscow Art Theater in Kamergersky Lane.
The wife of the writer Olga Knipper Chekhov (1868-1959) is a People's Artist of the USSR, she worked all her life at the Moscow Art Theater, last appeared on the stage in 1950.
All Chekhov's brothers and sister were gifted people: Alexander (1855-1913) and Mikhail (1868-1936) were writers, Nikolai (1858-1889) was an artist, Ivan (1861-1922) was a teacher.
Sister Maria (1863-1957)was a landscape artist, after the death of her brother, she devoted herself to collecting and publishing his literary and epistolary heritage, was the director of the A. P. Chekhov Museum in Yalta, which she created.
The nephew of the writer, the son of Alexander Chekhov, Mikhail (1891-1955) was a famous dramatic artist of the Moscow Art Theater, a teacher and director, later in the United States he created his own acting school, where many Hollywood stars studied.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
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