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/ Biographies / Yesenin S. A.
Yesenin S. A.
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Russian poet.
Sergey Alexandrovich Yesenin was born on October 3 (old style - September 21), 1895 in the village of Konstantinovo, Kuzminskaya volost of the Ryazan province, in a peasant family.
The Yesenins and Titovs (Sergey's relatives on his mother's side) belonged to hereditary Konstantinovites.
Sergey's father, Alexander Nikitich Yesenin (1875-1932); mother - Tatyana Fedorovna Titova (1877 -?); Sergey's sisters - Ekaterina and Alexandra.
Sergei's grandfather, Nikita Osipovich Yesenin, was going to become a monk in his youth, for which he was nicknamed "the monk"in the village.
At the age of 28, he married a 16 - year old girl Agrafena Pankratievna - and his young wife began to be called a "nun".
Since then, according to Sergei's sister, Ekaterina Alexandrovna, the entire Yesenin generation has been nicknamed "monks" and "nuns".
Nikita Osipovich Yesenin was literate, wrote various petitions to fellow villagers, was a village headman for many years, enjoyed great respect in the village.
As a result of the division of property between the brothers, Nikita Osipovich did not receive land and decided to open a small shop on the first floor of his house.
At the age of forty, in 1887, he died, leaving his wife with six children.
Sergey Yesenin's father, Alexander Nikitich Yesenin, was the eldest child.
At the age of 11-12, Alexander was sent to study meat business to the merchant Krylov in Moscow, and later he became a clerk in his store.
In 1893, eighteen year old Alexander Nikitich Yesenin married his fellow villager Tatyana Fyodorovna Titova, who was sixteen and a half years old.
After the wedding, Alexander returned to Moscow, and his wife stayed in the house of her mother in law, who disliked her daughter in law from the first days.
The full owner was my grandmother, in whose house many guests constantly lived.
For them, it was necessary to cook, wash, carry water, clean up after everyone, and almost all the work fell on the shoulders of a young daughter in law, who received only sidelong glances from her mother in law as a reward.
When Sergei was born in 1895, the first child left alive by Tatyana Fyodorovna, Alexander Nikitich was not in the village; " they let my father know in Moscow, but he could not come."
As before his marriage, Alexander Nikitich sent his salary to his mother.
A quarrel broke out between the young people - Sergei's mother and father - and they lived separately for several years: Alexander Nikitich - in Moscow, Tatyana Fedorovna - in Ryazan.
When Sergei was three years old, his mother left the Yesenins.
Sergei was taken to live by his second grandfather, Fyodor Andreevich Titov, who quarreled with the Yesenin family even when his daughter was a bride.
According to Sergei, the grandfather was "a bright personality and a broad nature, had an excellent memory and knew by heart a lot of folk songs and spiritual poems."
They lived in that part of the village, standing on the high bank of the Oka River and stretching for several kilometers, which was called Matovo.
Fyodor Andreevich sent Sergei's mother to live in Ryazan, so that she would try to get a piece of bread for herself and her son.
When sending his daughter, Sergei's grandfather ordered her to send three rubles a month for the maintenance of her grandson.
For five years, Sergei's parents lived separately, and the boy lived in the house of his grandfather - Fyodor Andreevich, and grandmother Natalia Yevteevna.
At the insistence of his grandfather, Sergei began reading at the age of five, learning to read from church books.
He started writing poetry at the age of 8.
Among his peers, Sergei, who had the nickname Serega the Monk, was a recognized horse breeder, a brawler and a tireless inventor in various boyish games.
In 1904, Sergei's mother returned to Konstantinovo, and his father still worked in Moscow as a clerk, but several times a year he came to visit the family.
Sergei again began to live with his mother in the Yesenins ' house; after a forced separation of almost five years from his son, Tatyana Fyodorovna began to treat him with even more care and love.
Living almost all the time alone with her children, she tried not to spoil them, to keep them strict, did not like to caress them and undead in public.
By nature, Tatyana Fyodorovna was endowed with a remarkable mind, beauty, and a wonderful gift of song.
In 1904, at the age of nine, Sergei went to study at the Zemstvo four grade Konstantinovsky School.
Few people had the opportunity to study and there were no more than 10-12 students in each class.
According to the memoirs of Sergei's fellow students and his teachers, " he studied easily, as if joking, was gifted with a clear mind, had an excellent memory and was rightfully considered a capable student; Sergey was an avid book lover and among his peers he was distinguished by the fact that he almost always had a book in his hands or under his shirt."
"I didnot believe much in God, I didnot like going to church.
At home, they knew this and, in order to test me, they gave 4 kopecks for prosphora, which I had to carry to the altar to the priest for the ritual of taking out the parts.
The priest made 3 incisions on the prosphora and took 2 kopecks for it.
Then I learned to do this procedure myself with a penknife, and I put 2 kopecks in my pocket and went to play at the cemetery to the boys, to play money." (From the Autobiography of Sergei Yesenin)
" From about the age of 11-12, he stopped wearing a cross and another one was added to the nickname Seryoga Monk an Atheist." (From the memoirs of fellow villagers)
In 1909, Sergei Yesenin graduated from school with a commendable list: out of eleven students, only four passed the "tests at the end of the course" for "five", among them was Sergei.
In the autumn of 1909, Sergei Yesenin's parents sent him to study at the Spas Klepikov second grade church Teacher's School, located near Konstantinov.
After spending a few days in a boarding school, Sergei, who was homesick, made an "escape" and returned to his native village on foot,but they took him back.
Russian Russian history, the law of God, the Russian language, the Church Slavonic language, Russian history, geography, arithmetic, geometric drawing, drawing, didactics, the school, which was a closed type educational institution, was under the jurisdiction of the church authorities and trained teachers of the parish schools of literacy; the program, designed for three years, included church general and Russian history, the law of God, the Russian language, the Church Slavonic language, Russian history, geography, arithmetic, geometric drawing, drawing, didactics.
The pupils were in the school building all day: in the morning - in classes, in the evening they prepared lessons under the supervision of teachers; on Saturday and Sunday - mandatory attendance at church services.
Everyone living in a boarding school paid 30 rubles a year for food and a hostel.
In 1912, Sergei Yesenin graduated from a teacher's school, receiving the "title of a teacher of the school of literacy".
Of the works created by Sergei Yesenin in 1910-1912, more than 60 are currently known, among which the first poem is " The Legend of Yevpatiya Kolovrat...".
In the summer of 1911, Sergei came to Moscow for the first time for a short time to his father, who lived in Zamoskvorechye; when he returned home, he brought with him more than twenty books that he had bought in the city.
At the end of the summer of 1912, Sergei Yesenin came to Moscow on a call from his father and began working in his office.
He treated his father with great respect, but there were constant quarrels between them, caused by the fact that Alexander Nikitich, who knew from his bitter life experience how difficult it was to get into people without education, was dissatisfied with the fact that his son did not want to continue his education and become a teacher; he did not believe that it was possible to live on the money earned by poems.
Later, Sergey gave his first fee for poems (about three rubles), received at the beginning of 1914, to his father in full.
At the beginning of 1913, Sergei left his father and began working in the printing house of the I. D. Sytin Partnership first on an expedition, then as a sub editor (assistant proofreader).
At that time, I. D. Sytin employed more than one and a half thousand workers, and every fourth book was printed in his printing house.
In the same year, Sergey Yesenin began to cooperate in the children's magazines "Protalinka", "Good Morning", "Mirok", in the newspapers "Path of Truth", "Nov".
In the printing house of Sytin, Yesenin met Anna Romanovna Izryadnova, who had been working in the proofreading department since 1909, and in 1914 entered into a civil marriage.
At the end of December 1914, Yesenin had a son, Yuri.
After some time, Sergei married Zinaida Reich (in the memoirs of Anatoly Marienhof, this woman is called "the only love of the poet that he missed").
In the spring of 1913, in connection with Yesenin's participation in the revolutionary movement of the workers of the Sytin printing house, the Moscow security department opened a case.
In the okhrana, Yesenin, whom the surveillance began, had the nickname "Set".
He distributed illegal literature, participated in strikes and protest demonstrations held in factories and factories at the call of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP.
In the autumn of 1913, his apartment was searched.
Since the autumn of 1913, together with A. R. Izryadnova, he studied at the historical and philosophical department of the Moscow City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavsky, where he stayed for about two years, listening to lectures on Russian and Western European literature, the history of Russia and France, the history of new philosophy, political economy, logic.
I had to pay for my studies annually.
The amount was small, but it was noticeable for Yesenin's modest earnings.
The first poem by Sergei Yesenin ("Birch") was published in 1914 under the pseudonym Ariston; the publication was in the children's magazine "Mirok" (No. 1).
Soon he began to be published under his own name, receiving 15 kopecks per line.
Since the autumn of 1914, Sergey Yesenin worked in the printing house of D. Chernyshev and N. Kobelkov.
In 1913, Yesenin became a full member of the Surikov Literary and Musical circle, worked as a secretary, and at the end of 1914 he was elected secretary of the editorial board of the Surikov magazine "Friend of the People", created with funds received from workers and employees.
In February 1915, Yesenin was elected to the updated editorial board of the magazine, but soon there were disagreements with the leaders of the circle, who insisted on publishing all works in the magazine, regardless of their artistic level.
Sergei Yesenin left half circle and in March 1915 and went to Petrograd, where he met Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely, Vladimir Mayakovsky.
With A. Blok, Yesenin who was considered "the first poet", he met the first day of arrival - March 9, 1915, on their own finding his apartment on the street and the Officer asked the poet about the meeting.
During the first meeting, Blok himself selected six poems by Yesenin for publication and wrote a letter of recommendation to the writer Mikhail Pavlovich Murashev, who sent the young poet to several editorial offices.
On March 11, 1915, thanks to the recommendation note of A. Blok, Yesenin met with the poet S. M. Gorodetsky.
On the same day Gorodetsky wrote to the editor of the "Monthly Magazine" V. S. Mirolyubov: "Dear Viktor Sergeevich, Caress the young talent Sergey Alexandrovich Yesenin.
He has a ruble in his pocket, and wealth in his soul."
Following the" Monthly Magazine", Yesenin's poems appear in other metropolitan magazines.
"My poems were successful in St. Petersburg," Yesenin wrote on April 24, 1915, " 51 out of 60 were accepted.
They took the "Northern Notes", "Russian Thought", "Monthly Magazine" and others."
There was no money ("I had to eat for 2-3 kopecks"), there was no home of my own and Yesenin had to spend the night wherever he had to.
He often lived with Murashev, whom he later called "the first of my first friends in the city of St. Petersburg."
Already in September 1915, the owner of the Prometheus publishing house, N. N. Mikhailov, sent a letter to Yesenin with a proposal to print a collection of his works, and on October 25, 1915, Sergei Yesenin's first performance took place at the "evening of folk poetry", held by the literary and artistic group "Krasa"in the hall of the Tenishevsky School.
On New Year's Eve, 1916, the newspaper "Birzhevye Vedomosti" told readers the names of writers whose works were supposed to be published on its pages next year: next to the name of Alexander Blok and other famous writers was the name of Sergei Yesenin.
In February May 1916, the first prose work of S. Yesenin was published in the magazine" Northern Notes "- the story"Yar".
At the beginning of 1916, Averyanov's publishing house published the first collection of poems by Sergei Yesenin "Radunitsa", to which he himself was very critical, considering that some of the poems should not have been printed; in 1918, when preparing the second edition of "Radunitsa", he excluded sixteen poems (almost half of the collection in the first publication).
Yesenin was also very demanding about the titles of his subsequent collections, among which were "Goluben", "Zarenka", "Transfiguration", "Russeyan", "Treryadnitsa", "Rye Horses", "Soviet Country", "Birch Calico", "Persian Motifs".
Shortly after the publication of Yesenin's first book "Radunitsa", M. P. Murashev received a letter from Professor S. A. Vengerov, in which the compiler of the "Critical Biographical Dictionary of Russian Writers and Scientists" asked to convey to Yesenin a request to send him a short autobiography.
Sergei Yesenin was first drafted into the army in the summer of 1915 in Ryazan, but then he received a temporary reprieve, after the postponement he was already drafted in Petrograd.
On March 17, 1916, Yesenin brought his manuscripts to M. P. Murashev for preservation.
Initially, he served in a reserve battalion located in St. Petersburg, since April - as an orderly in one of the Tsarskoye Selo infirmaries, with the field Tsarskoye Selo military sanitary train No. 143 he went to the Crimea.
He served in the army until March 1917, voluntarily leaving the service after the February Revolution.
Yesenin lived in St. Petersburg until March 1918.
In 1918, Sergei Yesenin broke with the literary group " Scythians "(Ivanov Razumnik, N. Klyuev, A. Bely) and joined the group of imagists"Keys of Mary".
On August 31, 1924, by a letter in the newspaper Pravda, he announced his withdrawal from the group, which led to its actual disintegration.
In 1918, one hundred and seven ditties were published on the pages of the Moscow newspaper "The Voice of Labor Krustyanstvo", which were an insignificant part of Yesenin's collection: according to V. S. Chernyavsky, Yesenin collected about four thousand ditties.
In 1918-1921, Yesenin traveled a lot around the country: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Crimea, the Caucasus, Turkestan, Bessarabia.
In 1921, Sergei Yesenin married an American dancer Isadora Duncan (1878-1927), who took the surname Duncan Yesenin.
Isadora Duncan, who was one of the founders of modern dance, was met by crowded theaters all over Europe: she took samples of ancient Greek plastic art as the basis of her dance, which she studied in the halls of Ancient Greek art in the British Museum; Isadora changed her traditional ballet costume for a tunic, performed barefoot on stage, abandoned the language of conventional gestures.
In 1920, Duncan was invited to Soviet Russia to organize her own ballet school.
Soon after the marriage with Yesenin, a divorce followed, but on May 2, 1922, the re marriage of Sergei Yesenin and the American dancer Isadora Duncan, who took the surname Yesenin, took place in the registry office of the Khamovnichesky district of Moscow.
In the autumn of 1922, the couple went abroad.
After visiting many European countries," having traveled all over Europe, except Spain, " Yesenin went to America, where he stayed for four months until February 1923.
He returned to Moscow on August 3, 1923.
After returning, he became close to the actress of the Moscow Chamber Theater, A. L. Miklashevskaya, to whom he dedicated the cycle of poems "The Love of a Bully".
In 1924, Yesenin lived with G. A. Benislavskaya.
In 1924, he went to the Caucasus.
In 1924-1925 he was published in the newspapers" Izvestia"," Baku Worker","Dawn of the East".
During this period (1924-1925), Sergei Yesenin created the poems "Anna Snegina", "Song of the Great Campaign", "Walk the Field" (excerpt "Lenin")," Ballad of Twenty six"," Poem 36"," Black Man", most of the" little poems":" Soviet Russia"," Russia leaving"," Return to the Motherland", a cycle of poems" Persian motifs " and more than sixty lyrical poems.
When preparing a Collection of Works in 1925, Sergei Yesenin selected only ten thousand lines from the fifteen thousand lines he had written for printing - "the best".
In the summer of 1925, with the firm intention of "not being friends" with the bohemians, Yesenin returned to Moscow.
In June 1925, Sergei Yesenin married S. A. Tolstoy (the granddaughter of L. N. Tolstoy), who took the surname Tolstaya Yesenina.
In November 1925, he was admitted to a Moscow hospital.
On December 24, 1925, Sergei Yesenin left for Leningrad, where he intended to stay until the summer, and then go to Italy to visit M. Gorky.
But on the night of December 28 at the hotel "International" ("Angleterre") Yesenin, according to the official version, committed suicide: on the morning of December 28, he was found hanged in a hotel room.
The day before, he wrote the poems "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye..." and gave them to his Leningrad friend, the poet Wolf Ehrlich.
"By the end of 1925, Yesenin's decision to" leave " became manic.
He lay down under the wheels of a suburban train, tried to throw himself out of the window, cut a vein with a piece of glass, stab himself with a kitchen knife. [...]
In the last months of his tragic existence, Yesenin was a man no more than one hour a day.
From the first, morning, glass, his consciousness was already darkening.
And after the first, as an iron rule, there were - the second, third, fourth, fifth...
From time to time Yesenin was put in the hospital, where the most famous doctors treated him with the latest methods.
They helped just as little as the oldest ways in which they also tried to treat him. " (Memoirs of Anatoly Marienhoff)
Moscow said goodbye to Yesenin in the House of Printing.
Sergey Yesenin was buried at the Vagankovsky Cemetery.
In the early 1990s, another discussion unfolded around the death of Sergei Yesenin: on the basis of the poet's posthumous photographs taken during the forensic medical examination at the hotel and at the funeral, the voluntary nature of his departure from life was questioned.
Yesenin's son from one of his marriages is Alexander Sergeevich Yesenin Volpin (b. 1925), a mathematician.
Born in Moscow.
He was persecuted by the Soviet authorities for his participation in the dissident movement, of which he was one of the leaders.
He was repeatedly placed in psychiatric hospitals in Moscow and Leningrad.
He emigrated in 1972 and settled in the United States.
He has retired from active political activity. " ("Encyclopedia of Russian American Relations")
Among the works of Sergei Yesenin are poems, poems, plays, novellas, essays, letters: "The song of Evpaty the Kolowrat" (1912; the first poem, was written under the influence of monument of ancient Russian literature, "the tale of the destruction of Ryazan Batu in 1237"; the original 1912 edition was published in 1918 in the newspaper "Voice of the working peasantry", in 1925 for "the Collection of poems" Yesenin created a new version that is dramatically different from the first not only a smaller volume - 35 verse is 56 and the title, but the contents), "Birch" (1913; published in 1914, in the children's magazine "small World" No. 1; first published poem), "Jackdaws" (1914; the poem was not printed, because in November 1914 was confiscated by the police; the manuscript has not survived), "Marfa Posadnitsa" (1914; poem), "Radunitsa" (1916, his first collection of poetry;
reissued in 1918 and 1921), "Yar" (1916; the story; the first prose work), "Atchar" (1917, poem), "oktoih" (1918, poem), "Inoniya" (1918, poem), "Goluboi" (1918; collection)"Transformation" (1918; the collection), "Rural hours" (1918; the collection), the "Pantocrator" (1919, poem), "Prayers" (1920), "Mare's ships" (1920), "Triratna" (1920; the collection), "the song of the bread" (1921), "Pugachev" (1921, dramatic poem), "hooligan's Confession" (1921; the collection), "Moscow tavern" (1921-1924, the cycle of poems), "the land of scoundrels" (1922; dramatic poem, published in 1924-1925), "Iron Mirgorod" (1923; essay about the United States), "the Song of a great campaign" (the summer of 1924; poem), "the Ballad of twenty six" (1924), "Anna snegina" (1925, poem), "the Black man" (1925, poem), "Persian motifs" (1925, collection), "Soviet Russia" (1925, collection)
, "walk the field" (epic poem), an autobiography (June 1924), letters (published more than a hundred letters).
Added: linar07
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