Saturday, 26.12.2015, 16: 59 History of the world
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France after the Second World War, the post war situation.
Temporary mode
Despite the fact that France suffered relatively less damage in the Second World War than in the First World War, however, its international prestige was severely undermined, and financially it fell into a position dependent on the United States.
Indo China got out of control, Syria and Lebanon gained independence.
The post war history of France is divided into 3 periods :
1. Temporary regime 1944-1946.
2. The Fourth Republic 1946-1958.
3. The Fifth Republic after 1958 to the present.
Under the Provisional Regime, France was ruled by a Provisional government under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970).
Leading a policy of nationalization, the Provisional Government bought power plants, coal mines, aviation and insurance companies from the owners.
The social legislation of the times of the Popular Front government was restored, the democratic system was restored.
In October 1945, elections to the Constituent Assembly were held.
Charles de Gaulle proposed to create a presidential republic on the model of the United States.
But in the political struggle over the draft of a new constitution, de Gaulle lost and resigned.
.
The Fourth Republic.
France in the 1950s and 1960s
With the adoption of the new Constitution in December 1946, France entered the 12 year period of the existence of the Fourth Republic.
It was one of the most democratic constitutions in Europe.
France was declared a parliamentary republic.
Universal suffrage, social security and the right to education were introduced.
The Parliament consisted of two chambers: the National Assembly (later the Senate) and the Council of the Republic.
The President was elected at a joint meeting of both chambers for a term of 7 years.
In 1948, industrial production reached the pre war level, in 1949 the card system was abolished.
In the 50s, the economic recovery began.
The economic growth rates were inferior to Germany and Italy, but were significantly higher than in England.
The "Monnet plan" was adopted, which provided for active state intervention in economic development.
The growing labor movement in the 50s forced the government to make concessions.
The law on collective agreements was adopted, wages increased, and its guaranteed minimum was determined.
In May 1947, the Communists were removed from the coalition government for supporting the strike at the Renault plant.
In the 1956 elections, the left forces — communists, socialists, radicals won.
Under the leadership of Guy Mollet, a government was created, called the "Republican Front".
The new government in 1956 confirmed the independence of Tunisia and Morocco, but the war in Algeria continued.
According to its status, Algeria, whose best lands belonged to the French, was called not a colony, but an overseas department.
The French military contingent that fought in Algeria, on May 13, 1958, raised an uprising and refused to obey the government.
On June 1, 1958, the de Gaulle Government was created, which was given the right of legislative initiative and unlimited powers.
A referendum held in September 1958 approved the constitution of the Fifth Republic in France.
France became a presidential republic.
The President was elected by universal suffrage on a general basis for 7 years and had broad powers.
He was the head of state and executive power, the commander of the armed forces, could issue decrees without the need for their approval by parliament.
The President had the right to dissolve the parliament, call new elections, and submit new laws to the people for approval by referendum.
The Union for a New Republic party created by de Gaulle won the parliamentary elections of 1958, and de Gaulle himself won the presidential elections (1958-1969).
De Gaulle's goal was to strengthen monopolies and make them competitive in the fight against the monopolies of the United States, Western Europe and Japan.
New industries were created nuclear, radioelectronics.
According to the main indicators, France has overtaken England and reached the fifth place in the world.
In terms of economic development, France was second only to Japan.
In Western Europe, it has become the largest supplier of products.
The problem of colonies was also solved.
In 1960, Ecuador and West Africa gained independence, and in 1962, according to the Evian Agreements, Algeria gained independence.
During this period, a secret armed organization was created, which aimed to overthrow de Gaulle and establish a fascist dictatorship.
In foreign policy, de Gaulle put forward three goals :
1) restore the "Great France";
2) strengthen the independence of France;
3) weaken the US influence in Europe.
De Gaulle settled relations with the USSR, criticized the US invasion of Vietnam, and by all means did not allow US interference in European affairs.
Taking independent steps in foreign policy, in 1966 France withdrew from the military structure of NATO, retaining membership in this organization.
The ten year rule of De Gaulle strengthened the French economy and raised its international prestige.
In May 1968, students demonstrated, demanding a radical revision of the education system, an increase in subsidies for education and scholarships.
The police used force.
This caused a month long general strike that paralyzed the entire country.
Having lost his authority, de Gaulle resigned in 1969.
In the same year, Zh.
was elected president.
Pompidou (1969-1974).
France in the years 1970-1980
J. Pompidou improved relations with the United States, did not prevent England from joining the EEC.
After Pompidou's death, Valery Giscard d'Estaing became president.
Gaullist leader Jacques Chirac became prime minister.
In 1974, France was gripped by an economic crisis: production fell, unemployment and inflation increased, the standard of living of the population decreased, the labor movement intensified.
This event accelerated the coming to power of the left forces.
In 1981, the left forces won the presidential and parliamentary elections.
The leader of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand was elected president.
The new government has implemented the biggest reforms since the Popular Front.
Wages, unemployment benefits and benefits for large families, pensions and social subsidies have increased, the working week has been reduced to 39 hours, state intervention in the economy has expanded, the policy of nationalization of property has been implemented.
In order to curb inflation, state control over prices and wages was established.
In 1984, the government stopped the reforms and switched to a regime of austerity.
After the defeat of the left in the 1986 parliamentary elections, Jacques Chirac became prime minister.
He returned nationalized enterprises to their owners, eliminated taxes on large capital, and reduced immigration.
State regulation of business was weakened, all forces were directed to the fight against inflation.
Unemployment has increased.
This was the reason for Chirac's defeat in the 1988 presidential election.
Mitterrand was re elected for 7 years of the presidency.
In 1995, the Socialists and Communists were experiencing a crisis, which contributed to the election of Jacques Chirac to the presidency.
France at the present stage
In the 1997 parliamentary elections, the bloc of left forces (Socialists, Communists and Greens) won.
The leader of the Socialists, L. Jospin, formed a government.
The 2002 elections also ended with the victory of Jacques Chirac.
And in 2007, M. Sarkazi became president.
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