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History of Russia
World History
Day of Russian Science.
Day of Culture, Slovenia.
Summary: The Achievement of the Roman Empire
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Rome created its own civilization, based on a special system of values.
Ancient Rome.
Most of the Western European states emerged and formed on the ruins of this giant.
Many institutions, the beginnings of modern literature and jurisprudence, architectural masterpieces have come to us from the depths of its existence.
The history of Rome excites our imagination with an abundance of dramatic events, bright outstanding personalities.
Perhaps that is why Rome attracted the most talented researchers.
Such well known cultural scientists as O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, singling out ancient culture or civilization as a whole, denied the independent significance of Rome, believed that the entire Roman era was a crisis stage of ancient civilization.
When its ability for spiritual creativity comes to naught, there are only opportunities for creativity in the field of statehood and technology.
Everything that was done in science, philosophy, historiography, poetry, and art during the long centuries of Roman domination in the Mediterranean was borrowed from the Greeks.
Other researchers, for example, S. L. Utchenko, on the contrary, believe that Rome created its own original civilization, based on a special system of values that developed in the Roman civil community due to the peculiarities of its historical development.
Such features include the establishment of a democratic form of government as a result of the struggle between the patricians and the plebeians and the victories of the latter, and the almost continuous wars of Rome, which turned it from a small Italian town into the capital of a huge power.
Under the influence of these factors, the ideology, the system of values of Roman citizens was formed.
It was determined primarily by patriotism – the idea of the special God chosen Roman people and the very fate of the victories destined for them, about Rome as the highest value, about the duty of a citizen to serve him with all his might, sparing no effort and life.
To do this, a citizen had to have courage, fortitude, honesty, loyalty, dignity, moderation in the way of life, the ability to obey iron discipline in war, the law approved by the People's Assembly and the custom established by the "ancestors" in peacetime, to honor the patron gods of their families, their rural communities and, of course, Rome.
Only politics, war, agriculture, the development of civil and sacred law, historiography were recognized as worthy of a Roman, especially from the nobility.
On this basis, the early culture of Rome was formed.
The rapprochement of Roman and Greek cultures became especially intense with the establishment of the empire, when the philosophical and political theories developed among the subjects of the Hellenistic kings became close to the Romans.
This late Antique Greco Roman culture, in which the components played an equal role, spread both in the eastern and western half of the empire.
3 RELIGION AND MORALS.
LITERATURE, SCIENCE, ART.
In Rome, since ancient times, the life and behavior of every citizen has been strictly and precisely determined by ancient forms and decencies.
The Romans had to keep their affairs in order, maintain strict sedateness in the house, fulfill their duties and be able to defend their rights.
Courtesans appeared in Rome, and it became almost a requirement of good taste to keep them.
The number of marriages began to decrease, and the number of divorces increased.
On the basis of family money relations, crimes were committed that had never been heard of before.
The former strict views on the position of women in the family weakened, women began to strive to expand their rights, especially due to the accumulation of huge capital in the hands of some women, this phenomenon took such proportions that the law restricted women's rights to inheritance.
Luxury in the arrangement of houses, in clothing, in the table was terribly increased, feasts completely unknown before according to Greek models, with reclining, music, with a large number of all kinds of dishes, instead of the fact that previously there were only two courses of dishes, became customary.
Expensive chefs, specialists, bakers, confectioners appeared in Rome.
The habit of killing time by doing nothing developed: various household holidays became customary, new public festivals were established and arranged with the greatest luxury, usually accompanied by gladiatorial games.
Primary education was to a certain extent widespread in Rome long before the time we are now talking about: the ability to read, write, count was not uncommon among the simplest citizens, an Arab steward of any significant estate certainly knew literacy and numeracy.
The best means of education is always language learning.
Roman tragedies and comedies as purely literary works were for a long time alterations from the Greek.
Tragedies were held in less esteem than comedies.
The content of tragedies was borrowed from myths, comedies from life.
It was poor and monotonous: almost always the action revolves around love or, more precisely, falling in love, passionate, deep and at the same time cloying, etc.
Only insignificant fragments have come down to us from the ancient Roman writers.
The first Roman author was Livy Andronicus
(approximately 272-207).
He was engaged in teaching children and translated – initially as a textbook The Odyssey.
Then he composed the first dramatic work in Latin, which was presented in 240.
A significant writer is Titus Maccius Plautus (254-184).
21 comedies of Plautus have come down to our time.
4 Prose literature appeared a little later than poetic works.
It had fewer representatives, who nevertheless enjoyed greater honor than the writers of tragedies and comedies.
In contrast to the authors of these latter, prose was written exclusively by Romans, nobles and people who occupied a high position in the state.
In 219, the first Greek doctor appeared in Rome and quickly became famous, after that medicine and treatment began to become a kind of fashion, and Cato tried to collect those tips on medicine in a small book.
Which he considered native Latin and contrasted with the new fangled, Greek ones.
The Roman literature of the 3rd century deserves, with all its shortcomings, full attention for the fact that it sought to transfer the wonderful tree of Greek poetry to its homeland.
It must also be recognized as a merit that the Roman writers imitated mainly writers who were not modern to them, and a writer who was comparatively already old, but more talented.
From this point of view, the activity
Naevia, Ennia, Plautus deserve high praise, but it must be admitted that the very spirit of Greek poetry stood in too great contradiction with all the previous life of the Roman community, with the spirit that previously animated it.
And therefore it is quite understandable that there were people who fought against this Hellenic influence.
At their head was Cato.
He failed to stop the influx of those ideas that he did not sympathize with, but in the struggle against them, this typical representative of the Roman nationality did a great thing: he laid the foundation for that Latin prose literature, which later brought new glory to the Roman name.
5 PLAN: 1. Ancient Rome.
2. The opinion of famous cultural scientists about ancient culture.
3. The system of values of Roman citizens.
4. Religions and mores.
5. Education in Rome.
6. Literature.
Famous writers of that period.
7. Medicine.
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