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Sunset of the Roman Empire
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Knowledge hypermarket>>history>>history 10th grade>>history: sunset of the Roman Empire
Sunset of the Roman Empire
The shocks that swept Asia did not bypass Europe either.
The greatest empire in the world, the Roman Empire, whose memory has influenced the lives of European peoples for centuries, quickly declined from its heyday.
It marked the beginning of a new historical era - the Middle Ages.
Golden Age of Rome
At the beginning of The ll century, the Roman Empire reached the pinnacle of its power.
Under Emperor Troyan (ruled in 98-117), the power of the Empire was recognized by Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, Mesopotamia, under Adrian (ruled in 117-138), special attention was paid to strengthening the borders of the Empire, improving the management of its vast possessions.
Legal norms have developed significantly: Roman law has subsequently become a model for imitation in middle century Europe.
The division of labor between provinces was developing rapidly within the Empire.
The North African lands were her breadbaskets.
Crafts flourished in Gaul.
It supplied ceramics, glass, metal products, canvases, cloth, Italy and Spain with wine, oil, and metals to the markets of the Empire.
Gold was mined in Dacia.
The eastern provinces have become a transshipment point for trade with Asian countries, including China.
A large Silk Road was formed, along which goods from China were delivered to Rome through the Pamirs, Ferghana Valley, Parthia and Armenia.
New craft and trade centers were emerging.
The riches flowing into Rome allowed the emperors to turn the life of the Roman plebs into a solid joy.
Almost half of the days of the year were considered holidays.
In the" Eternal City " there were constant theatrical performances, gladiator fights, fights with wild animals.
Entertainment was also organized for residents of the provinces.
The emperors relied on the local nobility, who gained access to the Senate.
In Gaul, Spain, and many other provinces, schools were opened where they taught Latin, Greek, and gave rhetoric lessons.
Latin names became popular, and the highest strata of the population were distinguished by their knowledge of Roman poets (Ovid, 43 BC).
- 18n.
e. Virgil, 70-19 BC.; Horatia, 65 B. C. E. - 8 N. E.), satirical works of Juvenal (60-127), Lucian (90-120), who ridiculed ignorance and Vanity.
The Romans were well aware of the ideas of Greek philosophers.
However, the most popular among them were reunions of stoics who associated the calmness of the spirit with compliance with ethical norms and service to public interests.
In Rome, the supporters of stoicism were Seneca (4 BC).
- 65 AD.).
Epictetus (5-140), author of many philosophical works, The Last Emperor of the Golden Age Marcus Aurelius (ruled in 1BL 180).
Crisis of the Roman Empire
By the end of the second century, due to changes in climate, the conditions of Agriculture in the Roman Empire began to deteriorate.
The onset of deserts undermined the farms of North Africa.
The resulting cold snap caused a drop in yields in Italy, Gaul, and Spain.
Famine began, and the plague broke out in many provinces.
The rise of the peasants, to whom the slaves joined, caused the decline of the economy and trade.
Tax revenues have decreased, and it has become difficult to recruit troops and pay their salaries.
Discontent in the army led to a whole series of military coups.
The Empire plunged into the depths of the Civil War (193-197).
The political crisis lasted almost a century.
In power, there were so - called "Soldiers emperors" who came out of the army environment.
None of them fully controlled all Roman possessions.
In an effort to provide themselves with support in the army, the "soldier" emperors gave foreign Veterans Land, including by confiscating the farms of large landowners (Saltus) who had fallen into decline.
In the conditions of climate change, disruption of trade ties, they lost their effectiveness, their products did not find sales, did not even pay for the maintenance of slaves.
Land owners made it profitable for themselves to allocate small plots of land (peculia) to slaves.
For using them, the slave had to give the owner of the land a part of the crop (about a third) and work on it for up to two weeks a year.
Part of the land was leased to free citizens (columns) under the same conditions.
Over time, the position of slaves and columns ceased to exist but differed.
The surplus of products left after the settlement with the owner of the land and not used for personal consumption, slaves and colonies were not sold, but exchanged for handicrafts, commodity and monetary relations were gradually replaced by natural exchange.
Slaves and columns did not pay taxes, all settlements with the authorities were taken over by the owner of the land.
Small landowners, forced to pay taxes on their own, defenseless against the permission of officials, quickly went bankrupt.
Thus, entire settlements received the patronage of large landowners, their inhabitants voluntarily transferred to the position of columns.
Commercial cities of the desert and declining, the main economic unit became huge names, under which small centers of craft and trade appeared, serving the surrounding villages and settlements of columns.
Changes in the economic life of the Roman Empire contributed to the stabilization of the political situation.
The columns became the source of replenishment of the army - the main support of the imperial power.
Under Diocletian (reigned 284-305), who was the son of a slave Freedman from Dalmatia and distinguished himself during the suppression of uprisings in Africa and Gaul, the Empire's power over its possessions was completely restored.
The entire population of the Roman empire, except for slaves, received the rights of its citizens.
However, the privileged position of the inhabitants of Italy was canceled, the power of senag was torn up.
The administrative reform divided the empire into four parts Gaul, Italy, Ireland and the East.
Diocletian took over the management of the East, where economic life, trade, and large cities did not come to such a decline as in the western provinces.
The emperor's residence was the city of Nicomedia in Asia Minor.
Under Diocletian's successor, Constantine l (reigned 306-337), the Greek city of Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, turned into the capital of the Empire.
Christianity in the Roman Empire
The Roman authorities showed tolerance in matters of faith.
The Romans themselves believed in the existence of gods who represented the forces of nature and patronized certain types of activities.
The eldest of the Gods was considered Jupiter, the God of the seas - Neptune, Wars - Mars, commerce - Mercury, etc.
In the conquered countries, the Romans usually did not force the local population to accept their faith, they put up with the fact that they adhere to their own religious reunions.
However, there was an exception to Christianity.
It was seen as a hostile religion to Rome.
Many Roman emperors persecuted the first Christians, poisoned them with lions in the Coliseum arenas to amuse the plebs, and the persecution continued for two and a half centuries.
The reasons for this intolerance were that Christians who professed faith in the one God rejected all other religious reunions as linguistic.
The increase in the number of Christians led to the loss of the influence and income of the priests of the numerous temples of the Roman Empire and its authorities.
Christians did not recognize the divinity of the emperors whom the priests proclaimed to such gods.
Many of the Christians, preaching nonviolence, refused to serve in the army.
Ideas about the equality of all people before God were perceived as a call to the orders of the slave empire, where slaves were considered lower beings.
Despite the persecution, the number of Christians, especially in the context of the crisis that gripped the Roman Empire in The ll century, increased.
The persecution forced Christians to create a strong, well organized, cohesive church that could resist the authorities.
The spread of Christian ideas of humility and nonviolence began to be considered among the nobility as a means of keeping slaves and columns in captivity.
In the new conditions, many rich Romans became adherents of Christianity.
In 313, a compromise was reached between Emperor Constantine and Christians.
They recognized the divinity of the imperial empire of power (but not the personality of the emperor), agreed not to deviate from military service.
Constantine granted them freedom of religion, freed them from the obligation to perform the linguistic rite of worship of the emperor as a living God y.
The Christian Church received the right to accept inheritances and gifts, and was exempt from taxes.
The church court was equalized in rights with the state court.
The emperor began to give generously to Christians and by the end of his life he was baptized himself.
This step provided Konstantin with the support of Christians and their church, which was quickly becoming an influential political and economic force.
In less than a century, about 1/10 of all the lands of the empire passed to it.
The change in the position of the Christian Church was accompanied by the emergence of rivalry between its hierarchs for the dominant position.
Interpretations of Christianity that differ from the generally accepted ones have become widespread.
Thus, the Alexandrian presbyter Arius believed that Christ, created by God the Father, is not equal and not consubstantial with Him, as most bishops believed.
In 325, the Ecumenical Council (the assembly of all Christian clergy) was assembled in Nicaea.
It adopted the Symbol of Faith - a summary of the essence of Christian teaching, established uniform rules for performing rituals.
Deviations from the approved canons, primarily Arianism, were condemned as heresies incompatible with belonging to the Christian Church.
The last attempt to attack Christianity was made under the emperor Julian (reigned in 361-363), who, believing that internal strife weakened Christians, tried to revive old beliefs, restore pagan temples that had fallen into disrepair.
This attempt was unsuccessful.
After the death of Julian in the war with the Persians, the emperors resolutely supported Christianity.
Under the Emperor Theodosius (ruled in 379-395), all religions were banned, except Christianity.
Supporters of various heretical (not approved by the Councils) directions of it also began to be persecuted.
The lands remaining at the pagan temples were confiscated, most of them
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
In the IV century, the onslaught of tribal unions of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe on the possessions of the Western Roman Empire intensified.
Due to climate changes, the lands previously occupied by them could no longer feed the increased population.
Whole tribes moved south, settling in the countryside of the Roman provinces, in particular in Gaul.
Another reason for the invasions of peoples on the territory of the empire was the offensive of the Huns, who, advancing from the east, reached the Northern Black Sea region by the middle of the IV century.
They pressed the tribes of Sarmatians and Jutes who lived between the Dniester and the Danube.
Slavic tribes attacked the Goths from the north.
The Goths, in turn, were sent to Central Europe and to the south, to the territory of the Roman Empire.
The authorities of the empire, especially during the periods of interregnum, the intensification of the struggle for power, did not prevent the "barbarians" from mastering the Roman possessions, especially since they were no longer alien to the empire.
Many Germanic tribes adopted Christianity, their squads were in the service of Roman military leaders.
Visigoths (Western Goths fleeing from the Huns were allowed to settle south of the Danube.
The replenishment of the population of the empire gave rise to hopes for an increase in the amount of taxes collected, new recruits to the army.
The Roman authorities, however, did not take into account that the"barbarians" who are used to solving their own problems will not meekly endure the extortion of officials.
The Visigoths rebelled, slaves and colonians joined them.
And in 378, they defeated the Roman army at Adrianople.
With great difficulty, the troops of Theodosius managed to pacify the Visigoths for a while.
After the death of Theodosius in 395, the Roman Empire collapsed.
The military leaders of the western part of the empire refused to recognize the power of Constantinople, which turned into the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium)
The Visigoths rebelled again.
Having devastated Greece and Illyria, they began to raid Italy.
In 410, King Alaric of the Visigoths (Z70-410) captured and sacked Rome.
The capital of the Western Roman Empire was moved to Ravenna, in northern Italy.
At the same time, the Germanic tribes of Vandals, Alans and Suevi broke into Gaul and Spain.
In 429, having taken possession of the fleet, they invaded North Africa, where they founded their own state.
The strongest blow to the empire was inflicted by the Huns, whose lands stretched from the Caucasus to modern Hungary.
Their leader Attila (4Z4-45Z) launched an offensive against Europe in 436.
The troops of the Huns invaded the Balkan Peninsula, ravaged more than 70 cities, forced the Eastern Roman Empire to pay tribute.
After passing through the German lands, the Huns began to ravage Gaul.
This forced the Visigoths, Franks, and Burgundians to unite with the Romans for a while and oppose Atgila, who was defeated in 451 in Gaul, Retreating, the Huns plundered Northern Italy.
After the death of Attila, the union of the Hunnic tribes collapsed, and under the onslaught of the Goths, they migrated to the Northern Black Sea region.
In the Western Roman Empire, the struggle for power began again: nine emperors were replaced in 21 years.
During the civil strife, Rome was taken and plundered by vandal troops.
In 476, the leader of the German mercenaries Odoacer (4Z1-49Z) overthrew the last emperor Romulus Augustus and, with the approval of the Senate, was proclaimed king (king) Italy.
The Eastern Roman Empire recognized the legitimacy of the power of Odoacer, who was given the title of patrician.
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the migrations of peoples did not end, they continued until the VIII century.
Dozens of kingdoms appeared on the territory of the former empire, but the halo of its greatness influenced their politics for a long time.
Many royal dynasties of Europe counted their history from the time of the empire, considering themselves the legitimate successors of its power.
Questions and tasks
1.
What period is called the Golden Age of the Roman Empire?
2. Specify the economic and political reasons for the crisis of the Roman Empire.
What changes have occurred in the economic structure of Rome?
List the features of the column and indicate its differences from slavery.
3. Think about it.
what goals were pursued by the administrative reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.
4. Fill in the table:
Reasons for the decline of Rome
Internal
External links
What factors, in your opinion, played a decisive role in the decline of Rome?
5. What was the spiritual crisis of Roman society?
Why has the Christian Church turned into a cohesive organization that has become an influential political and economic force?
6. Make a detailed plan on the topic "The Fall of the Western Roman Empire".
3agladin N. V., Simonia N. A., History.
The history of Russia and the world from ancient times to the end of the XIX century: A textbook for the 10th grade of general education institutions.
- 8th ed.
- Moscow: OOO TID Russian word RS., 2008.
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