RF
Today, before the rally, a round table was held, where the main guests were members of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation Sergey Simak and Olga Razbash, as well as the chairman of the ...
Read more...
More than a thousand people came out in Voronezh to rally against the development of nickel deposits
About a thousand people took part in a rally against the development of copper and nickel deposits in the Novokhopersky district of the Voronezh Region, held on June 18 in Voronezh on Sovetskaya Ploshchad...
Read more...
The first interview of opponents of nickel mining on an international radio station
Inga Dombrovskaya / Nikita Sarnikov On Monday, June 18, another "anti nickel" rally will be held in Voronezh.
Since the end of May, a wave of thousands of PR actions has swept through the Voronezh Region ...
Read more...
TV presenter Nikolai Drozdov: "The threat to the Khopersk Reserve should be trumpeted in all pipes!"
The host of the program "In the world of Animals" was very upset when in Voronezh he was told about future nickel developments near the Khopersky Nature Reserve
Today, June 16, in Vo...
Read more...
In Uryupinsk, State Duma deputies were attracted to the problem of nickel mining
In Uryupinsk, State Duma deputies were attracted to the problem of nickel mining on 15/06/2012 at 15: 53, 5 comments
In Uryupinsk, State Duma deputies were attracted to the problem of nickel mining
As we have already soo ...
Read more...
Khopersk Cossacks demand a ban on the development of nickel deposits
13/06/2012 at 18: 27, 2 comments
Khopersk Cossacks demand a ban on the development of nickel deposits
The Cossacks of the Khoperskaya stanitsa turned to our editorial office.
They are concerned about the planned extraction of nick...
Read more...
Voronezh Nickel raises more and more questions
14/06/2012 at 17: 09, 7 comments
Representatives of UMMC Grigory Rudoy and Vladimir Beloglazov answered the questions of the participants of the meeting
Today in zda...
Read more...
OP will meet with the defenders of Khopr
Press Service of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation
Representatives of the Public Chamber will meet with activists of environmental organizations and residents of the Voronezh Region protesting against the development of copper nickel deposits in the Kho River basin ...
Read more...
United Russia DEPUTY Netesov quarreled with opponents of nickel mining
The conflict ended the working visit of the deputy of the Voronezh Regional Duma Vladimir Netesov to Borisoglebsk.
According to our information, he was not afraid to meet with public activists, ...
Read more...
The Borisoglebsk Public Chamber demands to introduce a moratorium on geological exploration and production of nickel
The Public Chamber of the Borisoglebsky City District declared an unequivocal "no" to the development of nickel in the Novokhopersky district of the Voronezh Region...
At a meeting on June 6, the members of the chamber unanimously approved ...
Read more...
There was a protest in Borisoglebsk
There is a rally against the development of nickel deposits in the Voronezh region
In Voronezh, protest actions are much less large scale than in Borisoglebsk Photo: ...
Read more...
The oligarchs seem to be targeting not only Voronezh nickel…
According to experts, the Voronezh Region is now becoming the territory of close attention of a number of Russian and international oligarchs.
Once not so noticeable area in the last ...
Read more...
The State Duma intends to figure out who organizes "anti nickel" rallies
Ilya Kostunov, a deputy of the lower house from the Voronezh Region, expressed the opinion on the live broadcast of the Russian News Service that residents of the Voronezh and Volgograd regions go to ...
Read more...
UMMC did not answer the urgent questions about nickel production in the Voronezh region
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
Pandora on Hopra
Mass rallies were held in several small cities of the Voronezh and Volgograd regions.
The protest actions turned out to be unusually large for such small cities as Borisoglebsk, Uryupinsk and No...
Read more...
"Rossiyskaya Gazeta" / / The Voronezh region weighs the consequences of nickel mining
Recently, the winner of the competition for the right to develop nickel deposits in the Novokhopersk district of the Voronezh Region, near the protected area, was announced.
Development of mineral resources in ...
Read more...
volgograd residents united at rallies
Yesterday, a meeting of the council of the environmental movement "In Defense of Hopra"was held in Voronezh.
During it, the demands of environmentalists, representatives of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, ...
Read more were voiced...
The nickel project for the Voronezh region worries environmentalists
VORONEZH, May 28.
/ Correspondent.
ITAR TASS Yuri Khots/.
The Government of the Voronezh region will sign a cooperation agreement with the company " Mednogorsk copper sulfur ...
Read more...
THE HOPPER REBELLED(article from the portal "Russian Reporter")
May 29, 2012 text size: aaa
Alexey lives in Moscow, but we met him at a rally against nickel mining in Voronezh.
He is from and ...
Read more...
United Russia against nickel mining in the Voronezh Region
May 27 in the city of Uryupinsk (Volgograd region) a rally of thousands of people took place against the development of a nickel deposit in the neighboring Novokhopersky district of the Voronezh Region.
According to ... read more...
On May 27, thousands of rallies were held in Uryupinsk and Novokhopersk
Resolution of the rally in Uryupinsk 1.
Note the inadmissibility of violating the rights of Russian citizens to a favorable environment, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law ...
Read more...
Opponents of nickel mining staged pickets on the Voronezh - Saratov highway
On May 24 and 25, activists took to the highway with posters against nickel mining and called on citizens to subscribe to the appeal.
In two days near ...
Read more...
The right to develop one of the nickel deposits near Novokhopersk was won by UMMC
On Tuesday, May 22, the company that will develop nickel in the Elansky deposit in the Novokhopersky district of the Voronezh Region became known.
The competition commission of Rosnedra in...
Read more...
Norilsk Nickel announced its disagreement with the result of the competition
MMC Norilsk Nickel does not agree with the results of the tender for the development of the Elansky deposit in the Voronezh Region, the results of which were announced on May 22.
About ...
Read more...
NORILSK NICKEL LOST THE COMPETITION FOR THE VORONEZH DEPOSITS
UMMC won the competition for the development of the Elansky field in the Voronezh region
17:58 | 22/ 05/ 2012
MOSCOW, May 22 - RIA Novosti.
The competition commission of Rosnedra on Tuesday recognized JSC " Urals...
Read more...
Pickets at the Ministry of Natural Resources against an illegal nickel mining competition in the Voronezh Region
On May 22, a series of single pickets took place in Moscow near the Rosnedra building against the planned development of copper and nickel deposits in the Voronezh Region.
Today there is a meeting of the commission ...
Read more...
Voronezh Nickel the battle of pro Kremlin oligarchs
No matter which oligarchic clan won the fight for the Voronezh nickel deposits, the well being of the region's population will not significantly improve from this.
Politgazeta.the Russian Federation continues ...
Read more...
Public appeal of the ECA Movement on the development of a nickel deposit in the Voronezh region
To the head of the Federal Agency for Subsoil Use, A. P. Popov, the head of the Department for Subsoil Use in the Central Federal District, S. V. Zhabin, the head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, V. V. Kirillov, the Minister of Economic Development ...
Read more...
The conducted environmental assessment of nickel mining is, in fact, a linden tree
About a month has passed since several journalists and environmentalists sent petitions to the Voronezh authorities and Governor Gordeev personally with a request to publish the results of the ...
Read more...
A rally against the development of nickel deposits gathered 700 people in the Voronezh Region
In the Voronezh region, a rally against the development of nickel deposits gathered 700 people About 700 people took part in a rally against the development of nickel deposits in the Voronezh region ...
Read more...
In Voronezh, the Social revolutionaries proposed to establish a moratorium on nickel mining
FAIR RUSSIA in the Voronezh Region proposed to establish a moratorium on nickel mining in the Novokhopersk district.
As reported in the press service of the regional department, we are talking about a ban ...
Read more...
The project cannot be saved
Where will they put a comma in the question about Voronezh nickel?
Elena Vostrikova 13.05.2012
The results of the competition for the development of nickel deposits in the Voronezh region are getting closer.
Local residents ... read more...
The competition for the development of Novokhopersk deposits was postponed to May 22
As it became known 36on.ru Voronezh, the competition for the right to develop the Elkinsky and Elansky copper nickel deposits of the Novokhopersky district of the Voronezh Region was postponed to 22 ma...
Read more...
PostDateIcon15.
05. 2012 14: 54 | Postauthoricon Author: Natalia Pushkarskaya | Print E mail Immediately in nesk
Protests against nickel mining took place in several regions of Russia at once, more than one and a half thousand residents of the Voronezh Region, Volgograd, Uryupinsk, Novoanninsk and Rostov on Don gathered in Borisoglebsk for...
Read more...
Whose bowels will you be?
I am not strong in the modern bureaucratic algorithm.
But in general, I present the preliminary stages associated with the possible development of Voronezh nickel.
Once our local chi...
Read more...
Voice of the streets: Voronezh residents about the development of nickel deposits in the region
Society
By Lidia Nikolskaya May 14, 19: 01
Nickel mining in Voronezh became the main deal of the year in the Central Asian region in the central Chernozem region.
While Putin and Norilsk Nickel are discussing the details, and ...
Read more...
A rally against nickel mining in Borisoglebsk gathered 1,500 people
14/05/2012 at 15: 34, 1 comments
A rally against nickel mining in Borisoglebsk gathered 1,500 people
...
Read more...
Rally in Borisoglebsk on May 13
On May 13, 2012, in the city of Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Region, a rally was held on Theater Square, authorized by the administration of the Borisoglebsk city district, " Against nickel mining in ...
Read more...
In France, they protested against nickel mining in the Voronezh region
13/05/2012 at 11: 55, 0 comments
In France, they protested against nickel mining in the Voronezh region
On May 12, in Paris, at the Sorbonne Square, acti ...
Read more...
Nickel did not pass the competition
The Elansk and Elkinskoye fields will be sold according to the scheme favorable to Norilsk Nickel"
The competition for the last large deposits of nickel in Europe — the Elansk and Elkinskoye deposits near Voro...
Read more...
In Novokhopersk, the Voronezh governor Gordeev was compared to God
On May 4, the Governor of the Voronezh Region Alexey Gordeev paid a working visit to Novokhopersk.
The central media reported that the head of the region made a promise in August 2012 ...
Read more...
Voronezh supported the "March of Millions" with speeches against nickel mining in the region
A rally "Do you need such stability?"was held in Voronezh in support of the" March of Millions " planned in Moscow tomorrow, May 6.
Most of the speeches were devoted to an urgent problem ...
Read more...
Three more people were detained near Voronezh.
Traffic policemen mentioned about the special operation of the "siloviki"
At night, near Voronezh, "traffic policemen" stopped two buses, in which Alexander Boldyrev, Konstantin Rubakhin and Roman Khabarov were traveling.
According to Rubakhin, first passed ...
Read more...
We didnot rock the boat.
We were just floating on the Wind
Correspondent of the Political Newspaper.the Russian Federation has fused for the May holidays.
- Our kayaking trip is not just a way to spend the May holidays well.
It's no secret that literally at 15...
Read more...
Alexey Navalny found a bunch of violations in the tender documents for Vornickel
"POLITGAZETA"
And local environmentalists are guessing: who is the mysterious Grachev, whose two weeks of work cost half a million?
And local environmentalists are guessing: who is the mysterious Grachev, dv ...
Read more...
The situation around the Voronezh nickel is heating up
Even scientists are not yet privy to the details of the development of nickel deposits in the Novokhopersk district.
Meanwhile, activists are holding rallies against nickel mining in Vo...
Read more...
kayaking rafting of activists and journalists “Let's Save the Reserved Hopper”has started
Today, a kayaking rafting of activists and journalists “Let's Save the Reserved Hopper " has started in the Voronezh Region - in defense against the development of a nickel deposit.
Route: from Bo...
Read more...
The Battle for Nickel – everything is just beginning READ TO EVERYONE!
IT'S TRUE!ALL IN ONE ARTICLE!
a detailed report by the author of the political newspaper.russia Today is the best review article.
The author of the report: Vadim Biryuchenko, lawyer, lawyer. ...
Read more...
Ecotropa campaign
The movement " In Defense of Khopr "holds an action"Ecotropa" from April 29 to May 1.
Along one of the purest and most picturesque rivers in Europe – the Khopra.
From ...
Read more...
The opponents of nickel mining in the Voronezh Region are financed by the Norwegians ...
Today, at a round table held by the Communist Party faction, an official of the regional government, Alexander Plaksenko, accused the defenders of the Khopersky Reserve that their activities are funded by the Norv...
Read more...
Voronezh deputies refused to hold a referendum on the development of nickel
Voronezh deputies rejected the referendum on the development of nickel on 26/04/2012 at 11: 44, 5 comments
On April 26, at a meeting of the Voronezh Regional Duma, the issue of a referendum was considered ...
Read more...
Top 10 news of the Voronezh region for the week, - NICKEL NICKEL NICKEL...........
Top 10 news of the Voronezh region for the week, - NICKEL NICKEL NICKEL...........
Borisoglebsk continues to protest against nickel mining in the Voronezh region Last Sunday, two ...
Read more...
The chief doctor of the Novokhopersky district hospital prohibits subordinates from signing up against nickel mining
The chief doctor of the Novokhopersky district hospital prohibits subordinates from signing up against nickel mining on 26/04/2012 at 16: 00,
Vladimir Spesivtsev, the chief doctor of the Novokhopersky district hospital, prohibits under threat of dismissal ...
Read more...
READ TO EVERYONE!!! "
About tops and roots " article by Davydov V. V.
Sorry, guys, for the delay.
Happy Easter days to you!
1. For some reason, the Internet has almost stopped working normally (only rare breakthroughs).
And I, after a month's absence, have solid ...
Read more...
Rosprirodnadzor filed another lawsuit against Norilsk Nickel, demanding 1 billion rubles
Rosprirodnadzor filed another lawsuit against Norilsk Nickel, demands 1 billion rubles Rosprirodnazor filed a lawsuit against MMC Norilsk Nickel with a demand to pay almost 1 billion rubles for ...
Read more...
On April 20, the first meeting of the Public Council was held in the Voronezh Regional Duma
On April 20, the first meeting of the Public Council was held in the Voronezh Regional Duma, dedicated to the problem of the possible start of work on the study and development of non ferrous ores...
Read more...
Even scientists are not yet privy to the details of the development of Voronezh nickel
Even scientists are not yet privy to the details of the development of the Voronezh nickel, it became known at the first meeting of the public council for monitoring the development of nickel deposits
Statements of the opposition, ...
Read more...
Civil intervention in the public Council for nickel mining in Voronezh
Civil intervention in the public Council for nickel mining in Voronezh On April 20, a meeting of the public Council for monitoring the integrated development of nickel deposits was held in the Voronezh Regional Duma. ...
Read more...
A little bit about the fight against rot in Russia
Communicating with the winners of the Goldman Prize, I realized some very unpleasant things.
We are talking about the degree of decomposition of public institutions in modern Russia.
Judge ... read more...
Officials ranked opponents of nickel mining in the Voronezh Region almost as "Orangists"
Officials ranked opponents of nickel mining in the Voronezh Region almost as " Orangists"
Officials when communicating with citizens on the topic of the safety of nickel mining in the Voronezh ...
Read more...
An action in defense of the Novokhopersky Nature Reserve was held today in Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Region
An action in defense of the Novokhopersky Nature Reserve was held today in Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Region.
Recall that there, in the immediate vicinity of the reserve of the All Russian scale and ...
Read more...
About how we are fighting for the Hopper,an article by Konstantin Rubakhin
About how we are fighting for the Hopper Konstantin Rubakhin photographer, writer, I will start with how yesterday April 15 — we were with three participants of various civil ...
Read more...
A meeting with State Duma Deputy Ilya Ponomarev was disrupted in Voronezh
A meeting with State Duma Deputy Ilya Ponomarev was disrupted in Voronezh
On April 15, a meeting was scheduled in Voronezh with State Duma Deputy Ilya Ponomarev, who intended to tell about the opening ...
Read more...
On April 15, a meeting with Deputy Ilya Ponamarev will be held in Voronezh
On April 15, a meeting with Deputy Ilya Ponomarev will be held in Voronezh with the support of the Open Action portal.
Civil society activists will be able to take part in the discussion of the situation around the possible ...
Read more...
Voronezh is facing a choice of the future.
Raw needle or innovation?
Voronezh is facing a choice of the future.
Raw needle or innovation?
by psv vrn on April 14, 16: 16
Our Voronezh Region is a region with its own peculiarities, problems and resources. ...
Read more...
In Voronezh, Evgenia Chirikova promised to help organize actions against nickel mining in the region In
In Voronezh, Evgenia Chirikova promised to help organize actions against nickel mining in the region Author: Nina ...
Read more...
Unknown entrepreneurs are trying to buy up agricultural land in the Novokhopersk district of the Voronezh Region
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
picket in Borisoglebsk
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
Norilsk Nickel vs hopper muskrats
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
About the" benefits " of nickel for the body
On May 15, 2012, the winner of the competition for the development of a nickel deposit in the Novokhopersk district of the Voronezh Region will be announced about the benefits of nickel for the body. ...
Read more...
The development of Voronezh nickel attracted the attention of the "ecological landing" from the capital
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
ECODESANT
ECODESANT On April 3, an ecodesant in the Voronezh Region inspected the sites of the planned development of copper and nickel deposits in the Novokhopersky district, visited the Khopersky Reserve, met with civil activists from Borisoglebsk, ...
Read more...
"Nickel mining will destroy the Khopersky Reserve"
"Nickel mining will destroy the Khopersky Reserve" On April 3, an ecodesant is scheduled to land in the Chernozem region.
Representatives of civil and environmental organizations, experts engaged in ...
Read more are invited to the meeting in Voronezh ...
"ECODESANT ON KHOPRA"
"ECODESANT ON KHOPRA "Activists of environmental and civil movements will come to Voronezh to support the Khopersky Reserve, share their experience and help stop nickel mining, which threatens the ecosystem of the entire ...
Read more...
UMMC calls Taimyr The company claims another nickel deposit
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
Nickel mining will destroy the house of the Russian muskrat
ecoreporter.ru Nickel mining will destroy the house of the Russian muskrat on May 15, 2012, the results of the competition for the development of the Elansky and Elkinskoye fields will be summed up ...
Read more...
UMMC on the "warpath"?
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
OPEN ACTION
Normal 0 21 false false false FR X NONE X NONE ...
Read more...
Is nickel mining in the Voronezh Region more dangerous than the authorities claim?
Environmentalists are afraid that the development of deposits in the Novokhopersk district without large investments in treatment facilities will turn into a natural disaster 02: 10, today Health 14 1435 17 ...
Read more...
Environmentalists: nickel mining in the Chernozem region threatens disaster
Monday, March 5, 2012
18: 05 / / Yulia Kalinina, Taras Podrez Environmentalists: nickel mining in the Chernozem region threatens with disaster 0 Updates Get the HTML code of the news Put it on Twitter Add ...
Read more...
Picket in London
On February 25, 2012, a picket was held in front of the Embassy of the Russian Federation in London in support of the international environmental movement "Ecology 21", which is engaged in protecting a unique ecosystem ...
Read more...
In the depth of the hopper ores
Very soon, the bulletin "Subsoil Use in Russia" will publish a regulation on holding a tender for the development of the Elansky and Elkinskoye nickel deposits in the Novokhopersk district of the Voronezh Region.
Like ... read more...
FAS intends to monitor the competition for nickel deposits near Voronezh
VORONEZH, January 19 RIA Novosti, Alexey Andreev.
The Voronezh Federal Antimonopoly Service will take control of the competition for the right to develop the Elansky and Elkinsky nickel deposits in the region, Thu...
Read more...
Environmental disaster in the Murmansk region: Sulfur rain burns holes in umbrellas
Environmental disaster in the Murmansk region: Sulfur rain burns holes in umbrellas
Residents of the village of Nickel in the Murmansk region confirm to Bellone Murmansk that there are grounds for concern.
Norwegian Institute for Air Research go...
Read more...
The court recognized the claims of Rosprirodnadzor to Norilsk Nickel as legitimate
The Arbitration Court of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has recognized the claims of Rosprirodnadzor against the company "Norilsk Nickel" as legitimate , said Oleg Mitvol, deputy head of Rosprirodnadzor.
According to him, Rosprirodnadzor assesses the environmental potential...
Read more...
Voronezh mineral resources will be put up for auction
Business Information Agency (ABIREG.RU) informs that Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed an order according to which tenders for the right to use the Elansky and Elkinsky sections of the nickel deposit in the...
Read more...
"ECOLOGY 21 "
Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin approved the holding in the first quarter of 2012 of a competition for the development of a nickel deposit in the Voronezh Region – the only one of the untouched largest deposits ...
Read more...
"ECOLOGY 21"
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin approved the holding of a tender for the development of nickel deposits in the Voronezh Region in the first quarter of 2012 – the only ones from...
Read more...
http://myjoomla15.ru | http://wordpress69.ru | audittfans.ru | myfiatstilo.ru | rav4fans.ru
Human influence on nature
Man and nature are inseparable from each other and are closely interrelated.
For a person, as well as for society as a whole, nature is the environment of life and the only source of resources necessary for existence.
Nature and natural resources are the basis on which human society lives and develops, the primary source of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people.
Man is a part of nature and as a living being, his elementary vital activity has a tangible impact on the natural environment.
The transformative influence of man on nature is inevitable.
The changes introduced by its economic activity into nature are intensified with the development of productive forces and an increase in the mass of substances involved in economic turnover.
The global processes of formation and movement of living matter in the biosphere are connected and accompanied by a cycle of matter and energy.
In contrast to purely geological processes, biogeochemical cycles involving living matter have significantly higher intensity, speed and quantity of the substance involved in the turnover.
With the appearance and development of mankind, the process of evolution has significantly changed.
In the early stages of civilization, deforestation and burning of forests for agriculture, grazing, fishing and hunting for wild animals, wars devastated entire regions, led to the destruction of plant communities, the extermination of individual animal species.
With the development of civilization, especially after the industrial revolution of the late Middle Ages, humanity mastered more and more power, more and more ability to involve and use huge masses of matter to meet its growing needs.
The real shifts in biosphere processes began in the XX century as a result of the next industrial revolution.
The rapid development of energy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, and transport has led to the fact that human activity has become comparable in scale with natural energy and material processes occurring in the biosphere.
The intensity of human consumption of energy and material resources is growing in proportion to the population and even outstrips its growth.
V. I. Vernadsky wrote: "A person becomes a geological force capable of changing the face of the Earth."
This warning was prophetically justified.
The consequences of anthropogenic (human made) activities are manifested in the depletion of natural resources, pollution of the biosphere with industrial waste, destruction of natural ecosystems, changes in the structure of the Earth's surface, climate change.
Anthropogenic impacts lead to disruption of almost all natural biogeochemical cycles.
In accordance with the population density, the degree of human impact on the environment also changes.
At the current level of development of productive forces, the activity of human society affects the biosphere as a whole.
The purpose of this work is to study the main factors of the influence of human activity on the state of the natural environment.
In the process of working on the abstract, the main problems solved by humanity in the course of its impact on the biosphere will be outlined.
During the preparation of the work, textbooks on ecology, as well as materials of scientific conferences, manuals for students were used.
1. General characteristics of environmental pollution as a result of human activity The appearance of new components in the natural environment caused by human activity or some grandiose natural phenomena (for example, volcanic activity) is characterized by the term pollution.
In general, pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the environment that disrupt the functioning of ecological systems or their individual elements and reduce the quality of the environment from the point of view of human habitation or economic activity.
This term describes all bodies, substances, phenomena, processes that appear in the environment at a given place, but not at the time and not in the amount that is natural for nature, and can bring its systems out of equilibrium.
The ecological effect of polluting agents can manifest itself in different ways: it can affect either individual organisms (manifest at the organizational level), or populations, biocenoses, ecosystems and even the biosphere as a whole.
At the organizational level, there may be a violation of certain physiological functions of organisms, a change in their behavior, a decrease in the rate of growth and development, a decrease in resistance to the effects of other unfavorable environmental factors.
At the population level, pollution can cause changes in their abundance and biomass, fertility, mortality, changes in structure, annual migration cycles, and a number of other functional properties.
At the biocenotic level, pollution affects the structure and functions of communities.
The same pollutants affect different components of communities in different ways.
Accordingly, the quantitative relations in the biocenosis change, up to the complete disappearance of some forms and the appearance of others.
The spatial structure of communities is changing, the chains of decomposition (detritus) begin to prevail over pasture, dying over production.
Ultimately, there is a degradation of ecosystems, their deterioration as elements of the human environment, a decrease in the positive role in the formation of the biosphere, and economic depreciation.
There are natural and anthropogenic pollution.
Natural pollution occurs as a result of natural causes - volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, catastrophic floods and fires.
Anthropogenic pollution is the result of human activity.
the destruction of the seas and oceans reaches such a scale that in some cases the caught fish and shellfish are unsuitable for food.
Soil contamination .
Soil is an important component of the biosphere.
Soil is the top layer of land formed under the influence of plants, animals, microorganisms and climate from the parent rocks on which it is located.
It is an important and complex component of the biosphere, closely related to its other parts.
The following main components interact in a complex way in the soil:
- mineral particles (sand, clay), water, air;
- detritus - dead organic matter, the remains of the vital activity of plants and animals;
- a lot of living organisms that decompose detritus to humus.
There are several stages in the development and formation of the soil.
Young soils are usually the result of weathering of the parent rocks or the transfer of sediment deposits (for example, alluvium).
Microorganisms, pioneer plants - lichens, mosses, grasses, small animals settle on these substrates.
Gradually, other species of plants and animals are introduced, the composition of the biocenosis becomes more complicated, a whole series of relationships arise between the mineral substrate and living organisms.
As a result, a mature soil is formed, the properties of which depend on the original parent rock and climate.[1, c. 166]
The process of soil development ends when the balance is reached, the correspondence of the soil with the vegetation cover and climate.
The soil is like a living organism, within which various complex processes take place.
In order to maintain the soil in good condition, it is necessary to know the nature of the metabolic processes of all its components.
The surface layers of the soil usually contain many residues of plant and animal organisms, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of humus.
The amount of humus determines the fertility of the soil.
Plants absorb the necessary minerals from the soil, but after the death of plant organisms, the removed elements return to the soil.
Soil organisms gradually process all organic residues.
Thus, in natural conditions, there is a constant cycle of substances in the soil.
Under normal natural conditions, all processes occurring in the soil are in equilibrium.
But often a person is guilty of disturbing the equilibrium state of the soil.
As a result of the development of human economic activity, pollution occurs, changes in the composition of the soil and even its destruction.
Currently, there is less than one hectare of arable land for every inhabitant of our planet.
And these insignificant areas continue to shrink due to inept human economic activity.
Huge areas of fertile land are lost during mining operations, during the construction of enterprises and cities.
The destruction of forests and natural grass cover, repeated plowing of the land without observing the rules of agricultural technology leads to soil erosion - destruction and washing away of the fertile layer by water and wind.
Erosion has now become a worldwide evil.
It is estimated that over the last century alone, as a result of water and wind erosion, 2 billion hectares of fertile land for active agricultural use have been lost on the planet.
One of the consequences of increased human production activity is the intensive pollution of the soil cover, the main pollutants of the soil are metals and their compounds, radioactive elements, as well as fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture.
The most dangerous soil pollutants include mercury and its compounds.
Mercury enters the environment with toxic chemicals, with industrial waste containing metallic mercury and its various compounds.
Lead contamination of soils is even more widespread and dangerous.
It is known that when one ton of lead is smelted, up to 25 kg of it is released into the environment with waste.
Lead compounds are used as additives to gasoline, so motor transport is a serious source of lead pollution.
There is especially a lot of lead in the soils along major highways.
Near large centers of ferrous and non ferrous metallurgy, soils are contaminated with iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, aluminum and other metals.
In many places, their concentration is ten times higher than the MPC.
Radioactive elements can get into the soil and accumulate in it as a result of precipitation from atomic explosions or during the disposal of liquid and solid waste from industrial enterprises, nuclear power plants or research institutions related to the study and use of atomic energy.
Radioactive substances from the soil get into plants, then into animal and human organisms, accumulate in them.
Modern agriculture, which widely uses fertilizers and various chemicals to control pests, weeds and plant diseases, has a significant impact on the chemical composition of soils.
Currently, the amount of substances involved in the cycle in the process of agricultural activity is approximately the same as in the process of industrial production.
At the same time, the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture increases every year.
Inept and uncontrolled use of them leads to a violation of the circulation of substances in the biosphere.
Persistent organic compounds used as pesticides are particularly dangerous.
They accumulate in the soil, in water, bottom sediments of reservoirs.
But the most important thing is that they are included in the ecological food chains, pass from soil and water to plants, then to animals, and eventually enter the human body with food.
Human influence on the plant and animal world.
The human impact on wildlife consists of direct influence and indirect changes in the natural environment.
One of the forms of direct impact on plants and animals is logging.
Having suddenly found themselves in an open habitat, the plants of the lower tiers of the forest experience the adverse effect of direct solar radiation.
In heat loving plants of herbaceous and shrubby tiers, chlorophyll is destroyed, growth is inhibited, some species disappear.
Light loving plants that are resistant to high temperature and lack of moisture settle in the places of deforestation.
The animal world is also changing: species associated with the stand are disappearing or migrating to other places.
Mass visits of vacationers and tourists to the forests have a tangible impact on the state of the vegetation cover.
In these cases, the harmful effect is trampling, compaction of the soil and its contamination.
Woody plants are drying up.
The direct influence of man on the animal world consists in the extermination of species that represent food or other material benefits for him.
It is believed that since 1600, more than 160 species and subspecies of birds and at least 100 species of mammals have been exterminated by man.
In the long list of extinct species there is a tour a wild bull that lived on the territory of Europe.
In the XVIII century, the sea cow described by the Russian naturalist G. V. Steller was exterminated - an aquatic mammal belonging to the category of lilac.
A little more than 100 years ago, the wild horse tarpan, which lived in the south of Russia, disappeared.
Many animal species are on the verge of extinction or have been preserved only in nature reserves.
Such is the fate of the bison, who inhabited the prairies of North America by tens of millions, and the bison, formerly widespread in the forests of Europe.
The spotted deer has been almost completely exterminated in the Far East.
The increased fishing of cetaceans has brought several species of whales to the brink of destruction: gray, greenlandic, blue.
The number of animals is also influenced by human economic activities that are not related to fishing.
The number of the Ussuri tiger has sharply decreased as a result of the development of territories within its range and the reduction of the food supply.
In the Pacific Ocean, several tens of thousands of dolphins die every year: during the fishing period, they get into nets and cannot get out of them.[4, c.153]
The disappearance of a relatively small number of animal and plant species may not seem very significant.
However, the main value of the species living today is not in their sole meaning.
Each species occupies a certain place in the biocenosis, in the food chain, and no one can replace it.
The disappearance of a particular species leads to a decrease in the stability of biocenoses.
Radioactive contamination of the biosphere.
There are natural sources of radioactivity everywhere in the biosphere, and man, like all living organisms, has always been exposed to natural radiation.
External irradiation occurs due to radiation of cosmic origin and radioactive nuclides in the environment.
Internal radiation is created by radioactive elements that enter the human body with air, water and food.
To quantify the effect of radiation on a person, units are used - the biological equivalent of an X ray (rem) or sievert (Sv): 1 Sv = 100 rem.
Since radioactive radiation can cause serious changes in the body, everyone should know the permissible doses of it.
As a result of internal and external radiation, a person receives an average dose of 0.1 rem during the year and, consequently, about 7 rem over his entire life.
In these doses, radiation does not harm a person.
However, there are some areas where the annual dose is higher than the average.
For example, people living in high altitude areas can receive a dose of several times due to cosmic radiation once a big one.
Large doses of radiation can be in areas where the content of natural radioactive sources is high.
For example, in Brazil (200 km from Sao Paulo) there is an elevation where the annual dose is 25 rem.
This area is uninhabited.
The greatest danger is the radioactive contamination of the biosphere as a result of human activity.
Currently, radioactive elements are widely used in various fields.
Negligent attitude to the storage and transportation of these elements leads to serious radioactive contamination.
Radioactive contamination of the biosphere is associated, for example, with the testing of atomic weapons.
The problem of radioactive contamination arose in 1945 after the explosion of atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Tests of nuclear weapons produced in the atmosphere have caused global radioactive contamination.
Radioactive contamination has a significant difference from others.
Radioactive nuclides are the nuclei of unstable chemical elements that emit charged particles and short wave electromagnetic radiation.
It is these particles and radiation that get into the human body, destroy cells, as a result of which various diseases can occur, including radiation.
When an atomic bomb explodes, very strong ionizing radiation occurs, radioactive particles are scattered over long distances, infecting the soil, water bodies, living organisms.
Many radioactive isotopes have a long half life, remaining dangerous throughout their entire existence.
All these isotopes are included in the cycle of substances, enter living organisms and have a disastrous effect on cells.
Strontium is very dangerous, due to its proximity to calcium.
Accumulating in the bones of the skeleton, it serves as a constant source of radiation to the body.
During a nuclear explosion, a huge amount of fine dust is formed, which stays in the atmosphere for a long time and absorbs a significant part of solar radiation.
In the second half of the 20th century, nuclear power plants, icebreakers, submarines with nuclear installations began to be put into operation.
During the normal operation of nuclear energy and industrial facilities, environmental pollution with radioactive nuclides accounts for an infinitesimal fraction of the natural background.
The situation is different when accidents occur at nuclear facilities.
Thus, during the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, only about 5% of nuclear fuel was released into the environment.
But this led to the exposure of many people, large areas were so polluted that they became dangerous to health.
This required the relocation of thousands of residents from the infected areas.
The increase in radiation as a result of the fallout of radioactive fallout was noted hundreds and thousands of kilometers from the accident site. [6, c. 98]
Currently, the problem of storing and storing radioactive waste from the military industry and nuclear power plants is becoming more acute.
Every year they pose an increasing danger to the environment.
Thus, the use of nuclear energy by software posed new serious problems for humanity.
Thus , the only way out of the situation is rational use of natural resources.
3. Ways to solve environmental problems that have arisen as a result of anthropogenic impact
The general task of rational management of natural resources is to find the best or optimal ways to exploit natural and artificial (for example, in agriculture) ecosystems.
Exploitation is understood as harvesting and the impact of certain types of economic activities on the conditions of the existence of biogeocenoses.
The solution of the problem of creating an optimal natural resource management system is significantly complicated by the presence of not one, but many optimization criteria.
These include: obtaining the maximum yield, reducing production costs, preserving natural landscapes, maintaining the species diversity of communities, ensuring the cleanliness of the environment, preserving the normal functioning of ecosystems and their complexes.
Environmental protection and the tasks of restoring natural resources should include:
- a rational pest control strategy, knowledge and compliance with agrotechnical techniques, dosage of mineral fertilizers, good knowledge of ecological agrocenoses and processes occurring in them, as well as on their borders with natural systems;
- improving the technology and extraction of natural resources;
- the most complete and comprehensive extraction of all useful components from the deposit;
- land reclamation after the use of deposits;
- economical and waste free use of raw materials in production;
- deep cleaning and technologies for the use of industrial waste;
- secondary use of materials after the products go out of use;
- the use of technologies that allow the extraction of dispersed minerals;
- the use of natural and fossil substitutes for scarce mineral compounds;
- closed production cycles (development and application);
- application of energy saving technologies;
- development and use of new environmentally friendly energy sources.
- local and global logical monitoring, i.e. measurement and control of the state of the most important characteristics of the state of the environment, the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water, soil;
- restoration and preservation of forests from fires, pests, diseases;
- expansion and increase of the number of nature reserves, zones of reference ecosystems, unique natural complexes;
- protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;
- broad education and environmental education of the population;
- international cooperation in the field of environmental protection.
Such active work in all areas of human activity to form an attitude to nature, the development of rational nature management, nature saving technologies of the future will be able to solve the environmental problems of today and move to harmonious cooperation with Nature.
Nowadays, the consumer attitude to nature, the withdrawal of its resources without taking measures to restore them, is a thing of the past.
The problem of rational use of natural resources, the protection of nature from the harmful consequences of human economic activity is becoming of national importance.
Nature protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of state measures aimed at preserving ecosystems, and on the expansion of scientific knowledge, which is cost effective and profitable for society to finance for its own well being.
For harmful substances in the atmosphere, the maximum permissible concentrations are legally established, which do not cause tangible consequences for a person.
In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure proper fuel combustion, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises.
In addition to protecting the air from pollution, sewage treatment plants allow you to save raw materials and return many valuable products to production.
For example, the capture of sulfur from the released gases makes it possible to increase the output of sulfuric acid, the capture of cement saves products equal to the productivity of several plants.
In aluminum plants, the installation of filters on pipes prevents the release of fluorine into the atmosphere.
In addition to the construction of treatment facilities, the search is underway for a technology in which the formation of waste would be minimized.
The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel (liquefied gas, ethyl alcohol), when burning which produces less harmful substances.
A car with an electric motor is being developed for movement within the city.
The correct layout of the city and green spaces is of great importance.
Trees purify the air from liquid and solid particles suspended in it( aerosols), absorb harmful gases.
For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, horse chestnut, phenols - lilac, mulberry, elderberry.
Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physical and biological treatment.
Biological purification consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.
Water is passed through special tanks containing only the so called active sludge, which includes microorganisms that oxidize phenols, fatty acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, etc.
Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems.
Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is re entered into production.
New technological processes make it possible to reduce the amount of water required for industrial purposes tenfold.
The protection of the subsurface consists primarily in preventing unproductive expenditures of organic resources in their integrated use.
For example, a lot of coal is lost in underground fires, combustible gas is burned in flares in oil fields.
The development of a technology for complex extraction of metals from ores makes it possible to obtain additional valuable elements such as titanium, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, etc.
To increase the productivity of agriculture, proper agricultural technology and the implementation of special measures for soil protection are of great importance.
For example, the fight against ravines is successfully conducted it is carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses.
Plants protect the soil from flushing and reduce the speed of water flow.
The cultivation of ravines allows them to be used for economic purposes.
The variety of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses.
Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control.
Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.
The development of biological methods of pest control makes it possible to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.
Currently, 2,000 plant species, 236 species of mammals, and 287 species of birds need protection.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and gives recommendations for their conservation.
Many endangered animal species have now regained their numbers.
This applies to elk, saiga, egret, gaga.
The organization of nature reserves and nature reserves contributes to the preservation of the animal and plant world.
In addition to the protection of rare and endangered species, nature reserves serve as a base for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties.
Nature reserves are also centers for the settlement of animals that have disappeared in this area, they help to enrich the local fauna.
Careful attitude to nature, based on deep knowledge of plant and animal biology, not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect.
Conclusion
Due to the increase in the scale of anthropogenic impact (human economic activity), especially in the last century, the balance in the biosphere is disturbed, which can lead to irreversible processes and raise the question of the possibility of life on the planet.
This is due to the development of industry, energy, transport, agriculture and other human activities without taking into account the capabilities of the Earth's biosphere.
Even now, humanity is facing serious environmental problems that require an immediate solution.
The consequences of human intervention in all spheres of nature can no longer be ignored.
Without a decisive turn, the future of humanity is unpredictable.
"Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and a person is a worker in it..."
The great Russian writer I. Turgenev, who has an amazing gift to see and feel nature, put a special meaning into this phrase.
He was looking to the future.
One can only admire the perspicacity of the great writer.
Yes, nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created.
It requires careful attitude to its riches, which, as we know, are by no means unlimited.
We strive to come to harmony of our relations with nature on the basis of the known laws in nature, but why is it that "discord" with it so often happens in nature management?
When we oppose ourselves to nature, enjoying the illusion of "freedom" from it, we inevitably come into conflict with nature.
It is believed that as a result of the economic activity of people over the past 50 years, our planet has changed to a greater extent than in the 800 thousand years that separate us from the beginning of mankind's mastery of fire.
What first of all characterizes the problem in natural resource management at the beginning of the XXI century?
First, the intensification of industrial intervention in the environment.
This is expressed in the extreme "squeezing" of resources, like "squeezing the sweat" out of a worker.
Secondly, the multilateral littering of the environment, all geospheres, including near Earth space, with non recyclable technological waste.
As a result, there is a sharp deterioration in the state of ecological systems, often even the death of unique natural complexes, the reduction and disappearance of populations of individual plant and animal species, the danger of irreversible changes in the structures of geographical spheres that can lead to unpredictable negative consequences for humans and society as a whole.
Humanity has come to the point where the contours of a fairly close eco logical drama clearly appear.
The time of spontaneous, reckless use of natural resources has already passed.
Nature management should be carried out only on a scientific basis, taking into account all those complex processes that occur in the environment both without and with human participation.
It cannot be otherwise, because the impact of man and his activities on nature is becoming stronger and stronger.
Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are among the most relevant environmental areas.
In solving these problems, the role of training environmental personnel, environmental education and education of the country's population is important.
Copyright © 2016.
Ecology 21.
Powered by WM portal
