Seven wonders of the world
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Seven wonders of the world.
From left to right, from top to bottom: The Pyramid of Cheops, the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, the Statue of Zeus in Olympia, the Mausoleum in Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria
The Walls of Babylon
Seven Wonders of the world or Seven Wonders of the Ancient World — a list of the most famous buildings of the architecture of the Oikumene.
Compiling a list of the most famous poets, philosophers, generals, great kings, as well as monuments of architecture and art is a traditional "small" genre of Greek Hellenistic poetry and a kind of exercise in rhetoric.
The choice of the number itself is sanctified by the most ancient ideas about its completeness, completeness and perfection, the number 7 was considered a sacred number of the god Apollo (Seven against Thebes, Seven Sages, etc.).
Like collections of sayings of famous sages, collections of anecdotes and stories about curiosities, works about the Seven Wonders of the World were popular in the ancient era and included descriptions of the most grandiose, the most magnificent or, in a technical sense, the most striking buildings and monuments of art.
That is why they were called miracles, while many genuine masterpieces of ancient architecture and art are missing from the list — the Acropolis in Athens with the creation of Phidias the statue of Athena, the Parthenon, the famous statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus by Praxiteles, etc.
References to the Seven Miracles appear in the writings of Greek authors, starting from the Hellenistic era.
They should have been known already at school, scientists and poets wrote about them.
The text of an Egyptian papyrus, which was a kind of textbook, mentions the names of famous legislators, painters, sculptors, architects, inventors, which are mandatory for memorization, then the largest islands, mountains and rivers, and finally the seven wonders of the world.
The" selection " of miracles took place gradually, and some miracles replaced others.
Content
1 List evolution
2 The Classical List and its subsequent interpretations
3 See also
4 Notes
5 Literature
6 Links
List evolution[edit / edit wiki text]
The first known version of the list of wonders of the world appears in Herodotus in his "History".
All the miracles, of which Herodotus in his version counts three, were located on the island of Samos[1].
I have dwelt a little more on the affairs of Samos because the Samosans erected on their island three of the largest structures in all of Hellas.
First, they broke through a tunnel in the mountain with a height of 150 orgies, starting at its sole, with exits on both sides.
The length of the tunnel is 7 stages, and the height and width are 8 feet each.
Under this tunnel, along its entire length, they dug a channel 20 cubits deep and 3 feet wide, through which water from one abundant source was piped into the city.
The builder of this water supply structure was Evpaly, the son of Navstrof, a Megarian.
This is one of three structures.
The second is a dam in the sea, built around the harbor.
This dam is 20 orgies high and more than 2 stages in length.
The third building is the greatest temple known to us (the temple of Hera approx.).
The first builder of this temple was Rek, the son of Philaeus, a Samoan.
For the sake of these volumes, I have told in more detail about the Samos affairs.[2]
Later, the list expanded to seven miracles.
In the III century BC, a new list of miracles appeared.
Historians consider its source to be a small poem by Antipater from Sidon (there is also a version that it was written by Antipater from Thessaloniki (English)): [1]
I have seen your walls, Babylon, on which it is spacious
And chariots;
I saw Zeus in Olympia, the miracle of the hanging gardens of Babylon, the colossus of Helios And the pyramids the works of many and hard work;
I know the Mausoleum is a huge tomb.
But as soon as I saw Artemis's palace, the roof lifted up to the clouds, Everything else faded before him; outside of Olympus, the Sun does not see anywhere equal to it beauty.
The description of Antipater is followed by the work of Philo of Alexandria (orator of the 4th century AD or the famous mechanic of the 3rd century BC) "On the seven Miracles".
Probably, after the construction of the lighthouse of Alexandria, this miracle of engineering replaces the walls of Babylon in the list (as a miracle of the world, it is mentioned by Pliny the Elder in "Natural History").
In a number of works, instead of hanging gardens, the walls of Babylon reappeared, and the lighthouse on fr. Pharos was replaced by the Library of Alexandria; the list was also supplemented by the Pergamon altar of Zeus, the palace of Cyrus in Persepolis, the" singing " statues of Memnon near the Egyptian Thebes and Thebes itself, the temple of Zeus in Cyzicus, the statue of Asclepius in Epidaurus, Athena Parthenos by Phidias on the Acropolis of Athens, in the Roman period — the Colosseum and the Capitol.
Subsequently, the list was supplemented in various combinations by the Temple of Solomon, Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, the Temple of Sophia in Constantinople, etc.
The classic list and its subsequent interpretations[edit / edit wiki text]
Historians associate this list with the empire of Alexander the Great.[1]
Currently, the seven wonders of the world include:
Miracle
Creation time
Place
Creators
Destruction
Reason
Purpose of the structure
The Pyramid of Cheops
2540 BC
Giza (Egypt)
the Egyptians
the only miracle that has survived to this day
the tomb of pharaoh Cheops
Hanging Gardens of Semiramis
605 BC
Babylon (Iraq)
the Babylonians
I century BC
floods destroyed the foundation, and the structure collapsed
they were created for the wife of King Nebuchadnezzar II.
Statue of Zeus in Olympia
435 BC, the sculptor Phidias
Olympia (Greece)
the Greeks
V VI centuries.
burned down in Constantinople during a fire at the Hippodrome in the V century.
temple statue in the Temple of Zeus in Olympia
The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus
560 BC
Ephesus (Turkey)
greeks, Persians
370 BC 356 BC (by Herostratus) or 262 AD (by the Goths)
fire
it was built in honor of the goddess Artemis
Mausoleum in Halicarnassus
351 BC, architect Pytheas
Halicarnassus (in the south west of Turkey)
carians, Persians, Greeks
one thousand four hundred ninety four
earthquake; preserved: foundations, architectural fragments; in the British Museum in London — statues of Mausolus and his wife Artemisia, reliefs, statues of lions
it was erected as a tombstone of the Carian ruler Mausolus by his wife, Queen Artemisia
Colossus of Rhodes
between 292 and 280 BC, the sculptor Hares
Rhodes (Greece)
the Greeks
224 (or 226) BC.
the bronze case was dismantled in 654 AD.
Earthquake
it was installed by the sculptor Hares to perpetuate the memory of the victory of Rhodes over Demetrius Polyorcetes (304 BC) .
The Lighthouse of Alexandria
III century BC
Alexandria of Egypt
the Greeks The Ptolemaic Dynasty
303 BC — 1480 AD (stood for 1783 years)
Earthquake
the light of this lighthouse was very useful for navigation.
In the subsequent time, there were repeated attempts to create various lists of attractions on the basis of this list.
At the end of the first century, the Roman poet Martial added the newly built Colosseum to the list.
Later, in the VI century, the Christian theologian Gregory of Tours added the ark and the Temple of Solomon to the list of Noah.[1]
The first mention of the Seven Miracles in Russia is found in Simeon of Polotsk, who is familiar with their description from some Byzantine source.
In Modern Europe, they became widely known after the publication of the book "Sketches on the History of Architecture" by Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723), which also contains the first known reconstructions of famous monuments of ancient architecture.
Colossus of Rhodes [note 1]
The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus
The Pyramids of Giza
The Lighthouse of Alexandria
Mausoleum in Halicarnassus
Gardens in Babylon
Statue of Zeus in Olympia
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
New seven Wonders of the World
Wonders of the world
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
The drawing is not quite accurate: the hand could not be extended forward (although the sculptor wanted to do it that way), because it would upset the balance of the statue.
Therefore, the palm was "applied" to the forehead with a "visor", as if the Colossus was looking into the distance from under the arm)
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ 1 2 3 4 Translated from English by S. G. Zagorskaya, M. A. Kalinina, D. A. Kolosova.
70 wonders of the Ancient World architecture: How were they created?
= The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World.
The Great Monuments and How They Were Built.
- Moscow: Astrel Publishing House, 2004.
- 304 p.
— ISBN 5-271-10388-9.
Ге Herodotus.
History.
Book III "The Waist", § 60
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Seven wonders of the world in Wiktionary?
Seven wonders of the world on Wikimedia Commons?
Seven wonders of the world an article from the encyclopedia "Circumnavigation"
Seven wonders of the World Google Maps KMZ (KMZ tag file for Google Earth)
Seven wonders of the world
Pyramid of Cheops | Hanging Gardens of Semiramis | Temple of Artemis of Ephesus | Statue of Zeus in Olympia / Lighthouse of Alexandria | Colossus of Rhodes | Mausoleum in Halicarnassus
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven Wonders of the World&oldid=75831850"
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