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Christopher Columbus the discoverer of South and Central America.
The Columbus expedition.
Christopher Columbus biography
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451-1506) navigator, Spanish admiral (1492), Viceroy of the "Indies" (1492), discoverer of the Sargasso and Caribbean Seas, the Bahamas and the Antilles, part of the northern coast of South America and the Caribbean coastline of Central America.
Christopher Columbus.
Engraving by Johann Theodor De Brie, 1590
Three quarters of my life is in swimming.
Among the great figures of world civilization, few can compare with Columbus in the number of publications devoted to his life, and at the same time in the abundance of "white spots" in his biography.
More or less confidently, we can say that he is a Genoese, was born in a poor large family.
The head of the Domenico Colombo family.
In 1465, Christopher Columbus entered the Genoese navy, where he was wounded.
In 1470, he married Dona Felipe Moniz de Palestrello.
Until 1485, he sailed on Portuguese ships, lived in Lisbon and on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, engaged in trade, mapping and self education.
It is not clear when he drew up the project of the western, in his opinion, the shortest sea route from Europe to India.
In 1483, Christopher Columbus proposed a project to King John II, but after a long study, Columbus ' "excessive" project was rejected.
In 1485, Columbus moved to Castile, where, with the help of merchants and bankers, he sought to organize a government sea expedition under his command.
1 expedition.
The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492
The first expedition was assembled by Christopher Columbus from three ships - " Santa Maria "(a three — masted flagship with a length of 25 m, a displacement of 120 tons, the captain of the ship Columbus), the caravels" Pinta "(captain — Martin Alonso Pinson) and" Ninya " (captain Vicente Yanes Pinson) with a displacement of 55 tons and 87 people of the expedition personnel.
The flotilla left Palos on August 3, 1492, turned west from the Canary Islands, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, opened the Sargasso Sea and reached an island in the Bahamas archipelago (the first to see the American land was the sailor of the "Pinta" Rodrigo de Triana on October 12, 1492).
Columbus landed on the shore, which the locals call Guanahani, planted a banner on it, declared the open land the property of the Spanish king and formally took possession of the island.
The island was named San Salvador by him.
For a long time (1940 -1982), Watling Island was considered San Salvador.
However, our contemporary American geographer George Judge in 1986 processed all the collected materials on a computer and came to the conclusion: the first American land seen by Columbus was Samana Island (120 km southeast of Watling).
On October 14-24, Columbus approached several more Bahamian Islands, and on October 28 — December 5, he discovered part of the northeastern coast of Cuba.
On December 6, he reached the island of Haiti and moved along the northern coast.
On the night of December 25, the flagship "Santa Maria" sat on a reef, but the crew escaped.
For the first time in the history of navigation, by order of Columbus, Indian hammocks were adapted for sailors ' bunks.
Columbus returned to Castile on the Ninya on March 15, 1493.
From America, Columbus brought seven captive American natives, who were called Indians in Europe, as well as some gold and plants and fruits never seen before in the Old World, including an annual plant corn (in Haiti it is called maize), tomatoes, pepper, tobacco ("dry leaves that were especially valued by the locals"), pineapples, cocoa and potatoes (because of its beautiful pink and white flowers).
The political resonance of Columbus 'voyage was the "papal meridian": the head of the Catholic Church established a demarcation line in the Atlantic, which indicated different directions for the discovery of new lands to rival Spain and Portugal.
The first landing of Christopher Columbus on the shores of the New World: in San Salvador, Wisconsin, October 12, 1492.
The author of the painting: Spanish artist Tolin Puebla, Theophilus Dioscor Dioscoro Teofilo Puebla Tolin (1831-1901)
Publisher: the American company Currier and Ives (engravings, lithography, splint paintings), published in 1892.
2 expedition of Christopher Columbus (1493-1496)
The second expedition (1493-96), led by Admiral Columbus, as viceroy of the newly discovered lands, consisted of 17 ships with a crew of 1.5-2.5 thousand people.
On November 3-15, 1493, Columbus discovered the islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe and about 20 Lesser Antilles, on November 19 the island of Puerto Rico.
In March 1494, in search of gold, he made a military campaign into the interior of the island of Haiti, in the summer he discovered the southeastern and southern coasts of Cuba, the islands of Juventud and Jamaica.
For 40 days, Columbus explored the southern coast of Haiti, the conquest of which he continued in 1495.
But in the spring of 1496, he sailed home, completing his second voyage on June 11 in Castile.
Columbus announced the discovery of a new route to Asia.
The colonization of new lands by free settlers that began soon cost the Spanish Crown very dearly, and Columbus proposed to populate the islands with criminals, halving their sentence.
With fire and sword, plundering and destroying the country of ancient culture, the military detachments of Cortez passed through the land of the Aztecs — Mexico, and the detachments of Pizarro passed through the land of the Incas — Peru.
3 expedition of Christopher Columbus (1498-1499)
The third expedition (1498-99) consisted of six ships, three of which Columbus himself led across the Atlantic.
On July 31, 1498, he discovered the island of Trinidad, entered the Gulf of Paria, discovered the mouth of the western arm of the Orinoco Delta and the Paria Peninsula, marking the beginning of the discovery of South America.
Leaving the Caribbean Sea, he approached the Araya Peninsula, discovered Margarita Island on August 15 and arrived in Haiti on August 31.
In 1500, according to a denunciation, Christopher Columbus was arrested and, shackled (which he later kept all his life), was sent to Castile, where he was waiting for release.
4 expedition of Christopher Columbus (1502-1504)
Having gained the king's consent to continue the search of a Western route to India, Christopher Columbus on the four courts (fourth expedition 1502-04) reached 15 June 1502 Islands Martinique (an island in the lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean sea).
On 30 July 1502, made up of the Gulf of Honduras, where he first met the representatives of the ancient Mayan civilization (known for his writing, and mathematical and astronomical systems), but did not attach any importance to this.
From August 1, 1502 to May 1, 1503, Columbus discovered 2,000 kilometers of the Caribbean coast of Central America to the Gulf of Uraba.
From the Indians of the country of Veragua (now it is Panama), he learned that the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) can be reached through a narrow hilly plain (only 48 km).
But not finding a water passage to the west, Columbus turned north and on June 25, 1503, he was wrecked off the coast of Jamaica.
Help from Santo Domingo came only a year later.
The Spanish ship takes all the surviving members of the expedition.
Christopher Columbus returned to Castile on November 7, 1504, already seriously ill.
The expeditions of Christopher Columbus.
Map of 4 expeditions 1492-1504
Video.
Christopher Columbus.
The discovery of America.
A scene from the movie "1492 Conquest of Paradise "(1992), when Columbus first saw America.
In the role of Columbus, the wonderful Gerard Depardieu
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