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Pasternak BL and his novel Doctor Zhivago Category: Literature, literary works Type: Abstract Size: 62.2 kb.
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1.
B. L. Pasternak and his
the novel "Doctor Zhivago" 2.
The problem
intellectuals in the era of revolution 3.
Pasternak's novel a narrative about the intelligentsia and the revolution 4.
Used literature
1.
B. L. Pasternak and his long suffering "Doctor Zhivago".
1. Probably, no writer's creation of the XX century caused such a resonance in the world as the novel by Boris Leonidovich Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago".
The great poet, who was considered the most apolitical, became a political symbol of freedom and the struggle against the suppression of the individual.
Pasternak began writing the novel “Doctor Zhivago " in 1945 and finished it in December 1955..
Simonov, the editor of the Novy Mir magazine, refused to print the novel and its publication in his homeland was banned for more than 30 years.
This work was published abroad, and its author received the Nobel Prize.
It seems to me that Boris Pasternak wrote in the novel that he and many other honest, thinking, heart sick people for Russia suffered and suffered in the era of the revolution.
Pasternak's novel is the fruit of philosophical reflections about being, about history, about how the intelligentsia accepted the revolution, how it existed in the revolutionary era and whether the intelligentsia is needed in a country that has experienced a revolution.
In the novel, Pasternak strives to " get to the very essence”.
Pasternak was accused of the fact that his book " slanderously portraying the October Revolution, the people who committed this revolution, and the construction of socialism in the Soviet Union, was raised to the shield of the bourgeois press and adopted by the international reaction."
At the general Moscow meeting of writers in 1958, "Pasternak's behavior" was discussed, where a tub of dirt was poured on Boris Leonidovich.
Insults, such as a lampoon, a weed, a narcissistic aesthete, rained down on the writer.
During the persecution, people forgot a simple truth – the artist always had the right to say what he said: without looking at the party, at the ideology.
Pasternak was expelled from the Writers ' Union.
Much later, 30 years later, V. Semichastny, the former first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, will say: "What can you do time – a plenum of writers 500 people gathered.
And none of them did....
Although now some people say: "I would have to go, not pretend to be sick and speak out against it."
The abolition of the shameful exclusion of the poet from the Writers ' Union became a public act.
The range of assessments of the novel is large, which is understandable when it comes to a work that does not fit into the usual circle of literary representations.
Boris Leonidovich himself considered his novel the first real work.
"In it I want to give a historical image of Russia for the last forty - five years, and at the same time, with all the sides of its plot, heavy, sad and elaborated in detail, like ideally in Dickens or Dostoevsky, this thing will be an expression of my views on human life in history and much more..."
Pasternak wrote in a letter to Olga Ivinskaya.
Boris Leonidovich was fully aware that the novel was now abruptly changing the entire route of his life, his fate, but he broke out "the desire to start finishing to the end..."
Pasternak felt the unrighteousness of his quiet existence in the conditions of totalitarian power and wanted to atone for this injustice.
The creation of the novel is a conscious sacrifice – it is not for nothing that the first of Yuri Andreevich's composed poems – "Hamlet" is saturated with the New Testament meaning.
D. S. Likhachev is sure that the author (Pasternak) writes about himself, but writes as an outsider, he invents a fate in which it would be possible to fully reveal his inner life to the reader, that the life of Yuri Andreevich Zhivago is an alternative version of the life of Pasternak himself.
Doctor Zhivago is an exponent of the innermost, the lyrical hero of Pasternak, who remained a lyricist in prose.
The real biography of Boris Leonidovich did not give him the opportunity to fully express the gravity of the situation between the two camps in the revolution.
In the novel, this duality is remarkably shown in the scene of the battle between the partisans and the whites.
Doctor Zhivago wounds one of the young men of the White Army, and then finds both this fighter and the killed partisan the same 90th psalm, according to the ideas of that time, which protected from death.
Zhivago disguises a white soldier in the clothes of a partisan, nurses him, knowing the guy's intention to return to Kolchak's army after the amendment.
He treats a Person.
2. The problem of the intelligentsia in the era of revolution.
Yuri Zhivago is a representative of the Russian intelligentsia.
Moreover, he is an intellectual and by spiritual life a poet from God, and by a merciful, humane profession a doctor; by inexhaustible sincerity, "homeliness of inner warmth" and by the desire for independence.
Yuri Andreevich was brought up by science, art, the way of life of the last century.
Hence, the novel contains so many hidden and obvious reminiscences from Russian classical literature.
They help to understand the hero, to convey his worldview.
He has more hesitations and doubts, more lyrical attitude to events than clear answers and final conclusions.
These fluctuations are not Zhivago's weakness, but his intellectual and moral strength.
He has no will, if by will we mean the ability to make unambiguous decisions without hesitation, but he has the determination of the spirit not to succumb to the temptation of unambiguous decisions that eliminate doubts.
Pasternak sought to comprehend the problem of the Russian intelligentsia, accustomed to the idea of the independent value of every thinking person, an intelligentsia that "recoiled from the distortions and perversions of the idea, and not from the idea itself."
This is not a vision of the war from the camp of the Reds, as in "Defeat", "Chapaev", "School" and dozens of other works.
This is not an image from the camp of the whites, as in "The Quiet Don", "Walking through Torments", the film "Running" ( the play "Days of the Turbins" by Bulgakov) and others.
No, this is a narrative through the eyes of a person who does not want to interfere in a fratricidal war, who is alien to cruelty, who wants to live with his family, love and be loved, treat people, write poetry. "
...
If only you can, Abba Father, carry this cup by."
So he wrote in one of his poems, expressing his attitude to the revolution and the war.
Yuri Andreevich Zhivago is the son of a ruined millionaire who committed suicide.
My mother died early.
He was brought up by an uncle who was a man " free, devoid of prejudice against anything unusual... he had a noble sense of equality with everything living"...
After graduating from the university with brilliance, Yuri marries his beloved girl Tonya, the daughter of a professor and the granddaughter of an active manufacturer.
Then my favorite job.
He becomes an excellent doctor.
Even at the university, his love for poetry and philosophy awoke in him.
A son is born.
Everything seems to be fine.
But the war inevitably breaks in.
Yuri is going to the front as a doctor.
The First World War is the threshold and source of events even more bloody, terrible, crucial.
The heroine of the novel Larisa believes that the war "was the fault of everything, all the subsequent misfortunes that have hitherto befallen our generation."
The author confirms this idea with the fate of many heroes.
About one, the Bolshevik Tarasyuk, a master of golden hands, they say: "The same thing happened to him in the war.
He also studied it, like any craft... every business became a passion for him.
I also fell in love with the military.
He sees that the weapon is a force, takes it out.
I wanted to become a force myself.
An armed person is no longer just a person.
In the old days, such people went from archers to robbers.
Take the rifle away from him now, try it."
The fate of one red partisan Pamfil Palykh is very characteristic.
He openly admits to Yuri Andreevich: "I have spent a lot of your brother, I have a lot of master's, officer's blood on me,and at least that.
I donot remember the number of the name, all the water spread out.
I canot get one of my hair out of my head, I hit one of my hair, I canot forget why I ruined the boy?
He made me laugh, he made me die.
I shot him with laughter, foolishly.
This was before the October Revolution.
And after all, Pamphilus also begins with the world war.
But, apparently, cruelty is not for everyone in vain.
His fate is terrible.
Feeling retribution for what he has done, he begins to go crazy in anxiety for his wife and children.
Finally, having gone mad, he kills the whole family, whom he loved madly.
The life of Antipov Strelnikov, a former teacher who volunteered for the front in the world War, also ends terribly.
In the civil war, he became a military commander, his fame thundered in Siberia and the Urals.
"He began to cherish the idea of someday becoming a judge between life and the dark principles that distort it, to come to its defense and avenge it.
Disappointment hardened him.
The revolution armed him."
"He was given the nickname of the Firing Squad for his cruelty and fanaticism."
"He calmly stepped over it, he was not afraid of anything."
But Strelnikov was not a party member, the true leaders of the revolution did not like him.
Therefore, when he has fulfilled his role, they want to bring him to the tribunal.
Harassed by persecution, he confesses to Zhivago: "And we took life as a military campaign, we turned stones for the sake of those we loved.
And although we brought them nothing but grief, we did not offend them by a hair, because we turned out to be even greater martyrs than they were."
This explains the meaninglessness of so many victims.
Strelnikov kills himself.
No one needs it anymore.
Yuri Andreevich also lived only a few years after the civil war, because he could not adapt to the new conditions, which suited perfectly, for example, his former janitor.
He cannot serve, because they do not require fresh thoughts and initiatives from him, but only "a verbal garnish to the glorification of the revolution and those in power."
But before the end of the war, Zhivago still had to endure a lot of hardships.
Roman B.Pasternak is, I think, first of all a book about high love.
But this love burns against the background of such terrible events, is subjected to such cruel tests that it does not stand up.
First, Zhivago is forcibly separated from his family.
They are mobilized by force, they are sent abroad.
Then the threat of a tribunal forces him to part with another lover, Lara.
Description of the love of Yuri and Larisa is a hymn to the relationship between a woman and a man.
This should be learned by heart, studied at school, read aloud at weddings.
This is the ideal of respect for a man and a woman for each other.
But life is inexorable.
"The doctor remembered the recent autumn, the shooting of the rebels... a bloody thrashing and a man slaughter that had no end in sight.
The fanaticisms of the whites and reds competed in cruelty, alternately increasing one in response to the other, as if they were multiplied.
The blood made me sick, it rose to my throat and rushed to my head, my eyes swam with it."
Reflections and arguments about the revolution in the novel prove that this is not a "holiday of the oppressed", but a difficult and bloody period in the history of our country.
Today, after many decades, it is difficult to say what it gave, for which blood was shed, the country was divided, a huge Russian diaspora arose.
Probably, it was inevitable, the country was given no other choice.
Is that why, on the day of the October Revolution, many intellectuals enthusiastically perceived it as a way out of the world of lies and parasitism, debauchery and hypocrisy.
Zhivago's father in law says to him: "Do you remember the night when you brought the sheet with the first decrees?..
it was unheard of unconditionally.
This straightforwardness conquered.
But such things live in their original purity only in the minds of the creators, and then only on the first day of the proclamation.
The Jesuitism of politics turns them inside out the very next day.
This philosophy is alien to me.
This power is against us.
I was not asked for my consent to this withdrawal."
The conclusion that I made from the novel can be expressed as follows: every government should strive to make people happy.
But happiness cannot be imposed by force.
Every person is looking for happiness himself, there is no ready made one.
And it is impossible for the sake of even the highest ideas to sacrifice human lives, joys, rights that a person is endowed with from birth.
And I want our current revolution to bring as little trouble as possible.
There is a very deep thought in the book.
Speaking about Strelnikov, the author writes: "And in order to do good, his principles lacked the unscrupulousness of a heart that does not know general cases, but only particular ones, and which is great because it does little."
I understand this in such a way that one should not think only about the universal, and therefore no one's good, but first of all do good to specific people, no matter how little it is.
In Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak looked at the events of the civil war from the position of a "non aligned" intellectual. "
...the revolution is not depicted there at all as a cake with cream.
For some reason, it is customary to portray it as a cake with cream... " - this is from the words of the author about his novel.
Yuri Andreevich is a man of firm beliefs, the basis of which is the view of a person as the highest value of life.
The doctor's humanistic principles put him above the choice faced by a powerless Sword that has joined the fight, and is not capable of sacrifice.
Zhivago does not accept the laws of this struggle, which condemns the people to misery and deprivation.
This is connected with a certain understanding of the hero of his duty, which turns out to be stronger than personal sympathies: the doctor takes care of wounded partisans and Seryozha Rantsevich, a volunteer of the Kolchak army, with equal care, seeing in them, first of all, suffering people.
Pasternak has one of the central problems of the novel – the insecurity of a creative person, the problem of a freedom loving, responsible person who approves, not destroys life.
The writer convinces us that the intelligentsia in the 20s could only "hesitate" in the direction of rejection of the revolution.
But the characters of this rejection are different: one proves his inconsistency by this, the other, on the contrary, demonstrates the inviolability of his views.
"Doctor Zhivago" - with an eye on the decades that followed the" triumphal march " of the revolution.
The events of the October Revolution enter into Zhivago in the same way as nature itself enters into it.
He perceives them as something independent of the will of man, like natural phenomena.
To understand Pasternak's attitude to the events, it is necessary to cite a scene from the novel: Buying an emergency issue from a newsboy with a government message from Petrograd " about
the formation of the Council of People's Commissars, the establishment of Soviet power in Russia and the introduction of the dictatorship of the proletariat in it" "Yuri Zhivago, returning home, talks loudly:" What a magnificent surgery! ( True admiration of the doctor)
To take and artistically cut out old stinking ulcers at once... this is unprecedented, this is a miracle of history, this revelation is gasped into the very thick of the ongoing everyday life, without attention to its course....
This is the most brilliant thing."
After the admiration, real life takes its toll.
Everyday discomfort dries up Zhivago, the cruelty of the rampant red partisanship repels him, and the cruelty of the whites also repels him.
It repels the indifference of the new government to culture.
The revolution, the civil war unleashed "animal instincts", "stripped the state naked".
Disregard for the rule of law, the cult of violence, moral savagery all this comes from there.
Looking critically at what is happening, Zhivago sees that revolutionary changes are accompanied by a disregard for the spiritual values of a person in the name of material equality, the rule of the phrase is growing, faith in one's own opinion is being lost.
The revolutionary process scattered the intelligentsia's environment and at the same time brought its fragments to the surface, placing ordinary representatives of this environment higher than they deserved: what was considered ordinary began to look exceptional.
Pasternak has always been a stranger to cleanliness in poetry.
The revolutionary events appeared before him in all their naked complexity, and in his novel he shows contradictions in the emotional understanding of what is happening.
Zhivago is an image of the intelligentsia, dying in an atmosphere of "lack of air".
Throughout the novel, the revolution that broke out in the country will gradually "bury" Zhivago.
"The doctor felt an attack of debilitating nausea…
He was not allowed to pass, they snapped at him…
He began to squeeze through the crowd on the back platform, causing new swearing, kicks and anger... "
Pasternak realized the metaphor the lack of air.
A. Blok also said that Pushkin "was not killed by Dantes' bullet at all.
The lack of air killed him.
His culture was dying with him."
And later he will say about himself: "...
The poet is dying, because he has nothing to breathe with, life has lost its meaning."
The heroes of the novel are tested by the fire of the Russian revolution, which Pasternak considered a turning event in the fate of the XX century.
They take different positions in relation to it – and depending on the position taken, their destinies are formed.
The path that Zhivago chose does not promise victories in the final, does not eliminate mistakes, but only this path is worthy of a man – an artist, a man – a poet.
Yuri remains himself.
For this, as if in completing a real biography, he is given the opportunity to live his ideal fate in a spiritual biography, the embodiment of which is a notebook of his poems.
It is she who completes the novel.
3. Pasternak's novel is a narrative about the intelligentsia and the revolution.
"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel about the loss of an ideal and an attempt to find it again, "a reminder of light and harmony in the conditions of darkness and whirlwind".
G. Gachev's view of Pasternak's novel is interesting – he considers the problem and the plot of the novel as a problem of a person in the maelstrom of history "In the XX century, History revealed itself as the enemy of Life, of All Existence.
History has declared itself a piggy bank of meanings and immortalities.
Many people are confused, believe science and the newspaper and are grieved.
Another thing is a man of culture and Spirit: he knows from history itself that such epochs, when the whirlpools of historical processes strive to turn a person into a grain of sand, have happened more than once (Rome, Napoleon).
And he refuses to participate in history, personally begins to create his own space time, creates an oasis where he lives in true values: in love, nature, freedom of spirit, culture.
Such are Yuri and Lara.
History can afford to postpone the arrival of truth, happiness.
She has infinity in reserve, and people have a certain period life.
In the midst of confusion, a person is called to orient himself directly to the present, in unconditional values.
After all, they are simple: love, meaningful work, the beauty of nature, free thought."
The main character of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, is a doctor and a poet, perhaps a poet even more than a doctor.
For Pasternak, the poet is " a hostage of eternity to time in captivity”" In other words, Yuri Zhivago's view of historical events is a view from the point of view of eternity.
He may be mistaken, take the temporary for the eternal.
In October of the 17th year, Yuri accepts the revolution with enthusiasm, calling it "a magnificent surgery".
But after the Red Army soldiers arrest him at night, taking him for
the spy, and then interrogates the military commissar Strelnikov, Yuri says “ " I was very revolutionary, and now I think that violence will not take anything."
Yuri Zhivago “quits the game”, refuses medicine, keeps silent about the medical specialty, does not take the side of any of the warring camps, in order to be a spiritually independent person, to remain himself under the pressure of any circumstances, “not to give up on the person”.
After spending more than a year in captivity with the partisans, Yuri directly tells the commander: "When I hear about the alteration of life, I lose control over myself and fall into despair, life itself is forever remaking itself and implementing, it is much higher than our stupid theories."
In this way, Yuri shows that life itself must solve the historical dispute about who is right and who is wrong.
"Doctor Zhivago – is a textbook of freedom, starting with the style and ending with the ability of the individual to assert his independence from the clutches of history, and Zhivago, in his independence, is not an individualist, has not turned away from people, he is a doctor, he treats people, he is addressed to people. "
...No one makes history, it is not visible, as it is impossible to see how the grass grows.
Wars, revolutions, tsars, Robespierres are its organic pathogens, its fermenting yeast.
Revolutions are produced by effective people, one sided fanatics, geniuses of self restraint.
They overturn the old order in a few hours or days.
Coups last for weeks, for many years, and then for decades, for centuries, they worship the spirit of limitation that led to the coup as a shrine."
- These reflections of Zhivago are important both for understanding Pasternak's historical views, and his attitude to the revolution, to its events, as a kind of absolute reality, the legitimacy of which is not subject to discussion.
In his final work, Boris Leonidovich tried to express his attitude on all the issues of philosophy, ethics, religion, and art that worried him, without bypassing the issue from which he "ran" not only in his work, but also in interviews, not only before Zhivago, but also after it - national, Jewish.
However, Yuri, the main reasoner of the author's ideas, keeps a "great silence" about this.
Even in a conversation with Lara, who is worried whether her sympathy for Jews suffering from pogroms is not from one head, Zhivago, contrary to his usual garrulity, only answers her question whether he agrees with Lara's perplexity why Jews so stubbornly do not want to assimilate: "I didnot think about it.
I have a friend, a certain Gordon.
He has the same views."
This Misha Gordon, a future classmate and friend of Yuri, first appears on the pages as an eleven year old boy, when he witnesses the suicide of the elder Zhivago.
Ever since he could remember, he had never ceased to wonder how, with the similarity of hands and feet and the common language and habits, it was possible to be not like everyone, and moreover something that few people liked and did not like?
He could not understand the situation in which, if you are worse than others, you can not make an effort to improve and become better.
What does it mean to be a Jew?
What does it exist for?
What is the reward or justification for this unarmed challenge, which brings nothing but grief? [ ... ]
Misha gradually became filled with contempt for adults who have started a mess that they cannot solve."
These are the thoughts of the second grader Misha Gordon in the year.
It can be assumed that this is the views of 70 year old Boris Pasternak six decades later.
It's not even a matter of the poet's well known indifference to his own Jewish origin.
It is enough that no other approach to Jewry is proposed in the novel, while this one is methodically developed and deepened both by Gordon himself, and, indirectly, by other characters unfamiliar with him.
Gordon, as a person who renounces his national roots, must certainly convince himself that these roots are of no value and holding on to them is a mistake, not only for him, but for all the only - begotten people.
Therefore, to all nouns that could be accompanied by the adjective "Jewish" (whether it is duty, struggle or suffering) Gordon, without much reasoning and attempts at justification, hangs the definitions of "incomprehensible", "unnecessary", "meaningless".
The same applies to faith.
A" born " Christian calmly reveres the sanctity of both Testaments, both the Old and the New, and can completely tolerate and respect Judaism: There is only one God, and in what forms to worship him is a matter of tradition to a large extent.
But Gordon must justify at least for himself his transition from one religion to another, the superiority of the second over the first.
And then the ideas invented by the Christian Middle Ages are brought to light, but later thrown out as unnecessary and theological doubt: "How could they [the Jews] let the soul of such absorbing beauty and power escape from themselves [we are talking, of course, about Christ and Christianity], how could they think that next to its triumph and accession they would remain in the form of an empty shell of this miracle, which they once dropped?" he rightly guesses what is pushing him to this
the notorious desire to stop "being not what everyone is, and what they donot like".
In his mature years, Gordon's efforts to "average out" were finally crowned with success.
The author, it seems, does not want to waste space and colors on illustrating this sad metamorphosis, and he simply" from himself "reports about Gordon's" inability to think freely "and"the disaster of average taste, which is worse than the disaster of bad taste".
"Doctor Zhivago – is a novel about the fate of a person in history.
The image of the road is central to it.
The plot of the novel is laid, as the rails are laid… the plot lines loop, the destinies of the heroes tend to go into the distance and constantly intersect in unexpected places like railway tracks.
"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel of the era of the scientific, philosophical and aesthetic revolution, the era of religious searches and the pluralization of scientific and artistic thinking; the era of the destruction of norms that previously seemed unshakable and universal, is a novel of social catastrophes.
B. L. Pasternak wrote the novel “Doctor Zhivago " in prose, but he, a talented poet, could not help but pour out his soul on its pages in a way closer to his heart — in verse.
The book of poems by Yuri Zhivago, highlighted in a separate chapter, fits perfectly into the main text of the novel.
She is a part of it, not a poetic insert.
In his poems, Yuri Zhivago talks about his time and about himself — this is his spiritual biography.
The book of poems opens with the theme of upcoming sufferings and the consciousness of their inevitability, and ends with the theme of their voluntary acceptance and atoning sacrifice.
In the poem “The Garden of Gethsemane", the words of Jesus Christ addressed to the Apostle Peter: "A dispute cannot be solved with iron.
Put your sword in its place, man” " Yuri says that it is impossible to establish the truth with the help of weapons.
Such people as B. L. Pasternak, disgraced, persecuted, " unprintable”, he remained for us a Person with a capital letter.
Used literature: Alfonsov V. N.
The poetry of B. Pasternak L.
The Soviet writer, 1990 Vilmont N. N. About B.Parsnips: Memories and thoughts.
-- M. Soviet writer, 1989 "Doctor Zhivago" by B. Pasternak – ( From different points of view).
-- M. Soviet writer, 1990 Lyutov V.
Russian writers in life Ural LTD, 1999 Maslennikova Z. A. Portrait of B.Pasternak - M. Sov.
Russia, 1990 Pasternak E. B. B. Pasternak: Materials for a biography.
-- M. Soviet Writer, 1989 Similar works: Pasternak B L and his novel Doctor Zhivago A novel about the Russian Revolution by Boris Pasternak.
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- Man and revolution in the novel by B. l.
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