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Ticket No. 22
Jun. 11th, 2011 at 3:51 PM
im gerda Question 1 The main trends in Western European painting of the twentieth century.
Creativity of A. Matisse.
Abstract art.
Surrealism.
Formalist trends.
Henri Emile Benoit Matisse (1869-1954) French painter, graphic artist, sculptor.
In 1908-1912, Matisse, using almost exclusively pure color, built his paintings on three basic tones.
The painter refuses to mix colors, chiaroscuro and small details – nothing should reduce the sonority of the paint.
Color is so predominant in him over form that it can be considered the true content of his paintings, and everything else is just a function of a dazzling, powerful color.
Matisse's drawing as such was always subordinate to the quality of his color, the development of the line went parallel to the development of pictorial qualities.
"Dance" and "Music" two panels are conceived as a single ensemble.
The compositions are built on contrast : a closed circle of five naked figures, as if permeated with a single movement, in the "Dance" - and outwardly separated , but connected by one mood, like the sounds of a chord , the characters of music.
The space is extremely simplified, only three colors dominate in the palette – "heavenly azure", "pink freshness of bodies and the green of the hill".
First of all, the accuracy with which he places the figure on the sheet is remarkable, finding at once the correspondence of its proportions to the plane of the paper.
Without thinking about the details, Matisse grasps the very axis of movement, generalizes the curves of the body.
The contours in his paintings are confidently drawn with one stroke.
Matisse's drawings are so sharp, dynamic, simplified and concise, their plasticity is so peculiar that it is impossible to mix them with any works of other famous draftsmen of his time.
Abstract art (art under the sign of “zero forms”, non objective art) is an art direction formed in the art of the first half of the 20th century, which completely abandoned the reproduction of forms of the real visible world.
V. Kandinsky, P. Mondrian and K. Malevich are considered to be the founders of abstractionism.
V. Kandinsky created his own type of abstract painting, freeing the spots of impressionists and “wild”from any signs of objectivity.
Piet Mondrian came to his pointlessness through the geometric stylization of nature, started by Cezanne and the Cubists.
The modernist trends of the 20th century, focused on abstractionism, completely depart from traditional principles, denying realism, but at the same time remain within the framework of art.
After the 1st World War in 1914-18, the trends of abstract art were often manifested in individual works of representatives of Dadaism and Surrealism; at the same time, the desire to find application of unimaginative forms in architecture, decorative art, design (experiments of the Style group and the Bauhaus) was determined.
Several groups of abstract art ("Concrete Art", 1930;" Circle and Square", 1930;" Abstraction and Creativity", 1931), uniting artists of various nationalities and trends, emerged in the early 30s, mainly in France.
However, abstract art was not widely used at that time, and by the mid 30s the groups broke up.
During the Second World War, 1939-45, a school of so called abstract expressionism emerged in the United States (the painters of J. Pollock, M. Toby, etc.), which developed after the war in many countries (under the name of tashism or "formless art") and proclaimed as its method "pure mental automatism" and subjective subconscious impulsiveness of creativity, the cult of unexpected color and texture combinations.
In the 60s, op art developed as one of the variants of abstract art; at the same time, during this period, abstract art as a current loses its position and is replaced by various trends.
Surrealism is a cosmopolitan trend in literature, painting and cinema, which arose in 1924 in France and officially ended its existence in 1969.
It has greatly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man.
The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton a writer, leader and ideological inspirer of the current, Louis Aragon - one of the founders of surrealism, who later transformed in a bizarre way into a singer of communism, Salvador Dali an artist, theorist, poet, screenwriter, who defined the essence of the current with the words: "Surrealism is me!", the highly surreal cinematographer Luis Bunuel, the artist Juan Miro – “the most beautiful feather on the hat of surrealism” " as Breton called it, and many other artists around the world.
Surrealism emerged as a literary trend, but soon acquired the status of an artistic phenomenon in the contemporary world art as a whole.
French poet and psychiatrist Andre Breton.
He published a magazine of surrealism in Paris, published the credo of a new trend in literature and art – “the first manifesto of surrealism”.
Andre Breton believed that a viable art can be revived if the subconscious is released.
The first exhibition of Surrealists took place in 1925, it was attended by such dissimilar artists as Giorgio de Chirico, Paul Klee,Jean Ari, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Juan Miro, Pablo Picasso and others.
The new art, according to Breton, was supposed to express the hidden desires and needs of all people; to comprehend this art, it was enough to be receptive and childlike.
The adoption by the Surrealists of the first Freudian position (about the absence of a fundamental difference between healthy and mentally ill people) led to the recognition of insanity as the state most favorable for Surrealist artistic creativity, due to the complete absence of mind control in this state; in practice, this gave rise to a huge number of Surrealist works indistinguishable from “paintings created in psychiatric hospitals by crazy people in the process of their treatment by labor.
Surrealists express dissatisfaction with the existing reality –they declare it the source of all evil.
They oppose the abstract world of civilization in general.
There is no need for any social revolution - you just need to abandon reason, logic, the usual perception of things, the unsatisfactory, even absurd, understanding of them, the distinction between the beautiful and the ugly, true and false, good and bad.
It is necessary to abandon all traditions, to destroy all the usual ideas about the norms of human relationships.
Both theorists and practitioners of art have repeatedly noted the aggravation of horrors and cruelty in surrealist works and the justification of its “animal essence”of a person.
The main area of artistic practice of surrealism has become fine art.
In this area, Surrealists include not only painting and sculpture, but also relatively recent " innovations” of Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists – collages, ready made, frottages, etc.
Question 2 Design and avant garde art of the twentieth century.
Cubism.
Futurism.
Abstract art.
Suprematism.
The Dutch group "De Stil": features of the plastic language.
The universality of graphic and volumetric shaping.
P. Mondrian.
Cubism - (from cube - cube) is a trend in the art of the first quarter of the XX century.
The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects into geometric planes, the plastic shift of form.
Many Russian artists have gone through a fascination with cubism.
The birth of Cubism falls on 1907-1908 - the eve of the First World War.
The fathers of Cubism are considered to be J.Braque and P. Picasso.
Fernand Leger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris and others joined the emerging trend.
The word “cubism " apparently originated in 1908.
There is a legend that Mathis saw the picture of the Marriage “At Home in the Overpass”, said that it reminded him of the image of cubes.
The period of 1907-1912 was the period of analytical cubism.
The viewer was given the opportunity to consider what the form consists of.
After 1912, the period of the so called “synthetic” cubism, also called “cubism of representation”, begins The principle of creating an artistic space was to fill the pictorial plane with elements of a dismembered object that collide with each other with a crash, lie next to each other, overlap or penetrate into each other.
Thus, the picture is created as a painted collage of individual aspects of the form, as if cut into small parts.
Futurism is a literary and artistic trend in the art of the 1910s.
Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, Futurism as the main program put forward the idea of destroying cultural stereotypes and offered instead an apology for technology and urbanism as the main signs of the present and the future.
An important artistic idea of Futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the impetuosity of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life.
The Russian version of futurism was called cubofuturism and was based on the combination of the plastic principles of French Cubism and the European general aesthetic installations of Futurism.
Using intersections, shifts, bumps and inflows of forms, the artists tried to express the fragmenting multiplicity of impressions of a modern person, a city dweller.
Futurism originated in Italy.
The leader and ideologist of the movement was the writer Filippo Marinetti, the sculptor and painter Ugo Boccioni, the painters Carlo Carra, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla.
Cubofuturism is a local trend in the Russian avant garde (in painting and poetry) of the early XX century.
In the visual arts, cubofuturism arose on the basis of a rethinking of pictorial finds, cubism, futurism, Russian neo primitivism.
The main works were created in the period 1911-1915.
The most characteristic paintings of cubofuturism came from the brush of K. Malevich, and were also painted by Burlyuk, Puni, Goncharova, Rozanova, Popova, Udaltsova, Exter.
In appearance, cubofuturistic works are semi objective compositions made up of cylindrical, cone -, flask -, shell shaped hollow three dimensional color forms, often having a metallic luster.
In the first such work of Malevich is a noticeable shift from the natural rhythm of a purely mechanical machine rhythms of the world ("Carpenter", 1912, "grinder", 1912, "Portrait kluna", 1913).
Abstract art (under the sign of the “zero of form,” non figurative art) art direction is formed in the first half of the 20th century, completely abandon play real forms of the visible world.
V. Kandinsky, P. Mondrian and K. Malevich are considered to be the founders of abstractionism.
V. Kandinsky created his own type of abstract painting, freeing the spots of impressionists and “wild”from any signs of objectivity.
Piet Mondrian came to his pointlessness through the geometric stylization of nature, started by Cezanne and the Cubists.
The modernist trends of the 20th century, focused on abstractionism, completely depart from traditional principles, denying realism, but at the same time remain within the framework of art.
Several groups of abstract art ("Concrete Art", 1930;" Circle and Square", 1930;" Abstraction and Creativity", 1931), uniting artists of various nationalities and trends, emerged in the early 30s, mainly in France.
However, abstract art was not widely used at that time, and by the mid 30s the groups broke up.
During the Second World War, 1939-45, a school of so called abstract expressionism emerged in the United States (the painters of J. Pollock, M. Toby, etc.), which developed after the war in many countries (under the name of tashism or "formless art") and proclaimed as its method "pure mental automatism" and subjective subconscious impulsiveness of creativity, the cult of unexpected color and texture combinations.
Suprematism (from the Latin supremus — the highest) is one of the directions of abstinence abstract painting, created in the mid 1910s by K. Malevich.
The goal of Suprematism is to express reality in simple forms (straight line, square, triangle, circle), which are the basis of all other forms of the physical world.
In suprematist paintings, there is no idea of "up" and "down", "left" and "right" — all directions are equal, as in outer space.
The space of the picture is no longer subject to the Earth's gravity (the "top — bottom" orientation), it has ceased to be geocentric, that is ,a "special case" of the universe.
There is an independent world, closed in itself, and at the same time correlated as equal with the universal world harmony.
The visual manifesto of Suprematism was Malevich's famous painting "The Black Square" (1915).
Malevich outlined the theoretical justification of the method in his work "From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism...
A new pictorial Realism..."
(1916).
Followers and students of Malevich in 1916 united in the group "Supremus".
They tried to extend the Suprematist method not only to painting, but also to book graphics, applied art, and architecture.
Having gone beyond the borders of Russia, Suprematism has had a noticeable impact on the entire world art culture.
DE STIL - (Netherlands. "De Stijl" - "Style") - an association of young Dutch artists, founded in 1917 in Brussels by the painter Pieter Mondrian (1872-1944) and the architect Theo Van Dusburg (1883-1931).
The artists rallied around the editorial office of the magazine "De Stil", which promoted the ideas of rationalism and constructivism in architecture, furniture, interior design.
A group of painters formed around the magazine - Piet Mondrian, Bart van der Lek, Wilmos Huszar, architects Peter Oud, Jan Vils, Robert van Hoff, sculptor Georg Vantongerloo and poet V. Kok.
Later, in 1918, they were joined by Gerrit Rietveld, Korne lys van Eestern.
The De Steil movement has never been a closed group.
Among his circles belonged the Russian avant gardist El Lisitsky, the Italian futurist Gino Severini, and the representative of the German Dadaists Hans Arp.
The group "De Steil" refused to depict nature and treated painting as an autonomous system of forms, planes and colors.
For the artists of De Steil, pure abstraction and strict geometric order were formally an aesthetic expression of a modern industrial and technized society.
Since 1925, Van Dusburg has worked in Germany, in the Bauhaus, and in France.
P. Mondrian, having experienced the influence of French Cubism, created an original trend of neoplasticism in the art of geometric abstractivism.
He created abstract compositions on a plane of rectangles and squares painted in red, gray, blue and yellow, separated by a black outline.
Such compositions are based on the principle of"dynamic equilibrium".
The Dutch artist transformed the "right angle rule", known since the Renaissance, into "the mystery of the relations of the individual and the multitude... the juxtaposition of vertical and horizontal lines, both male and female."
The projects and buildings of the architects of the De Stil group had a significant influence on many artists, in particular, on the work of N. Gabo, L. Lisitsky, A. Pevsner.
The ideas of the Dutch were reflected in the program of the Bauhaus in Weimar and largely determined the development of European design.
But gradually a split was brewing within the group itself.
The ideas of purism and "pure aestheticism", unrelated to social reality, collapsed under the influence of the socialist movement (which also captured the Bauhaus), the growing tension in Germany and the "New Masculinity" movement among young German artists.
With the death of Van Dusburg in 1931 in Davos, Switzerland, the activities of the group "De Style" ended.
MONDRIAN, PETE (nast.
name Peter Cornelis (Mondrian, Mondriaan Piet) (1872-1944), Dutch artist.
His paintings, which are combinations of rectangles and lines, are an example of the most strict, uncompromising geometric abstraction in modern painting.
Born on March 7, 1872 in Amersfoort.
His first works were written in a realistic style.
In 1911, he met the Cubists, and their work began to have a significant influence on the formation of the young artist.
Soon Mondrian abandoned the slightest hints of plot, atmosphere, modeling and spatial depth in his paintings and gradually consciously limited the means of expression.
In 1912-1916, he built compositions based on a freely constructed spatial grid that filled the canvas.
At this time, Mondrian, like Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso during the period of analytical Cubism, preferred a palette of reddish brown and gray shades.
Using straight lines of rigid contours, he made the compositions asymmetric, achieving dynamic balance.
By rejecting particulars and details, he hoped to achieve a clearer expression of the universal fundamental principles of creativity, striving to find what he called "pure plastic reality".
In 1940, Mondrian moved to New York; two years later, his first solo exhibition took place.
In one of the artist's last works, Boogie Woogie on Broadway (New York, Museum of Modern Art), there was a tendency to move away from the strict classical principles of the avant garde.
AVANGARDISM( avangard), the collective name of artistic trends that are more radical than modernism.
Their early frontier in the visual arts of the 1910s is marked by Fauvism and cubism.
The correlation of avant garde art with previous styles, with traditionalism as such, was particularly sharp and polemical.
Having led to a powerful renewal of the entire artistic language, avant gardism gave a special scale to utopian hopes for the possibility of rebuilding society through art, especially since its heyday coincided with a wave of wars and revolutions.
In the second half of the 20th century.
its basic principles have been sharply criticized in postmodernism.
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