Osiris
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Osiris
Osiris
God of the afterlife Mythology: Ancient Egypt Gender: male Father: Geb Mother: Chickpeas Children: Horus, Anubis Illustrations on Wikimedia Commons
Osiris (Egypt. jst jrt, Usyr; others Greek .σσιρις, Lat. Osiris, Osiris) - the god of rebirth, the king of the afterlife in ancient Egyptian mythology and the judge of the souls of the deceased.
He was usually depicted as a swaddled mummy with a green face, with free hands holding the symbols of royal power heket and nekhehu (scepter and flail).
The main centers of the cult of the god were Busiris in the Nile Delta and Abju (Abydos).
Content
1 Genealogy 2 Myth and Attributes 3 Osiris and Anubis 4 Osiris in ancient literature 5 Osiris in classical music 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References
Genealogy[edit / edit wiki text]
According to references in ancient Egyptian texts and the story of Plutarch, Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Heb and the sky goddess Nut, the brother and husband of Isis, the brother of Nephthys, Set, the father of Horus and Anubis.
He was the fourth of the gods who reigned on earth in the original times, inheriting the power of great grandfather Ra, grandfather Shu and father Geb.
The tomb of Osiris was located in Abydos.
Myth and attributes[edit / edit wiki text]
While reigning over Egypt, Osiris taught people agriculture, gardening and winemaking, but was killed by his brother, the god Set, who wanted to rule in his place.
The wife of Osiris, his sister Isis, found his corpse and began to mourn him together with her sister Nephthys.
Ra, taking pity, sends the jackal headed god Anubis, who collected the scattered (or, according to another version, cut by Set) parts of Osiris, embalmed the body and swaddled it.
Since the only part of the body of Osiris that Isis could not find was the penis (it was eaten by fish), Isis fashioned a phallus out of clay, consecrated it and attached it to the assembled body of Osiris.
Turning into a female vulture - the bird of Khat, Isis spread her wings over the mummy of Osiris, uttered magic words and became pregnant[1].
Thus was Horus conceived.
After a long trial, Horus is recognized as the rightful heir of Osiris and receives the kingdom.
He resurrects Osiris by letting him swallow his eye.
However, Osiris does not return to earth and remains the king of the dead, leaving Horus to rule the kingdom of the living.
Combining in itself at various times, for various reasons, the cults of the king, the dying and resurrecting god of the producing forces of nature, the Nile, the bull, the moon, the afterlife judge at the last judgment, the myth of Osiris absorbed the reflection of religious ideas of a number of successive stages of the development of Egyptian society.
The roots of the myth of Osiris go deep into the era of tribal society, from the ideas and rituals of which the most characteristic features of the cult of Osiris are developed later, in connection with the change in the social relations of Egypt: the cult of the king and the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature.
The features of the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature appear very clearly in the myth of Osiris.
The crown worn by Osiris is made of papyrus stalks, his sacred boat is also made of this plant, and his symbol jed consists of several bundles of reeds inserted one into another.
Further, Osiris is always depicted with one or another plant: either a lotus or a row of trees and a vine grow out of the pond in front of his throne; sometimes the entire canopy under which Osiris sits is covered with grapes; sometimes he himself is wrapped in vines.
In the same way, the tomb of Osiris is not depicted without greenery: now a tree grows next to it, on which the soul of Osiris sits in the form of a phoenix; then a tree has sprouted through the tomb, wrapping its branches and roots around it; then four trees grow from the tomb itself.
The myth of the death and resurrection of Osiris was associated with the annual agricultural cycle.
The funeral of Osiris symbolized the sowing of grain, its resurrection — the appearance of seedlings, the murder of Osiris the cutting of ears of corn during the harvest[2].
Osiris and Anubis[edit / edit wiki text]
Part of the Book of the Dead from Ahmim, depicting the judgment of Osiris.
IV I centuries BC Egyptian Museum in Berlin
In the Osiris Cycle, Anubis was the son of Osiris and Nephthys.
3][4][5][6][7] Set's wife Nephthys fell in love with Osiris and, taking the form of Isis, seduced him.
As a result of coitus, the god Anubis was born.
Fearing Seth's retribution for treason, Nephthys abandoned the baby in a reed thicket, where the goddess Isis later found him.
After that, the god Anubis began to help Isis in the search for parts of Osiris and took part in the embalming of the recreated body of Osiris.
Before the appearance of the cult of Osiris, Anubis was the main deity of the West.
With the flourishing of the cult of Osiris, the epithet of the ruler of the Duat and some of the functions of Anubis pass directly to the god Osiris (in the Old Kingdom, he personified the deceased pharaoh).
Anubis himself becomes the guide of the dead through Amenti (al. - Egypt. "West") — the region of the Duat, through which the soul got to the Judgment of Osiris.
Anubis was the god of the Duat, its ruler and judge of the souls of the dead until the end of the Old Kingdom.
Later, the functions of the ruler and the main god of the Duat pass to Osiris.
Anubis becomes the god of necropolises and funerary mysteries.
At the Trial of Osiris, described in the Book of the Dead, Anubis helps to judge the souls of the dead.
Together with Thoth, Anubis weighs the heart of the deceased (a symbol of the soul and love among the ancient Egyptians) on the scales (there is a figure of the judge - NAG VAL).
On one cup of the scales is the heart, that is, Love is the soul and on the other the Mind is the calculation, in the form of one feather ( two feathers are a sign denoting wisdom) Depending on what outweighed, the heart or the mind, the deceased was sent, respectively, to the afterlife paradise (fields and fields) or Hell .
the sinner was eaten by the monster Amat (a lion with the head of a crocodile).
Thus, as a result of the democratization of the Egyptian religion during the Middle Kingdom, largely associated with the popular cult of Osiris as a just afterlife judge, both representatives of the social lower classes counted on posthumous bliss and eternal life.
Osiris in ancient literature[edit / edit wiki text]
It is repeatedly mentioned by ancient authors[8].
According to Herodotus, this is a god whom the Egyptians identify with the Greek Dionysus[9].
Diodorus notes his connection with Priapus[10].
According to Tibullus, Osiris was the first to make a plow and teach people agriculture[11].
Osiris in classical music[edit / edit wiki text]
The Magic Flute (it. Die Zauberflöte) (K. 620) - Mozart's opera singspiel, "O Isis und Osiris" (O you, Isis and Osiris) — aria by Zarastro
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead The dying and resurrecting god Hentiamenti — one of the titles of Osiris List of Egyptian gods
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Рак Rak I. V. Myths of Ancient Egypt.
St. Petersburg: Petro RIF, 1993.
↑ Egyptian mythologists.
The Myth of the peoples of the World, edited by S. A. Tokarev.
↑ "Myths of the peoples of the world" ↑ "ancient Egyptian dictionary reference" ↑ "Dictionary of gods and spirits of German, Scandinavian, Egyptian, Greek, Irish, Japanese mythology, the mythology of the Maya and Aztecs."[1]
↑ Korsh M. Short dictionary of mythology and antiquities.
SPb.: Ed in A. S. suvorina, 1894.[2]
↑ "Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language" ↑ Lubber F. Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.
Moscow, 2001.
In 3 x tt .
vol. 2. p. 504; See.
Strabo.
Geography XVII; Nonn.
Acts of Dionysus IV 270.
↑ Herodotus.
History II 42; Diodorus of Sicily.
Historical Library IV 1, 6 ↑ Diodorus Siculus.
Historical Library IV 6, 3 Тиб Tibul.
Elegies I 7, 27-48
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Osiris on Wikimedia Commons
Osiris in dictionaries and encyclopedias.
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Ancient Egyptian Religion
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