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Buonarroti Michelangelo
Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo Buonarroti) (1475-1564) was an Italian sculptor, painterthe painting is a type of fine art, whose works are created with the help of paints applied to any surface.
Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of the audience.
The ideological idea of the works of painting is concretized in the theme and plot and is embodied with the help of composition, drawing and color (color)., architect, poetPoet writer, author of poetic, poetic works..
The zodiac sign is Pisces.
One of the leading masters of the High Renaissance, the High Renaissance is the period of the history of Italian art (Con. 15-1st chet. 16 centuries) — the classical phase of the artistic culture of the Renaissance.
In architecture, painting and sculpture of the High Renaissance (Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Giorgione, Titian ) renaissance realism and humanism, heroic ideals received a generalized expression full of titanic power; the art of the High Renaissance is characterized by monumental grandeur, a combination of sublime ideality, harmony with the depth and vital brightness of images..
With the greatest force, he expressed the deeply human ideals of the High Renaissance, full of heroic pathos, as well as the tragic sense of the crisis of the humanistic worldview during the Late Renaissance, the Renaissance (Renaissance) — an era in the history of European culture of the 13-16 centuries, which marked the beginning of a New Time.
It has become self determined primarily in the field of artistic creativity..
Monumentality, plasticity and dramatic images, the worship of human beauty was already evident in his early works ("Lamentation", CA. 1497-98; "David" 1501-1504; cardboard "Battle of Cascina", 1504-1506).
Painting the vault of the Sistine kapellekerk (late Latin capella) — Catholic or Anglican chapel: a small separate building or a room in the temple (in the aisle, in the bypass choir) prayer of one family relics.
In music, a choir of singers is called a chapel (from the name of the chapel or church chapel where the choir sang); a collective of instrumentalists.
Since the 18th century, there has also been a mixed ensemble of singers and performers on musical instruments.
Vatican City is a city state within the capital of Italy Rome, on the hill of Monte Vaticano with an area of 0.44 km2.
The population is about 1 thousand people.
The center of the Catholic Church, the residence of its head the Pope.
The official languages are Latin and Italian. (1508-1512)
, the statue "Moses" (1515-16) affirm the physical and spiritual beauty of a person, his boundless creative creativity an activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by uniqueness, originality and socio historical uniqueness.
Creativity is specific to a person, since it always presupposes a creator a subject of creative activity.
opportunities.
Tragic notes (from the Latin nota — a sign, a remark) — an official diplomatic document that forms various issues of relations between states (a statement of protest, notification of a fact, etc.).
caused by the crisis of Renaissance ideals, are heard in the ensemble of the New Sacristy of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence (1520-1534), in the fresco "The Last Judgment" (1536-1541) on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, the Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina) in Rome — the former the house church in the Vatican (1473-81, architect J. de Dolci), now a museum, is an outstanding monument of the Renaissance.
A rectangular room with wall paintings (1481-83, S. Botticelli, Pinturicchio, etc.), a vault with lunettes and timbers (1508-12) and an altar wall ("The Last Judgment", 1536-41) - all by Michelangelo., in later versions of " Mourning for Christ "(ca. 1550-1555), etc.
Michelangelo's architecture is dominated by the plastic principle, the dynamic contrast of the masses (Biblioteca Laurentiana in Florence, 1523-1534).
Since 1546, the cathedral was supervised by the Cathedral Council — in cult architecture, the cathedral is called the main temple of the city or monastery, where the highest clergyman (patriarch, archbishop) performs divine services.
The architecture of the cathedral is usually distinguished by the monumentality of its forms, reflecting the trends of the dominant architectural style of its time.
The most famous are the Cathedrals of Our Lady of Paris, St. Peter in Rome, St. Paul in London, St. Sophia Cathedrals in Kiev and Novgorod, Cologne Cathedral in Germany.
There are several cathedrals in cities, often the cathedral is called the great church of St. Peter, the creation of the ensemble of the Capitol in Rome.
Poeziyapoeziya (Greek poiesis):
1) Until the middle of the 19th century, all fiction, as opposed to non fiction.
2) Poetic works, as opposed to artistic prose (for example, lyrics, drama or a novel in verse, a poem, a folk epic of antiquity and the Middle Ages).
Poetry and prose are two main types of the art of words, which differ in the ways of organizing artistic speech and, above all, in rhythm construction.
The rhythm of poetic speech is created by a distinct division into poems.
In poetry, the interaction of the verse form with words (the comparison of words in terms of rhythm and rhymes, the distinct identification of the sound side of speech, the relationship of rhythmic and syntactic structures) creates the most subtle shades and shifts of artistic meaning that cannot be realized in any other way.
Poetry is mostly monologue: the character's word is of the same type as the author's.
The border between poetry and prose is relative; there are intermediate forms: rhythmic prose and free verse.
Michelangelo is distinguished by the depth of thought and high tragedy.
Youth.
Years of training Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese Michelangelo, near Arezzo.
The birth name is Michelangelo di Francesco di Neri di Miniato del Sera and Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni.
The boy received his initial education at a Latin school in Florence.
He studied painting with Ghirlandaio, Sculpturesculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculppo I cut, I carve) is a sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, whose works have a three dimensional, three dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.
The sculpture depicts mainly a person, less often animals, its main genres are portrait, historical, everyday, symbolic, allegorical images, animalistic genre.
Materials of sculpture — metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, etc.; methods of their processing modeling, carving, casting, forging, chasing, etc. with Bertoldo di Giovanni at the art school founded by Lorenzo de ' Medici in the Medici Gardens.
He copied the frescoes of Giotto and Masaccio, studied the sculpture of Donatello, and in 1494 in Bologna he got acquainted with the works of Jacopo della Quercia.
In the house of Lorenzo, where Michelangelo lived for two years, he became acquainted with the philosophy of Philosophy (from Phil... and the Greek sophia wisdom) — a form of social consciousness, worldview, a system of ideas, views on the world and on the place of a person in it; explores the cognitive, socio political, value, ethical and aesthetic attitude of a person to the world.
Historically formed main sections of philosophy: ontology (the doctrine of being), epistemology (the theory of knowledge), logic, ethics, aesthetics.
Neoplatonismmaneoplatonism is a trend of ancient philosophy of the 3rd 6th centuries, which systematized the teachings of Plato in conjunction with the ideas of Aristotle, neo Pythagoreanism, etc.
At the center of Neoplatonism is the doctrine of the super existent unified and hierarchical structure of being, developed by Plotinus and completed by Proclus.
The main schools are: Himian (3rd century, Plotinus, Porphyry), Syriac (4th century, Iamblichus), Pergamon (4th century, Emperor Julian), Athenian (5th 6th centuries, Proclus), Alexandrian (5th beginning. 7 centuries).
Latin Neoplatonists Marius Victorinus, Marcian Capella, Boethius.
Neoplatonism had a wide influence on European and Eastern philosophy, which later had a strong influence on his worldview and creativity.
The attraction to the monumental enlargement of forms was already evident in his first works the reliefs "Madonna at the Stairs" (c. 1491, Casa Buonarroti, Florence) and "The Battle of the Centaurs" (c.1492, ibid.).
The First Roman Period (1496-1501) In Rome, Michelangelo continued the study of ancient sculpture that had begun in the Medici Gardens, which became one of the sources of his rich plasticity.
The anti Roman statue of Bacchus belongs to the first Roman period (c. 1496, the National Museum of Museums (from the Greek museion the temple of the muses) — research and scientific educational institutions that carry out the acquisition, storage, study and popularization of monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture.
Types of museums: scientific educational, research, educational.
Museum profiles: historical, technical, agricultural, natural science, art history, literary, as well as memorial, complex, local history.
They appeared in the 15th 16th centuries.
Examples of museums: the Polytechnic Museum, the Louvre, the Hermitage, Florence) and the sculpture group "Pieta" (circa 1498-99), which testifies to the beginning of the creative maturity of the master.
Florentine period (1501-1506).
Statue of David Returning to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo Buonarroti received an order from the government of the Republic to create a 5.5 meter statue of David (1501-1504, Academy, Florence).
Installed on the main square of Florence next to the Town Hall of the City Hall (Polish. ratusz, from it. Rathaus):
1) The self government body in the cities of the feudal Zap.
Europe; in Russia in 18 beginning.
19th century.
also a class judicial body in small towns.
2) City government building; usually has a hall on the 2nd floor and a clock tower.
Palazzo Vecchio (now replaced by a copy (from the Latin copia set) — an exact list, an exact reproduction, a repetition of something.), it was supposed to become a symbol of the freedom of the republic.
Michelangelo depicted David not as a fragile teenager trampling on the severed head of Goliath, as the masters of the 15th century did, but as a beautiful, athletic giant at the moment before the battle, full of confidence and formidable strength (contemporaries called her terribilita frightening).
At the same time, in 1501-1505, Michelangelo worked on another government order — a cardboard for the fresco "The Battle of Cascina", which, together with Leonardo da Vinci's painting "The Battle of Anghiari", was to decorate the hall of the Palazzo Vecchio.
The paintings were not carried out, but Michelangelo's cardboard sketch has been preserved, foreshadowing the dynamics of poses and gestures of the painting of the Sistine ceiling.
The second Roman period (1505-1516) In 1505, the Pope, the pope (Latin papa, from the Greek pappas father) was the head of the Catholic Church and the Vatican state.
He is elected for life (since 1389, always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals.
Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome, entrusting him with the work on his tombstone.
Michelangelo's project provided for the creation, unlike the traditional ones for Italy, Italy (Italy; Italian Republic, Repubblica Italiana) - a state in the south of Europe, occupying the Apennine Peninsula, the Padan Plain, the southern slopes of the Alps, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia.
The area is 301 thousand square kilometers, the population is 58.1 million people (2007).
The capital is Rome, the largest cities are Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Genoa, major ports: Bari, Brindisi, Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Salerno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice.
There are two enclave states within Italy — the Vatican and San Marino.
this is the time of wall tombstones, a majestic, free standing mausoleum decorated with 40 statues larger than a man's height.
The rapid cooling of Julius II to this plan and the termination of funding for the work caused a quarrel between the master and the pope and Michelangelo's demonstrative departure to Florence in March 1506.
He returned to Rome only in 1508, having received an order from Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel.
The paintings of the Sistine Chapel and the frescoes of the Sistine Ceiling (1508-1512) are the most grandiose of Michelangelo's realized plans.
Rejecting the project proposed to him with the figures of the 12 apostles, the apostle is in Christianity: a disciple of Christ, a propagator of his teachings.
in the lateral parts of the vault and with the ornamental filling of its main part, Michelangelo developed his own program of paintings, which still causes various interpretations.
The painting of the huge vault that overlaps the vast (measuring 40.93 x 13.41 m) papal chapel includes 9 large compositions (from Lat. compositio — composing, linking) — a musical, pictorial, sculptural or graphic work.
in the mirror of the arch on the themes of the book of being, being is a philosophical concept that conceptualizes the presence of phenomena and objects (by themselves or as a given in consciousness), and not their content aspect; a synonym for the concepts of "existence"and " being".
It often acts as an element of a conceptual position (for example, being and consciousness, being and thinking, being and essence).
The problems of being are studied by the philosophical discipline "ontology".
- from the "Creation of the World" to the "World Flood", 12 huge figures of the Sibyl (Sibyl) - legendary soothsayers mentioned by ancient authors; there were up to 12 sibyls.
The most famous is the Cumaean Sibyl, to whom the "Sibylline Books" are attributed — a collection of sayings and predictions that served for official divination in Ancient Rome.
prophets (seers, seers) are individuals in Judaism, Christianity and Islam who are endowed with the gift of perceiving the Divine message and the ability to communicate it to people.
Chosen by God (often against their wishes), the prophets were intermediaries between him and people.
The prophets could simultaneously act as clairvoyants and predictors on behalf of the God of the future (droughts, famines, etc.), religious and historical events, as well as individual fate.
There were a significant number of prophets in the Ancient East, they played an important role in the life of peoples.
So, in Judaism, there are ancient and early prophets (among them Moses) and late prophets authors of written works (Isaiah, etc.) in the side belts of the vault, the cycle "The Ancestors of Christ" in raspalubki and lunettes, 4 compositions in angular sails on the themes of the miraculous deliverance of the Jewish people.
Dozens of majestic characters inhabiting this grandiose universe, endowed with a titanic appearance and colossal spiritual energy, show an extraordinary wealth of complex gestures, poses, counterposts, and angles permeated with powerful movement.
After the death of Julius II in 1513, Michelangelo Buonarroti again started working on his tombstone, created three statues in 1513-1516 — "The Dying Slave"," The Risen Slave "(both in the Louvre) and "Moses".
The original project, which was repeatedly revised by the heirs of Julius II, was not implemented.
According to the sixth contract concluded with them, in 1545 a two tiered wall tombstone was installed in the Roman church of San Pietro in Vincoli, which included "Moses" and 6 statues made in the early 1540s in the workshop of Michelangelo.
Four unfinished statues of "Slaves" (c.1520-36, Accademia, Florence), originally intended for a tombstone, give an idea of Michelangelo's creative method.
Unlike contemporary sculptors, he processed a block of marble not from all sides, but only from one, as if extracting figures from the thickness of the stone; in his poems, he repeatedly said that the sculptor only releases the artistic image originally hidden in the stone a category of aesthetics, a means and form of mastering life by art; a way of being an artistic work..
Presented in intensely dramatic poses ,the "Slaves" themselves seem to be trying to escape from the stone mass that binds them.
The Medici Chapel In 1516, Pope Leo X de ' Medici commissioned Michelangelo Buonarroti to design the facade of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, built in the 15th century by Brunelleschi.
Michelangelo wanted to make the facade of this parish church of the Medici family "a mirror of all Italy", but the work was stopped due to lack of funds.
In 1520, the Cardinal Cardinal (from the Latin cardinalis chief) was a clergyman in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, following the pope, a step above the bishop.
Cardinals are the pope's closest advisers and assistants in the management of the church.
They are appointed by the pope.
Giulio de ' Medici, the future Pope Clement VII, commissioned Michelangelo to turn the New Sacristy of the Church of San Lorenzo into a grandiose tomb of the Medici family.
Work on this project, interrupted by the uprising against the Medici in 1527-1530 (Michelangelo was one of the leaders of the three year defense of besieged Florence), was not completed by the time Michelangelo left for Rome in 1534; the statues he made were installed only in 1546.
The Medici Chapel is a complex architectural and sculptural ensemble, the figurative content of which has given rise to various interpretations.
Statues of Dukes Lorenzo and Giuliano de ' Medici sitting in shallow niches against the background of an architectural antique decorationdecoration — from the late Latin decoratio decoration) - the design of the stage, pavilion, set, creating a visual image of a play, a film.
and the armored Roman emperors Imperator (Latin imperator lord) is a monarchical title.
Initially, in ancient Rome, the word imperium meant the supreme power (military, judicial, administrative), which was possessed by the highest magistrates consuls, praetors, dictators, etc.
Since the time of Augustus a and his successors, the title of emperor has acquired a monarchical character in the Roman Empire.
They are devoid of portrait similarity and, perhaps, symbolize an active Life and a contemplative Life.
With graphically light outlines, a sarcophagus (Greek sarkophagos, literally a meat eater) is a coffin, a small tomb made of wood, stone and other materials, often decorated with paintings, sculptures.
the plastic power of the huge statues of Day and Night, Morning and Evening, lying on the sloping lids of the sarcophagus in painfully uncomfortable poses, as if ready to slide off them, contrasts.
Michelangelo expressed the dramatic pathos of these images in a quatrain written by him as if in the name of the Night (translated by Abram Markovich Efros): It's sweet for me to sleep, and even more so to be a stone, When there is shame and crime all around: Not to feel, not to see is a relief.
Shut up, my friend, why wake me up?
The Laurentian Library During the years of work in Florence in 1520-1534, the style of Michelangelo the architect developed, characterized by increased plasticity and picturesque richness.
The staircase of the Laurentian Library was boldly and unexpectedly solved (the project was carried out around 1523-1534, after Michelangelo left for Rome).
The monumental marble staircase, almost completely filling the vast lobby, starting right at the threshold of the reading room located on the second floor, seems to flow out of the doorway in a narrow march of steep steps and, rapidly expanding, forming three arms, descends just as steeply; the dynamic rhythm of the large marble steps, directed towards those ascending into the hall, is perceived as a certain force that requires overcoming.
The Third Roman period.
Michelangelo's move to Rome in 1534 opened the last, dramatic period of his work, which coincided with the general crisis of the Florentine Roman Renaissance.
Michelangelo became close to the circle of the poetess Vittoria.
The ideas of religious renewal, which worried the participants of this circle, left a deep imprint on his worldview — worldview (worldview), a system of generalized views on the world and man's place in it, on people's attitude to the reality around them and to themselves, as well as their beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and activity conditioned by these views.
There are three main types of worldview: the everyday (everyday) worldview, which reflects the ideas of common sense, traditional views about the world and man; the religious worldview associated with the recognition of the supernatural world principle; the philosophical worldview, which summarizes the experience of spiritual and practical development of the world.
On the basis of a rational understanding of the culture of philosophy, it develops new worldview orientations.
The carrier of the worldview is a person and a social group that perceive reality through the prism of a certain system of views.
It has a huge practical meaning, influencing the norms of behavior, life aspirations, interests, work and life of people.
these years.
In the colossal (17 x 13.3 m in size) fresco "The Last Judgment" (1536-1541) on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo departed from the traditional iconography Iconography (from the Greek eikon — image, image and "graphy") — in fine art, a strictly established system of depicting any characters or plot scenes.
Iconographic systems are usually associated with a religious cult and ritual.
In art studies, iconography is the description and systematization of typological features and schemes adopted when depicting any characters or plot scenes (mainly in medieval art with its symbolism).
Iconography is also understood as a set of images of a person, a set of subjects characteristic of the art of any era, direction., depicting not the moment of Judgment, when the righteous are already separated from sinners, but its beginning: Christ, with a punishing gesture of his raised hand, brings down before our eyes the dying universe — the entire existing material world, boundless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development.
The universe studied by astronomy is a part of the material world that is available for research by astronomical means corresponding to the achieved level of scientific development (sometimes this part of the Universe is called Metagalaxy)..
If the titanic human figures were the source of movement in the Sistine ceiling, now they are carried away, like a whirlwind, by an external force that surpasses them; the characters lose their beauty, their titanic bodies seem to swell with bulges of muscle muscles (muscles) — organs of the body of animals and humans, consisting of muscle tissue that can contract under the influence of nerve impulses that violate the harmony of lines; desperate movements and gestures are sharp, disharmonious; the righteous, carried away by the general movement, are indistinguishable from sinners.
According to Vasari, Pope Paul IV in the 1550s was going to knock down the fresco, but instead the artist was an artist:
1) The same as the painter.
2) A person who works creatively in any field of art.
3) A person who performs something with great artistic taste, skill.
Daniele da Volterra was commissioned to "dress" the saints or cover their nakedness with loincloths (these records were partially removed during the restoration, which ended in 1993).
The last paintings of Michelangelo are also imbued with tragic pathos the frescoes "The Crucifixion of the Apostle Peter" and "The Fall of Saul" (1542-50, Paolina Chapel, Vatican).
In general, Michelangelo's late painting had a decisive influence on the formation of mannerismaManierism (ital.
manierismo (from maniera manner, style) is a trend in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance.
Outwardly following the masters of the High Renaissance, the Mannerists (in Italy, the painters J. Pontormo, F. Parmigianino, A. Bronzino, the sculptors B. Cellini, Giambologna ) they asserted instability, tragic dissonances of existence, the power of irrational forces, the subjectivity of art.
The works of mannerists are distinguished by their complexity, intensity of images, mannered sophistication of form, and often by the sharpness of artistic solutions (in portraits, drawings, etc.) ..
Late sculptures.
The dramatic complexity of the figurative solution and plastic language distinguishes Michelangelo's late sculptural works: "Pieta with Nicodemus "(ca.1547-1555, Florence Cathedral) and" Pieta Rondanini " (unfinished group, ca. 1555-1564, Castello Sforzesco).
In the last Roman period, most of the almost 200 poems that have come down to us were written.
A poem is a literary work of small volume written in verse (akin to a poem); in the 19th and 20th centuries, the predominant form of lyrics.
Michelangelo, distinguished by the philosophical depth of thought and intense expressiveness of language.
The Cathedral of St.
In 1546, Michelangelo Buonarroti was appointed chief architect of the Cathedral of the Holy Virgin:
1) In religious representations: having divine grace.
2) In Christianity and some other religions: a person who has devoted his life to the church and religion, and after death is recognized as a model of a righteous life and a carrier of miraculous power.
Peter, the construction of which was started by Bramante, who managed to build four giant pillars and arches of the middle cross, as well as partially one of the naves, at the time of his death (in 1514).
Under his successors — Peruzzi, Raffaele, Sangallo, who partially departed from the Bramante plan, the construction almost did not progress.
Michelangelo returned to the centric plan of Bramante, at the same time enlarging all forms and divisions, giving them plastic power.
Michelangelo managed to finish the eastern part of the cathedral and the vestibule of the huge (42 m in diameter) dome, erected after his death by Giacomo della Porta.
The second grandiose architectural project of Michelangelo was the Capitol ensemble, completed only in the 17th century.
It includes the medieval Dvoretsdvorets (from "prince's yard" — the prince's dwelling), rebuilt according to the project of Michelangelo, a monumental ceremonial building.
Originally the residence of the ruler, the highest nobility, from the 13-15 centuries also the building of state authorities; in the 19-20 centuries, the most important public buildings (the Sports Palace, the Youth Palace, the Palace of Culture, etc.) were called the palace of Senators (the Town Hall), crowned with a turret, and two majestic palaces of Conservatives with the same facades, united by a powerful rhythm of pilasters.
The ancient equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius installed in the center of the square and a wide staircase descending to the residential quarters of the city completed this ensemble, which connected new Rome with the grandiose ruins of the ancient Roman Forum located on the other side of the Capitoline Hill.
Funeral in Florence Despite repeated invitations from Duke Cosimo de ' Medici, Michelangelo refused to return to Florence.
After his death, the body of e go tinatina was something hidden from others, not everybody knows, the secret exported from Rome and buried in the tomb of the famous Florentine Church of Santa Croce. (I. A. Smirnova)
Else: Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo Buonarroti) — one of the greatest artists of all time, a genius sculptor, painter and architect, a skilled engineer and a talented poet.
The boy was born on March 6, 1475 (according to the old Florentine reckoning 1474), in the mountainous Tuscan town of Caprese, where his father, a scion of an ancient Florentine noble family, held the post of podesta (city administrator and judge) and from where, soon after the birth of his son, he moved back to Florence to live.
Here Michelangelo first studied at an elementary school, and then, in 1488, he entered the studio of the famous historical painter Domenico Ghirlandaio and, having received permission to study the monument, he remembered:
1) An object that is part of the cultural heritage of a country, people, humanity (monuments of archeology, history, art, writing, etc., usually protected by special laws).
2) A work of art created to perpetuate people or historical events; a sculptural group, a statue, a bust, a slab with a relief or inscription, a triumphal arch, a column, an obelisk, a tomb, a tombstone, etc.
The most developed type of monuments are memorial structures.
Antique antiquity (from the Latin antiquus — ancient) is a term in the broad sense of the word, equivalent to the Russian "antiquity", in a narrow and more common sense — Greco Roman antiquity (the history and culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome).
the sculptures collected in the Medici Garden, in St. Mark's Square, became addicted to sculpture and from 1489 began to study it under the guidance of Bertoldo, one of Donatello's students.
The extraordinary talent of the boy attracted the attention of Lorenzo de ' Medici, who took him into his home, allowed him to be brought up with his own sons and generally contributed to his further development by all means.
In the luxurious chambers of the Medici, in the atmosphere of the newly discovered Platonic academy, in communication with such people as Angelo Poliziano and Pico Mirandolsky, the boy turned into a young man, matured with intelligence and talent, talent, abilities — individual personality characteristics that are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of a certain kind of activity.
Abilities are not limited to the knowledge, skills, and skills available to an individual.
They are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastering the methods and techniques of some activity and are internal mental regulators that determine the possibility of acquiring them..
His first sculptural works based on the study of Nature in fine art belong to this time — real objects of reality (a person, objects, landscape, etc.), which the artist directly observes when depicting them, but executed completely in the antique spirit, imbued with classical beauty and nobility: the head of a laughing Faun (located in the Uffizi Gallery, in Florence), the bas relief "The Battle of Hercules with the Centaurs" (in the house of Buonarroti, there) and "Madonna nursing a Baby" (there same).
After the death of Lorenzo, Buonarroti went to Bologna, where he performed, for the arch of St. Dominic in the church of his name there, the most comely of his works, a marble angel Angel (from the Greek angelos messenger) - in Jewish, Christian, Muslim mythology, disembodied beings, intermediaries between God and people., holding a Candelabra (French candelabre) — a lamp with branches for several candles or electric lamps.
The first mention of candelabra is found in the Etruscan culture, where they were a stand made of wood or metal (bronze, silver).
The height of the candelabra reached 1.6 meters, the rod was mounted on legs (often in the form of animal paws).
Usually the candelabra consisted of four candlesticks.
It is believed that the ancient Romans adopted the candelabra from the Etruscans.
In ancient Roman art (the end of the 1st century BC – the 50s of the 1st century AD), candelabra were very popular, were a key architectural technique (candelabra style)., and for the church of St. Petronius a statue of this saint.
Then, coming back to Florence in 1494, he produced a statue of St. St. John and the sleeping Cupid, of which the second was sold in Rome to Cardinal Piapio for antique and gave this art lover a reason for art artistic creativity in general literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of mastering the world.
In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art was interpreted as imitation( mimesis), a sensual expression of the supersensible, etc. to invite a young sculptor to the eternal city.
Arriving here in 1496, Michelangelo Buonarroti sculpted a statue of an intoxicated Bacchus (in the Palazzo Borgello, in Florence) and an incomparable group of Our Lady mourning over the body of the Savior taken from the cross (in Peter's Cathedral, in Rome).
In 1501, the artist returned to Florence.
Since that time, the second period of his activity began, in which he gave full rein to his naturalistic aspiration, but did not consider it necessary to reproduce nature with accuracy and boldly exaggerated its forms for a better transfer of charactercHaracter in psychology, (from the Greek charakter — a distinctive feature, a sign) — an individual warehouse of a person's personality, manifested in the peculiarities of behavior and attitude (attitudes) to the surrounding reality.
and to express their ideas.
The first of the works of Michelangelo Buonarroti, belonging to this period, was a colossal marble statue of David (now in Florent. academy of Arts).
It was followed by a statue of the Apostle Matthew, carved for the Florence Cathedral, a group of the Madonna and Child (in the Bruges cathedral), two medallions also depicting the Virgin, the now lost cardboard "Attack of the Pisan soldiers on the bathing Florentines", which has long served as a school of drawing the human body for artists, and the painting " St. The family", known as the "Madonna of Doni" (in Gal. Uffizi).
In 1503, Buonarroti came to Rome, invited there by Julius II to build a tombstone, which he planned to make for himself during his lifetime.
An ambitious project of this momentaneamente (from Latin monumentum) — a monument of considerable size, involving large scale, ensemble artistic decision., composed by the great sculptor, due to its boldness and complexity into, was carried out not in the form as expected: working on it for years, but intermittently, the sculptor had made for him only the figures of two related captives (now at the Louvre Museum, Prijepolje (Paris) is the capital of France on the river Seine, the main city of the historical region of Ile de France.
The population of 2.1 million people (2004).
Together with the suburbs (Versailles, Saint Denis, Ivry, Argenteuil, Boulogne Billancourt, Drancy) forms the urban agglomeration of Greater Paris with a population of 11.4 million people.)
, a crouching young man (in Imp.
The Hermitage in St. Petersburg (from the French ermitage — a place of solitude) is one of the world's largest art and cultural and historical museums.
It appeared in 1764 as a private collection of Catherine II, opened to the public in 1852.
The richest collections of monuments of primitive, Ancient Eastern, ancient Egyptian, ancient and medieval cultures, art of Western and Eastern Europe, archaeological and artistic monuments of Asia, monuments of Russian culture of the 8th and 19th centuries.
Restoration Department., in St. Petersburg), statues of Leah and Rachel and the famous colossal statue of Moses; only the last three works were included in the relatively modest mausoleum, which was later erected in 1545 to Julius II not in the Roman Cathedral of St. Nicholas.
Peter, as it was supposed, and in the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli, and in which the other parts are the work of other artists.
To this stay of Michelangelo in Rome belong an excellent unfinished statue of Apollo (in Gal. Ufizzi) and "The Risen Christ", more like an ancient hero than a Savior.
In 1505, offended by the pope's lack of attention to him, Buonarroti hurriedly retired to Florence, but soon met him again in Bologna, where he executed a colossal statue of him in bronze for the church of St. Nicholas there.
Petronia, who later died during one of the local people's troubles.
In 1508, the artist was again in Rome, where Julius II summoned him not so much to continue work on the tombstone, but to fulfill a new order — to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace with fresco paintings.
At first, Michelangelo Buonarroti tried to reject this order from himself, which interrupted the aforementioned works and, perhaps, seemed beyond his strength, but in the end he had to submit to the insistent will of the pope and take up the task offered to him.
Having made the cartons for the ceiling painting, he intended to entrust its production to others, and for this purpose he called several of his former comrades and friends from Florence, but soon, finding their cooperation useless, he sent them back and set to work alone, without any outside help.
Having given himself completely to the enterprise, he, for twenty months in 1511 — 1512, covered the huge ceiling vault of the chapel with images an object, a drawing depicting the wow or something; visual reproduction of something.
the creation of the world and man, the fall, episodes of the initial history of mankind and its redemption, the prophets and sibyls who foreshadowed it, located in an architectonic frame and among the figures of young men and children, as if carved out of stone.
The totality of these images, each of which is full of high artistic merits, forms an extremely beautiful and majestic whole and can be considered the most remarkable of all fresco works ever executed, and at the same time the most perfect among Michelangelo's creations: his powerful genius was expressed here in its entirety in brilliance and purity, undisturbed by the arbitrariness and extremes into which his colossal talent often carried this master.
A few months later, after completing the painting of the Sistine ceiling, Julius II died.
His successor, Leo X, entrusted Buonarroti with the construction of the facade of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Florence, where the brilliant artist moved.
He spent a lot of labor and precious time on this matter, but it did not go beyond making a model of the facade and preparing materials for its construction.
Then Michelangelo continued his studies on the mausoleum of Julius II, from which Pope Clement VII soon distracted him with an assignment to build a library, a sacristy and a Medici family tomb at the mentioned church.
The expulsion of the Medici from Florence in 1527 stopped these works: Patriotpatrioticism (from the Greek patriotes — compatriot, patris homeland) — love for the motherland; attachment to the place of his birth, place of residence.
and a Republican at heart, the artist joined the popular movement, was appointed chief inspector of the fortifications of San Minato, Pisa, Livorno and Ferrara, and although he voluntarily left his post, he went to Venice with the intention of retiring to France, but returned to his native city and rendered important services to it during its siege by imperial troops.
The fall of Florence threatened the artist with a deadly danger, from which only the general respect for his talent and the pope's desire to finish the construction of the Medici tomb saved him.
Experienced eventsevent — what happened, this or that significant phenomenon, a fact of public, personal life.
they produced a deep moral shock in Michelangelo Buonarroti and broke his health: and before that, harsh, uncommunicative, he now became even more gloomy and unsociable, completely immersed in the world of his ideas; there was also a noticeable change in the nature of his work: the freedom with which he treated nature already in the second period of his activity, reached in the third and last period of it to the point that in order to say what he wanted, he raped nature, as if deliberately avoiding visible beauty, did not care about whether the figure is natural, whether its pose and movement are true, as long as it strongly expresses this or that idea, and in the end came to forms that are repulsive with their rudeness, but nevertheless highly expressive.
The transition from the second to the third period of his work is represented by sculptures of two tombstones in the tomb of the Medici family, namely two statues of Giugliano and Lorenzo de ' Medici sitting in niches, known as Taciturno and Repsiegoso, and four allegorical figures lying on sarcophagi under these statues and personifying day and night, on the sarcophagus of Giugliano, morning and evening, on the sarcophagus of Lorenzo — works of which "Night" and which, in all fairness, are considered the best plastic creations of the master.
In 1632, the pope invited him to complete the picturesque decoration of the Sistine Chapel with an image on its altar wall of " The Terrible
