Encyclopedia Circumnavigation is a universal popular science online encyclopedia
News RSS Authors
Search in all sections HISTORY and SOCIETY - Economics and Law - Psychology and Pedagogy - Sociology - Philosophy - Religion - Peoples and Languages - State and Politics - Military Affairs - Archeology - History - Linguistics TRAVEL and GEOGRAPHY - Geography - Geology - Countries of the world ART and CULTURE - Painting and Graphics - Sculpture - Architecture - Decorative and Applied Arts - Design and Photography - Literature - Music - Theater and Cinema - Stage and Circus - Ballet SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY - Aviation and Cosmonautics - Astronomy - Biology - Military Equipment - Mathematics - Technology and Industry - Transport and Communications - Physics - Chemistry - Energy and Construction HEALTH and SPORTS - Medicine - Sports
All sections
HISTORY AND SOCIETY
State and politics
ABVGDEEZHZIYKLMNOPRSTUFKHTSCHSHSHYEYU
Print Insert to A+ A blog-
The content of the article
Also on the topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, USA LIGHTNING HUMAN RIGHTS NEWSPAPER ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
FRANKLIN, Benjamin FRANKLIN, Benjamin (1706-1790), American statesman and scientist.
He was born in Boston (Massachusetts) on January 17, 1706.
He studied at a local school until the age of 10, worked in a candle workshop and a printing house.
At the age of 17, he moved to Philadelphia.
In 1724, he was sent to London to purchase printing equipment.
In 1727 he founded his own business, in 1729-1748 he published the "Pennsylvania Gazette", in 1732-1758 the yearbook "Poor Richard's Almanac".
He served as secretary of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1736-1751, was a member of the Assembly from Philadelphia in 1751-1764, postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737-1753, deputy Postmaster General of the colonies in 1753-1774.
Franklin independently studied French, Spanish,Italian, Latin.
In 1727 he organized a discussion club "Junto", in 1731 he founded the first public library in America.
He became interested in the phenomenon of electricity in 1746, when an "electric tube"was sent to the Philadelphia library.
To test the hypothesis about the electrical nature of lightning, Franklin in 1752 conducted a famous experiment with a kite, thanks to which he became known as a scientist.
From this experiment, the idea of a lightning rod was subsequently born, and then the general theory of electrical phenomena and the new terminology associated with it (the concepts of positive and negative electricity, a conductor, a battery, etc.).
Franklin explained the principle of operation of the Leyden jar and the role of dielectrics, the phenomenon of oil droplets spreading over the surface of water and the effect of increasing the speed of sound in water.
He invented an "electric wheel" and a lamp for street lamps, an economical "Franklin stove" and a method of electric ignition of gunpowder, bifocals and a unique musical instrument.
In 1743, Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society, in 1751 the University of Pennsylvania.
He supported the concept of natural and inalienable human rights.
He proposed the so called "labor" theory of value and the famous definition of man as an animal that creates tools.
He defended the ideas of reason, freedom and democracy, organized the first public library in America (1731), the American Philosophical Society (1743), the Philadelphia Academy (1751), which became the basis of the University of Pennsylvania.
Franklin was one of the initiators of the Congress of representatives of the colonies in Albany (1754).
It was his plan for the unification of the colonies – the "Union plan" – that was adopted at this congress.
In 1757-1762, Franklin represented the Pennsylvania Assembly in England, defended the interests of Georgia in 1768, New Jersey in 1767 and Massachusetts in 1770.
These appointments and Franklin's wide fame made him a kind of envoy of the colonies to Great Britain.
Franklin was involved in a scandal with letters from the chairman of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, T. Hutchinson, addressed to a member of the British government.
The letters expressed a request for the deployment of troops and an urgent recommendation to restrict American freedoms.
Franklin managed to get the originals of these letters, and at the end of 1772 he sent the letters to a friend in America to show them to several people, but in no case did he publish them.
However, in June 1773, the letters were published, a scandal broke out, and the House of Representatives in January 1774 dismissed Franklin from the post of deputy postmaster General.
Relations between England and the colonies became increasingly tense.
Franklin in London assisted William Pitt and his associates in trying to reach an agreement.
On March 20, 1775, Franklin sailed for America, arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, and the next day was elected a member of the 2nd Continental Congress.
He developed a new project of the Union of Colonies, organized a unified postal service and became the first postmaster General.
He was a member of the commission sent to Canada to convince this colony to join the revolution.
He became an adviser to General J. Washington and a member of the committee for the elaboration of the Declaration of Independence.
In 1776, the Congress decided to form a committee to negotiate an alliance and assistance with France.
Franklin was also included in its first composition, who arrived in Paris in early December 1776 and for ten years served the cause of the independence of the colonies and the formation of a new state – the United States of America.
Thanks to Gates ' victory over Burgoyne at Saratoga and his own incessant efforts, Franklin at the beginning of 1778 achieved the conclusion of a treaty with France, which brought the new American state diplomatic recognition, as well as financial and military support.
Tired of the burden of his mission, Franklin submitted his resignation on March 12, 1781, which was not accepted.
On June 8, Franklin joined J.
To Adams and J. Jay is in negotiations with the UK.
On November 30, 1781, all the preliminary conditions were agreed, but only on September 3, 1783, the peace treaty was finally signed.
On December 26, 1783, Franklin again appealed to Congress with a request for recall, but only on May 2, 1785 received a message about the release from the duties of the envoy.
Arriving in Philadelphia on September 14, 1785, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention that met in May 1787.
On February 12, 1790, Franklin signed a memorandum to Congress calling for the abolition of slavery.
Franklin died in Philadelphia on April 17, 1790.
Literature Franklin B. Selected works.
M., 1956
Franklin B. Experiments and observations on electricity.
M., 1956
Radovsky M. I. Benjamin Franklin.
M., L., 1965
Ivanov R. F. Franklin.
M., 1972
Tweet
© 1997-2017 Universal popular science encyclopedia "Circumnavigation"
About the project Terms of use Advertising on the website Contact information
