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June 20
Walt Disney's Success Story
Walt Disney is an outstanding American animator, director, actor, screenwriter and producer, the creator of a whole series of full length cartoons that have earned him world fame.
The father of Mickey Mouse, Oswald Rabbit, Donald Duck and more than 200 characters that all the children of the world love.
He was awarded 29 Academy Awards and the highest civilian government award of the United States the Medal of Freedom.
The founder of the company "Walt Disney Productions" and the creator of the world's first huge entertainment children's park "Disneyland
A Success Story, A Biography Of Walt Disney
The biography of Walter Disney began back in 1901 on December 5, when the fourth of five children, Walter Elias, was born in the family of a carpenter and a teacher.
Walt's father Elias Disney had Irish Canadian roots, and his mother Flora was German American.
Chicago, where the family lived, by that time had become not only the largest industrial, but also the most criminal city in the States.
Disney's cup of patience was overflowed by the murder of a police officer that occurred on a nearby street.
After this incident, the Disney family moved to the brother of the father of the family, in the small town of Marceline, Missouri.
There, Disney acquired a farm.
Walt was only 4 years old at the time.
The family had no money for pencils and paper, and Walt wanted to draw.
He found resin, a stick and drew a house…
Childhood and youth of Walt Disney
Many people in Marceline knew Walt.
He was distinguished by a cheerful disposition, so the neighbors and just friends loved him very much.
One of the neighbors, an elderly veteran, Dr. Sherwood, paid Walt 25 cents for the boy to draw his horse on a piece of paper.
Later, Disney believed that it was a successful portrait of Dr. Sherwood's mare that prompted him to become an artist.
Walt showed an interest in drawing since childhood, and began selling his first comics at the age of seven.
Young Walt took part in the creation of the school newspaper as an artist and photographer, and in the evenings attended the Academy of Fine Arts.
Then he took a course of newspaper cartoonists, where they taught non standard thinking, funny violations of the usual logic and a concise manner.
When Walt was eight years old, his father began to load him with work.
The boy delivered letters and advertisements for his father's company: in any weather, rain, snow, early in the morning or late at night, Walt ran through the streets in his worn out shoes, hurrying to deliver the mail on time.
All the money that Walt earned, his father took away.
But Walt did not grumble: he simply took work twice as much as his father demanded, in secret from his strict "boss", and left everything he earned over the norm for his pocket expenses.
When Disney was 10 years old, his father fell ill with typhus.
Flora Disney sat next to her husband and pressed orange slices to his withered lips, trying to get at least a little juice into Elias ' mouth.
"These orange slices seemed so wonderful to my brother and me that we dreamed of also falling down from typhus, or even from some worse disease, just to get a few drops of the desired juice," recalls Walt's sister, Ruth.
Soon my father recovered, and they decided to move to Kansas City, like many poor families who migrated endlessly across America in search of earnings.
This move played a significant role in Walt's life.
In Kansas City, there was a giant rich mansion hidden behind a high fence and surrounded by a lush garden.
The mansion belonged to a private owner and was the object of desire of local children.
They all wanted so much to crawl through some secret hole, play in the garden, and maybe even get into the mansion itself, run through its luxurious enfilades, look at old portraits.
Walt tried to enter the property many times, and all his attempts ended in failure.
Then he swore that when he grew up, he would definitely build a huge house with entertainment for children, with a huge garden for games.
So, apparently, a dream was born, which was realized in Disneyland after forty years.
Walt Pfeiffer became Disney's first best friend.
The boys spent all their pocket money on going to the movies.
Their idol was Charlie Chaplin.
After leaving the cinema, they wandered down the street, taking turns imitating Charlie's gait and trying to play his tricks together.
At that time, Walt's friends, teachers, and Walt himself believed that he should definitely go into acting.
In the autumn of 1918, the young man tried to enlist for military service.
However, Walt was rejected because of his youth, so he volunteered for the Red Cross, and was sent overseas, where he spent a whole year working as an ambulance driver.
This car became a local attraction, because Walt decorated it all with funny drawings.
Upon his return, Walt managed to enroll in the Art Institute of Chicago, where he discovered that his true talents are in the field of understanding and coordinating projects.
He wanted to get out of this building faster, and start working himself.
He wanted to finish this study faster, just to give his whole soul to drawing.
Finally, he finishes it.
And immediately before the novice artist Disney faced a rather difficult question: where should I go to work?
First, he got a job in one of the restaurant companies, which needed funny advertising drawings in the form of signs.
Its director hardly hired Disney, and he didnot pay very high — only $ 50 a week!
Creation of the "Walt Disney Company"
Becoming seriously interested in animation, Walt Disney decided to leave his native Kansas, and in August 1923, having nothing but a few drawings, one finished animated feature film and $ 40 in his pocket, he went to Hollywood.
The idea of creating cartoons became obsessive for him.
"I moved from one studio to another, where I visited all the offices in a row, from the personnel department to the set.
The only job I managed to get was the role of an extra.
I had to ride a horse for a few meters in a crowd of other extras.
However, it was raining heavily, the shooting was postponed to another day, and then our scene was simply thrown out of the script.
It was the end of my acting career, " Disney writes in his memoirs.
Completely desperate to get a job in Hollywood, Walt rents his Uncle Robert's garage.
Rent is a big word.
He simply captures the notorious garage, promising to pay for its use someday.
In the garage, he places the necessary equipment purchased with money borrowed from his brother Roy – paints, brushes, spotlights — everything for the production of cartoons.
Roy becomes Walt's partner (Roy's share was $250, and another $500 was borrowed), and they create a cartoon studio called Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio.
Soon, Roy faces a gigantic problem: how and what to feed a brother who is immersed in his work with his head?
Usually, Roy left the garage and went to the small room where the two of them huddled together to prepare a modest dinner for two.
But suddenly Walt, who did not pay attention to any everyday difficulties, arranges a terrible scandal, during which he yells at the confused Roy that he will not eat the miserable mess that his brother feeds him.
And then Roy decides to take a "desperate step": he makes an offer to his beloved girlfriend, Edna Frances, who, becoming the wife of the hapless chef Roy, moves in with the brothers and becomes their cook for many months.
And Walt himself was already thinking about getting married.
A wonderful girl, Lillian Bounds, got a side job in the studio.
She was mainly engaged in filling in paints — that is, she painted the characters created by Walt.
Walt didnot have to pay much attention to Lillian – she immediately fell in love with her "boss", and when he was broke, she easily refused the honestly earned $ 15 a week – for the benefit of the studio.
Walt got the idea for the first cartoon after becoming interested in the animated pictures of Max Fleischer.
I saw that Fleischer uses a very interesting technique: combining animation with real shooting.
I.e., the cartoon character seems to get into the real world.
But Disney did not copy Fleischer's innovative solution.
He did everything a little differently — he introduced a REAL hero into the cartoon world, which, in fact, is much more complicated.
First of all, it was necessary to choose a plot (come up with a script).
Walt loved the book “Alice in Wonderland " since childhood, so he decided to put a cartoon with the participation of this character — a little girl Alice.
Working on this cartoon required an unbearable strain.
Walt was already unable to stay up at night for a long time, so he hired two aspiring artists.
They were two friends who studied at the same art school as Disney Rudolf Eising and Hugh Harman, the future authors of the animated series “The Adventures of Bosco”, “Barney Bear” and “Joyful Harmonies”.
Disney explained to the two guys his requirements for an animated film, and finally, the work began to boil for real.
After receiving a small amount of money for this cartoon, Walt and Roy decided to change the name of the studio.
On October 16, 1923, Walt Disney signed a contract with Margaret Winkler, a distributor from New York.
This date is considered the day of the foundation of the current Walt Disney Company.
This name turned out to be more successful for the brothers.
The studio produced films about Alice for four years, and then Walt decided to switch to the production of fully animated cartoons.
The star of the new series is a funny rabbit named Oswald, invented and drawn by Walt Disney.
In just a year, the studio released 26 episodes about the adventures of a rabbit, but when it came time to start a new season, Walt was horrified to discover that the practical Margaret Winkler had managed to lure four studio artists and now plans to produce cartoons about Oswald without the participation of the creator.
Alas, the contract was drawn up in such a way that it was the distributor, not the author, who owned the rights to the cartoon character.
It was a bitter but useful lesson for Disney, which has since carefully ensured that the rights to all its creations belong only to him.
The beginning of the Mickey Mouse era
After the loss of Oswald, Disney had no choice but to come up with a new star for its cartoons.
So the famous mouse Mickey Mouse was born ("His name was Mortimer Mouse at first, but my wife Lillian didnot like this name, and she suggested calling him Mickey.
I couldnot refuse her such a trifle — that's how Mickey Mouse was born, who brought my company worldwide fame," recalled Disney.), suspiciously similar to his older brother rabbit.
Disney himself and the main artist of his studio Ab Iverks took part in its creation.
However, the studio could not sell the first two cartoons with the participation of Mickey Mouse: they were mute, and sound had already come to cinemas.
Cartoons were created quite quickly for the studios of that time, besides, we must not forget that the Disney studio was partly artisanal.
As soon as sound cinema appeared in 1927, Walt immediately adopted the experience of his fellow cinematographers and began voicing cartoons.
The third film in the series (already with sound) was released on November 18, 1928, and this day was the beginning of the Mickey Mouse era.
In parallel, Walt Disney launched a new series Stupid Symphonies.
It was built on different principles: new characters appeared in each film, which was supposed to stimulate the creative thinking of the studio's animators.
This series became something of a training ground for Disney artists, where they practiced new animation techniques before using them in larger scale projects.
Nevertheless, it was the cartoon from this series that won the first Oscar for the studio in 1932 as the best hand drawn film.
From that moment until the end of the pre war decade, Disney cartoons received an Oscar every year.
He has received 29 such awards for his works.
The theme of all Disney's works is the fight against evil.
Disney loved happy endings and settled all his characters in the space of his own chaste worldview.
So he "earned" the image of a morally pure person.
But he was a heavy smoker and almost an alcoholic.
His affair with the actress Dolores del Rio was known to everyone in Hollywood.
However, no reporter dared to ruin his reputation.
Why?
Disney has created a world of happiness for us, a refuge from the troubles of reality, and it would be ungrateful to hurt it.
"Motherhood, apple pie and Disney" - this is the holy American "trinity".
Shrines should not be desecrated.
Very conveniently for the Disney company, it turned out that cartoon characters can become a good source of additional income.
Once a businessman from New York offered Disney $300 for permission to put an image of Mickey Mouse on fountain pens.
Walt Disney just needed money, so he willingly agreed to replicate the image of the mouse.
After that, portraits of Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters began to appear literally everywhere: on plates and toothbrushes, towels and school notebooks, candy wrappers and wallpaper for children's rooms.
In 1930, the first series of comics about Mickey Mouse was published.
All this brought good money, and most importantly, contributed to the promotion of cartoon characters and ultimately led to the fact that many of them turned into national legends of America.
In 1927, Walt Disney and his wife Lillian move into their own, quite spacious, apartment.
As a Christmas gift, Walt presents Lillian with a dog.
He began to play the role of the beloved child of Lillian, who had no children.
By the way, two attempts of the Disney couple to have a child failed: both times Lillian had a miscarriage.
And when she got pregnant for the third time, Disney, who seemed to want to get an heir, suddenly lost all interest in his wife.
In one of his letters to his cousin, Walt wrote: "I'm married, and all I can boast of is a cute little wife and a handsome chow chow."
So, in 1933, the daughter of Walt and Lillian is born Diana.
On the eve of her birth, Walt sends a letter to his mother, where he complains: "Lilly is expecting a daughter.
Personally, I donot pay any attention to it.
I donot want any more disappointments.
Our whole room has turned into a parody of a nursery, pink and blue diapers are lying everywhere…
But I donot want to know anything about it.
I believe that I will make the most disgusting father in the world..."
It is funny that at this time, at the end of 1933, Walt was awarded by the magazine "Parents" ("Parents") for his contribution to the upbringing of the younger generation of Americans.
In the same year, 1933, Disney released its first color cartoon "Three Little Pigs".
The song "We are not afraid of the gray wolf" that sounded there became a national hit.
Meanwhile, the studio is growing.
Several more cartoons are being filmed.
Mickey Mouse is winning the hearts of millions – and not only Americans, but also Europeans.
"Funny Melodies" are being filmed, a quacking Donald Duck, a howling dog Pluto and a stupid Goofy trying to scoop water from a pond into a colander appear on the screens.
Disney signs a contract with Columbia Pictures, then with United Artists.
In 1934, Walt Disney announced to his employees that he intended to make a full length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
Many people were skeptical about this idea at first: few believed that a picture in which there would be no live actors would be able to interest the audience as much as a big movie.
However, gradually the idea of Disney ceased to seem fantastic, and the work began to boil.
The shooting of the film lasted three years and cost a crazy amount at that time — $1.499 million.
The only thing that saved Disney from ruin was a loan from Bank of America, whose head, Amadeo Giannini, was very fond of Mickey Mouse.
But the result was worth the money, because Snow White was the highest grossing film of all time for a long time (only Gone with the Wind broke its record).
And in 1939, Walt Disney was awarded the ninth Academy Award for this full length cartoon.
It is worth noting that during the award ceremony, Disney, in addition to one full — fledged statuette, received symbolically seven small "Oscars" - according to the number of dwarfs.
Since then, the Disney studio has begun to consider full length cartoons as the main and potentially most profitable production.
Together with the studio, the Disney family is also growing.
Lillian, having failed again in the field of motherhood, decides to adopt.
In 1937, Walt and Lillian take a little girl and call her Sharon Mae Disney.
There is more and more money.
The" Great Depression " had almost no effect on Disney's work.
Well, unless there were just a couple of strikes at the studio – you see, the artists did not want to work under a person who draws worse than them and who has such a poor education (one year of college), but who considers himself a director.
The strike very soon "resolved": in fact, the conflict grew on the basis of Walt's quarrels with the producers who wanted to become official co authors of Disney.
After getting rich, Walt buys his parents a mansion.
However, upon closer examination, this mansion turns out to be somewhat flawed: it has a dangerously damaged gas heating system.
One sunny November morning in 1938, gas begins to ooze from the pipe directly into the living quarters, Flora Disney, the mother of our "hero", falls dead on the floor, Elias Disney tries to pick her up, and he also receives a dangerous dose of gas.
Elias survived, but Flora could not be saved.
Walt has been suffering from guilt for a long time after the death of his mother, because he knew about the damage to the heating system, but all the time he postponed solving this problem for later.
Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo and Bambi, filmed during the Second World War, which had every chance to repeat the success of Snow White, did not bring Disney the expected profits.
During the war, the studio had to concentrate mainly on shooting propaganda and educational films for the military commissioned by the US State Department.
But all bad things come to an end sometime.
By the beginning of the 50s, the Disney Company managed to regain the foreign markets taken away from it by the war, and again began to shoot full length films, including with the participation of live actors.
In 1954, the Disney Company began producing television programs, becoming one of the pioneers of first black and white, and then color television in the United States.
The first TV hit from
Disney became the series Disneyland, which, having changed its name several times, lasted on the screens of America for 29 years, and was shown exclusively in prime time.
A year later, the debut of the famous Mickey Mouse Club program took place, in which many future stars of American show business took their first steps.
Disneyland is a dreamland for children of any age
However, gradually, Walt Disney's talent became cramped within the film and television business.
A new field for activity was suggested to him by his father's experience.
Walking with his daughters, Walt often went to zoos, carnivals and other entertainment events.
While the children were riding on the carousels, the father sat patiently on the bench and waited for the daughters to frolic.
During these gatherings, he came to the conclusion that America really lacks a place where it would be interesting for both adults and children to spend time.
And then Disney decided to create such a place himself.
The first Disneyland opened on July 17, 1955 in the city of Anaheim (California), south of Los Angeles..
$17 million was spent on its construction, but very soon all the investments paid off tenfold.
Over the first 25 years of its existence, more than 200 million people visited the park.
In 1983, his "Disneyland" appeared in Tokyo, and in 1992 in Paris.
28 thousand people came to the opening of the park.
And ninety million more TV viewers were able to see this grandiose holiday live.
The opening ceremony of the first Disneyland on television was conducted by the future US president, actor Ronald Reagan.
It was a completely original and unlike anything else park, laid out according to four basic principles.
The general idea is to restore the magical kingdom of Walt Disney cartoons.
Add to this a variety of new technical tricks that would give visitors the impression that they are, for example, swimming through the jungle, or seeing ghosts in front of them, or sitting in a submarine at the bottom of the sea.
Exciting walks around the neighborhood with a special thematic plan.
The amusement park was supposed to be a place of rest for the whole family, with special attention paid to safety, politeness and cleanliness here.
"To all who have come to this happy place Welcome!
Disneyland is your country.
Here the beautiful memories of the old people are revived, and here the young can breathe in the challenge and promises of the future.
Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, dreams and real events that created America... with the hope that it will become a source of joy and inspiration for the whole world! "
Walter Disney, July 17, 1955.
Disney's next major project was the California Institute of the Arts, which was founded in 1961, near Los Angeles.
Music, painting, theater, sculpture, cinematography, fashion were studied here.
In 1963, Disney launched an even more ambitious idea — the so called Project X.
With the help of his people, he found a suitable piece of land in Florida and bought it up in parts, hiding behind the names of fictitious companies (such precautions were taken to ensure that the owners of the land did not inflate the prices of the plots).
In the end, the Walt Disney Company owned an allotment of land equal in area to two Manhattans.
At this place, construction began on a new park, which was named The Walt Disney World.
It opened in October 1971.
Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966 from lung cancer, leaving the ideas of the "city of the future" and the "university for creative youth" — named after Walt Disney unincarnated.
He was replaced by his brother Roy, who ran the Walt Disney Company until 1971.
After his death, the company was headed by three people — Card Walker, Donn Tatum and Ron Miller, whom the Disney brothers began to prepare for leadership in advance.
Walt Disney left his successors a lot of projects and ideas that he did not have time to implement himself.
Their gradual implementation allowed the company to maintain the leading place in the world entertainment industry won during the life of the founder for another two decades without any problems.
Personal qualities of Walt Disney and the secrets of his success
The roots of Walt Disney's success are in his willpower, frenzied courage and perseverance.
He did not give up, even when defeat seemed inevitable.
He believed in his ideas and made reasonable decisions.
Disney learned early on not to trust the judgment of others.
Disney's power was inextricably linked to his enormous self respect, which allowed him to go against the opinion of experts.
His works did not always bring success, but if success came, it was simply deafening.
Walt Disney willingly shared the secrets of the success of the Walt Disney Company:
1. Give every member of your organization the opportunity to dream and develop creatively in order to fulfill their dreams.
2. Treat your customers as guests.
3. Firmly adhere to your beliefs and principles.
4. Support your employees, delegate authority to them and reward them.
5. Build long term relationships with key suppliers and partners.
6. Use the storyboarding technique to solve planning and communication problems.
7. Intensive ongoing trainings strengthen the corporate culture.
8. Pay close attention to details.
9. Have the courage to take calculated risks in order to achieve the implementation of new ideas.
10. Combine a long term vision with a short term execution.
Disney belonged to the Promethean personality type, suffering from gigantomania.
These qualities allowed him to use with unquenchable zeal any opportunity that presented itself.
For the sake of the future, Disney was inclined to lay the present and simply loved to create everything new and special when the opportunity presented itself.
At the same time, he rarely worried about where the money for his creations would come from.
Thanks to these character traits, Disney created masterpieces of animation and some of the most valuable films of the era.
But it also kept the studio on the verge of bankruptcy for years.
During this period, not even a year and a half passed, so that the company could not pay the bills.
Disney was not interested in box office films, he was interested in the creative success of his paintings.
Therefore, one of his tapes usually became a hit, and the other failed miserably.
Walt Disney's whole life was like a roller coaster the most fruitful periods were usually followed by the most tragic recessions.
During the bright periods of his life, Disney could work all day without a break and capture the night as well.
When deadlines were tight, Walt usually spent the night in the studio.
But when his projects failed or were nearing completion, Disney became depressed or simply broke down.
During his career, he experienced eight nervous breakdowns.
Walt Disney is a legend and a national hero of America.
He brought joy and happiness to people, his language is understandable to all peoples of the world.
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Andrey said,
Eight nervous breakdowns, and lung cancer!
Rich Uncle Walter!!!)))))
Serik said,
All great people go through the path that W. went through.
Disney.
Anastasia said,
I believe that U. Disney is a great animator who has created many interesting cartoons and many thanks to him for this
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