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Russian Russian composers of the XVIII century [9] Russian composers of the XX century [8] Western European composers [15]
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Biography of the composer.
Frédéric Francois Chopin
12.10.2012, 10:39
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Fryderyk Chopin biography
Fryderyk Chopin (full name and surname Fryderyk Franciszek (in the French version, Fryderyk Francois) is a Polish composer and pianist.
Chopin's music is characterized by lyricism, subtlety in conveying various moods; his works are distinguished by the breadth of national folklore and genre connections.
He interpreted many genres in a new way: he revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poetized and dramatized dances mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work.
He enriched harmony and piano texture; combined classical form with melodic richness and imagination.
2 concertos (1829, 1830), 3 sonatas (1828-44), fantasy (1841), 4 ballads (1835-42), 4 scherzos (1832-42), impromptu, nocturnes, etudes and other works for piano; songs.
In his piano performance, the depth and sincerity of feelings were combined with elegance, technical perfection.
Young genius
Fryderyk Chopin was born on March 1, 1810, in Zhelyazova Wola, in Poland to a mixed French Polish family; Chopin's native language was Polish.
In 1816-1822, he studied piano with Wojciech Zhivny (1756-1842), whose teaching was based on the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and the Viennese classics.
Apparently, at the same time, the future composer's first acquaintance with the Italian bel canto took place.
Chopin's unique melodic style was formed under the combined influence of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Polish national music, in particular, the salon pieces of his older contemporaries Mikhail Kleofas Oginsky, Maria Szymanowski and others, as well as Italian opera.
Chopin's first compositional experiments (two polonaises) date back to 1817.
Since 1819, he performed as a pianist in the Warsaw aristocratic salons.
In 1822, Chopin began studying privately with the leading Polish composer Jozef Elsner.
In 1823, he entered the Warsaw Lyceum, shortly before graduating from which he published his first opus, Rondo c moll (1825).
In 1826-1829, Chopin studied in Elsner's class at the Warsaw Main School of Music.
Variations on the theme of a duet from Mozart's opera Don Juan for piano and orchestra, Op. 2, First Sonata Op. 4 and a number of plays.
At the end of the conservatory, Chopin was officially awarded the "musical genius"characteristic.
Self imposed exile
In 1829 and 1831, Fryderyk Chopin successfully gave concerts in Vienna.
At the same time, the German composer and music critic Robert Schumann enthusiastically responded in print about the Variations of Op. 2 ("Hats off, gentlemen, you have a genius in front of you!").
The news of the defeat of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831 caught Chopin while he was in Stuttgart (according to a popular legend, Chopin responded to it with a play that is now widely known as the"Revolutionary Etude").
Being a staunch supporter of Polish independence, Fryderyk refused to return to his homeland and settled in Paris, where he soon gained a reputation as an outstanding teacher and pianist.
He was accepted in the highest circles of the Parisian aristocracy, met the popular virtuoso pianists F. Kalkbrenner and K. Pleyel (who provided him with practical assistance in the first period of his Parisian life), the Belgian musicologist and composer Francois Joseph Fetis, composers Franz Liszt, Vincenzo Bellini, the French painter, graphic artist and artist Eugene Delacroix, writers Heinrich Heine, Victor Hugo, and other prominent representatives of the Parisian artistic elite; among his friends were also representatives of Polish emigration.
In 1835 and 1836 Chopin went to Germany (where he met, in particular, with Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn), in 1837 to London.
Meanwhile, he developed pulmonary tuberculosis, the first symptoms of which were discovered in 1831.
Soon F. Chopin actually abandoned his career as a virtuoso, limiting his concert activities to rare performances, mainly for a small audience, and focused on composition, publishing his opuses simultaneously in Paris, London and Leipzig.
Near George Sand
In 1837, Chopin began an affair with the famous French writer George Sand, who treated Fryderyk Chopin partly in a maternal way, as a fragile and immature creature who needed constant care.
During the winter of 1838-1839, Chopin and J. Sand was held on the island of Majorca (Spain), which had a beneficial effect on the composer's health.
His relationship with the writer lasted about 10 years.
After breaking up with Zh.
Sand (1847) Chopin's health deteriorated sharply.
In February 1848, he gave his last concert in Paris.
The revolution that began a few days later forced Chopin to leave for the UK, where he spent seven months playing in aristocratic salons (including for Queen Victoria) and giving lessons.
After returning to Paris, Chopin was no longer able to study with his students; in the summer of 1849, he wrote his last work — the Mazurka f moll Op.
68.4. Almost all of Fryderyk Chopin's music is intended for piano (among the few exceptions is a late Sonata for Cello and piano, dedicated to the composer's friend, cellist O. Frankommu, and a dozen and a half songs based on the words of Polish poets).
According to contemporaries, Chopin was an inspired improviser.
He composed while playing, painfully trying to fix his musical ideas in the notes.
Chopin's legacy is small in volume, but the artistic world embodied in it is universal.
One of the poles of Chopin's creativity is made up of young virtuoso pieces (including rondo) and works for piano and orchestra (two concertos, 1829-30, and others), in which he still adheres to the traditional forms of romantic pianism of the "grand style".
At the other pole are the monumental Third Sonata h Moll (Op. 58, 1844) and the surrounding Fantasy (1841), Lullaby (1843-44), Barcarola (1845-6), the Third and Fourth Ballads (1840-41, 1842), the Fourth Scherzo (1842), three Mazurkas Op. 56 (1843), three mazurkas op.
59 (1845), Polonaise fantasia (1845-46), nocturnes op.
62 (1846) — works of great expressive power and nobility, innovative in form (the late Chopin is characterized by a free three part form with a long prepared abbreviated reprise, which usually turns into a compressed coda), texture, harmonic language.
Between these two poles are etudes, preludes, nocturnes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, impromptu — invariably perfect in all details and diverse as life itself.
The poet and musician Boris Leonidovich Pasternak considered this diversity a distinctive feature of Chopin and called his work "an instrument of knowledge of all life".
Chopin's music is almost entirely sustained in a homophonic harmonic warehouse; the lack of counterpoint in the usual sense is compensated for in it by the rich play of accompanying voices, creating the effect of the finest sub vocal polyphony.
Many of his plays are written in popular household, salon, educational (etudes) genres, but under the pen of Chopin, their genre prototypes acquire a completely new scale.
Schumann's words about one of Chopin's etudes (Op. 25.1): "This is not so much an etude as a poem" are applicable to all other etudes, as well as to most mazurkas, waltzes, preludes, nocturnes, etc. (the genre principle prevails over the poetic one only in some of Chopin's early plays).
His harmony is characterized by unusually bold tonal juxtapositions and modulations (often taking the form of sudden "slips" into distant tonal spheres), excursions into the sphere of pure chromatics or modality.
Fryderyk Chopin died on October 17, 1849, in Paris.
About three thousand people attended the funeral service in the church of St. Mary Magdalene in Paris; his Preludes e moll and h moll from Op. 28 and Mozart's Requiem.
At the funeral, the orchestra played the funeral march from his Second Sonata b moll Op.
35. At Chopin's request, his heart was transported to Poland; it rests in the Warsaw Church of the Holy Cross.
The influence of Chopin's harmonic and melodic language can be traced in the works of such various outstanding people as: the Hungarian composer, pianist and conductor Franz Liszt; the German composer, conductor and music writer Richard Wagner; the French composer, one of the founders of the National Musical Society
Russian Russian composer and pianist Karol Szymanowski, Russian composer and pianist Gabriel Faure; French composer, founder of musical impressionism Claude Debussy; Norwegian composer, pianist and conductor Edvard Grieg; Spanish composer and pianist Isaac Albenis;
Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer and pianist Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin;
Russian composer, pianist and conductor Sergei Rachmaninoff, Polish composer and pianist.
Since 1927, the International Chopin Competition has been held in Warsaw.
Category: Western European Composers / Added: yingying
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