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The God of Egypt Isis
Isis - the goddess of fertility, water and wind
Isis is the goddess of fertility, water and wind.
Twin sister and wife of Osiris, mother of Horus.
In the myths of many peoples, the marriage between the gods brother and sister was one of the manifestations of their divine essence.
Osiris and Isis fell in love with each other even in the womb of their mother, the Egyptians revered Isis as the embodiment of a faithful, selfless wife and a caring mother.
(For the plots, see Osiris and Grief.)
Isis, a loving wife who remained faithful to her husband Osiris even after his death, and the selfless mother of Horus, was more an example to follow than other goddesses.
Her images abound in Egyptian art, which is why she is so familiar to Egyptologists.
Isis occupies a special place in the Egyptian pantheon, she was addressed on any occasion.
The loyalty of Isis did not waver, even when Osiris was killed by his brother Seth.
She returned the breath of life to her husband, and he was able to be reborn and become the lord of the kingdom of the dead.
Isis, an intelligent and astute woman, was also very cunning.
And thanks to these qualities, she received almost unlimited power over the world.
Her images
There are thousands of images of Isis in the art of Ancient Egypt.
Paintings, stone statues, bronze figurines and amulets give us a clear idea of this goddess.
She is usually depicted sitting, kneeling or standing, and the details may vary slightly.
The seated Isis often holds her son Horus on her lap, whom she sometimes breast feeds.
It is crowned with a solar disk, which is held by two curved horns.
The kneeling Isis holds a shena (cartouche) in front of her.
The standing goddess is crowned with the sign aset (seat), the main hieroglyph of her name.
It can take the form of a bird of prey - a detail borrowed from the myths about Osiris.
Then, in addition to her hands, she has large vulture wings.
The hatoric images of Isis - with cow horns holding the sun, and not with the hieroglyph asset in the form of a throne indicate the fusion of two goddesses, Isis and Hathor.
This identification, characteristic of the Late Period, is explained by the fact that both goddesses symbolized fertility.
Myths about Isis
Isis is one of the host of goddesses of Ancient Egypt, but she called herself "the one to whom fate obeys".
Its origins are in the exemplary life of a spouse and mother, which was led by Isis, but also in the cunning that has always been characteristic of her.
Surprisingly, the one whom the ancient Egyptians called the "mistress of life" could never be born because of one event that happened at the dawn of time, when Atum Ra was still creating the world.
His children Shu (air) and Tefnut (water) - united and gave birth to two gods: Heba (earth) and Nut (sky).
And they fell in love with each other so much that heaven and earth merged together!
Neither the sun, nor the air, nor the water could move anymore!
Ra was furious.
He forced his son Shu to separate the lovers, which caused several earthquakes to happen!
The one that might not have been born
But Nut was already carrying five children under her heart.
Among them was Isis and her brother Osiris.
The vindictive Ra decreed that none of these children could be born in any of the twelve months of the calendar.
But the inventive god Thoth won five additional days from the Moon, which he placed after twelve months.
Thanks to him, Nut was able to give birth to Isis on the fourth of these days (the so called "epagomenal").
And all living things joyfully praised Thoth.
Isis is talking about herself
"I am the mother of all nature, the mistress of all the elements, the first born daughter of the ages, the highest of the deities, the queen of shadows, the mistress of the heavenly forces, the one manifestation of all the gods and goddesses, whose will is obeyed by the shining peaks of the sky, the welcoming sighs of the sea and the mournful silence of the underworld."
The words of Isis, the Roman era.
Isis and the myths of Osiris
"I will restore the body of Osiris, I will embalm it and spread my wings over it...
I will conceive from it and bring it into the world," said Isis.
The life of the goddess was overshadowed by a terrible family history.
The reason for this tragedy was the envy that the god Set had for his brother Osiris.
Isis, the sister and wife of the latter, could not prevent Seth from killing his brother: he had been hatching his criminal plan for a very long time.
When the murder occurred, Seth threw his brother's coffin into the waters of the Nile.
And the search for Isis began, who made every effort to return the remains of Osiris.
In this act of love and devotion, her sister, Nephthys, helped her.
The "Divine mourners", that is, two goddesses, managed to find the coffin and hid it in the Hemmis swamp.
However, Seth did not abandon the intention to end his brother.
He discovered the hiding place and dismembered the body of Osiris into fourteen pieces, which he scattered all over Egypt.
But Isis was stubborn; she collected these pieces and gave them to the good god Anubis.
The embalmer God restored the body.
Burning with conjugal love, Isis conceived from her reborn husband the most famous of the Egyptian gods - Horus.
Osiris became the ruler of the afterlife, and the loving and persistent Isis became a perfect woman in the eyes of the Egyptians.
The cunning sorceress
The texts about Isis found by researchers say that " her heart was more rebellious than that of a myriad of people, and more intelligent than that of a myriad of gods."
Thus, with unquenchable curiosity, Isis longed to learn the secret name of Ra, the god who created the sky and light.
After all, if she had achieved her goal, it would have increased her power over the other gods a hundredfold!
In the end, to find out the secret of the head of the Egyptian pantheon, the goddess resorted to an amazing trick.
Here is how the myths tell about it: "Ra became senile and began to drool... his saliva dripped on the ground.
ISIS took it, mixed it in the palm of your hand with the earth and molded snake out of it, leaving then on the road, which was a great God...
The serpent had stung him!"
RA, frightened, called to the aid of their gods children: "something I donot know my heart that stung me...
My heart flutters, and my members full cold".
Isis, like all the gods, obeying his will, immediately appeared to him and said: "Tell me your name, divine father, because the one whose name is pronounced in the spell will remain alive!"
Confused, Ra pretended to yield to her and read out a long list of different names.
But Isis did not allow herself to be fooled: "Your name is not among those that you told me!
Tell me your name!"
Finally, Ra, unable to bear the pain any longer, entrusted her with a terrible secret, and Isis easily healed God from the disease that she herself had sent on him.
By the way, it is interesting that none of the texts known to us calls this name!
Isis did not want to share her new - found power with anyone, and the secret name remained a secret.
The Cult of Isis
The cult of the goddess Isis eventually became almost ubiquitous.
She was worshipped everywhere: from the entire territory of ancient Egypt to the remote provinces of the Roman Empire.
The rituals performed in the name of the goddess, over the centuries, have become overgrown with secrets, and the walls of temples - legends about the "great sorceress".
In the Greco Roman era, Isis was the object of universal attention.
The Ptolemies, who continued the policy of their predecessors, built many temples in her honor.
During this period, the Debod sanctuary appeared to the south of Aswan, which was dismantled and rebuilt in the Western Park of Madrid in 1960.
From the end of the Pharaonic era to the beginning of the Roman era, several more temples were built in Nubia.
The Kalabsha temple (ancient name - Talmis) was dedicated simultaneously to the Nubian god Mandulis and Osiris with Isis.
But the most famous is the temple of Isis on the island of Philae (in Egyptian, P and lak).
Due to the construction of the Aswan reservoir and the threat of flooding, the Philae complex was moved to another island, but it did not lose its grandeur and romance at all.
We owe the decision to build up the Nile island of Philae to Nectaneb I, a pharaoh from the XXX dynasty.
In the middle of the island in the IV century BC, a large temple dedicated to Isis began to be built.
Soon it became one of the largest places of worship of Isis in the ancient world.
Subsequent pharaohs only contributed to the development of the cult of the "Divine Spouse".
The construction was continued by the Roman emperors in the II century AD.
The temple was finally closed only in 537 AD by order of the Emperor Justinian.
The sanctuary was plunged into oblivion, and the statues from it were transported to Constantinople.
The hypostyle hall of the temple turned into a Christian church - confirmation that the cults of the Virgin and the mother of the nurse Isis were closely connected.
And, undoubtedly, it is thanks to this connection that the sanctuary of Philae was able to survive for so long, even when polytheism was replaced by a monotheistic religion.
Sitting Isis, dressed in a tight fitting dress, holds a little Horus on her lap and feeds him with her breast.
The wig in the form of a bird of prey was, according to ancient beliefs, a reference to her maternal role.
These figurines of Isis with the baby were most often made according to a vow.
On the stand of one of them we can read the dedication: "May the revered Isis, the mother of God, give life and health to Ken Hor, the son of Padi Neit, born to Herib Uajit."
Legend has it that after Osiris was dismembered and the pieces of his body were scattered around the country, the left leg found by Isis was kept to the west of Philae, on the island of Bige.
This island, immersed in silence, was called by the priests "iu uab" (pure island).
They organized a meeting of Isis with the relics of her late husband.
From now on, Isis - or rather, her revered statue with a Fillet went every ten days on a sacred boat to Osiris for a Sacrificial libation of milk.
This visit had a very special significance, because it was here that the roar of the incoming water was heard first of all every year.
The sign of the approaching flood was associated with the revival of Osiris and nature, which occurred thanks to Isis.
The beautiful stone pavilion, built under the Roman emperor Trajan for the sacred boat of Isis, has become the most famous monument of the complex on the island of Philae.
Delta: the spread of the cult of Isis
On the other side of the country, in the Nile Delta, the pharaohs of the XXX dynasty had no less reverence for Isis.
Thus, the settlement of Behbeit el Hagar became famous for one of the largest temples dedicated to this goddess.
Today it is completely destroyed, although it was built of granite blocks.
It is assumed that the style of the bas reliefs that decorated its walls influenced the decor of the temples of the Greco Roman world.
By the way, it was in Rome, in the main sanctuary of Isis, built much later than the Delta temples, under the Emperor Caligula, that a sculptural stone block from the Behbeit el Hagar temple was discovered.
This is an irrefutable proof of the close contact of the religious worlds of ancient Egypt and powerful Rome.
In addition, a fresco with Isis was found on the walls of one of the villas of Herculaneum, a city near Pompeii.
It is depicted so accurately that it is safe to assume that the artist has already seen similar drawings in the Campanian city.
Let's return to Egypt: even in Giza, famous for its pyramids, a city that people never left, there was a temple of Isis in the Sais era (during the XXVI dynasty).
No wonder the goddess was called "the lady of the pyramids".
The inhabitants of Alexandria also worshipped her.
This port city, which produced and exported objects of the cult of Isis to the Greco Roman world, contributed to the spread of faith in the "great sorceress".
From the Greek territories to the most remote provinces of the Roman Empire, Isis, who had mysteriously conceived, was revered everywhere, a nurse and a loving mother.
And, apparently, in the story of the Nativity of Christ, the Christian religion has learned something from this myth.
Isis, the goddess of the world cult
"I am a single entity that the whole world honors in different images, under changing names and performing different rituals: some call me Juno, others call me Bellona, others call me Hecate, and others call me Ramnusia.
But the peoples of the two Ethiopians and the Egyptians, who are strong with their ancient knowledge, honor me with a cult that suits me and call me by my true name Queen Isis."
(The words of Isis, the Roman era).
Epithets of Isis
The mournful events that marked the life path of the goddess were reflected in her epithets: first of all, she is a "great deity", "mistress of life" of both the newborn and the deceased.
Did she not bring her husband back to life?
Isis is the "divine nurse" of the king, because Horus, whom she holds on her knees and breast feeds, according to ancient beliefs, is embodied in every pharaoh.
As an exemplary spouse, she is called "the inconsolable widow", "the one who is looking for".
In the myth where the goddess brings the deceased back to life, she is likened to the flood of the Nile, which comes every year from Nubia to revive the parched lands of beloved Egypt: she is the "mistress of Nubia".
Finally, Isis is called the "great sorceress" because of her power.
Isis Sothis, the star goddess
Very long ago, at the dawn of the history of Ancient Egypt, the priests of astronomers who compiled the solar calendar noticed a strange phenomenon in the sky: after disappearing for seventy days, the star Sirius, which the Egyptians called Sothis, reappeared at the horizon level,and the sun immediately rose.
Today, this phenomenon is called the heliacal sunrise.
People noticed that the heliacal sunrise of Sirius coincided with the beginning of the annual flood on the Nile.
And then the star began to be considered a prophetess, a harbinger of the event that all of Egypt was waiting for.
Water, whole streams of water, finally saturated the earth scorched by the merciless sun for several months.
Being the goddess of the giver of food, Isis very quickly became identified with Sothis.
"I am the one who gives a fertile flood," she says.
Parched Egypt needed a lot of water, but too strong, as well as too weak a flood, could harm it.
All crops and, consequently, the existence of the whole country depended on this balance.
The heliacal sunrise heralded the beginning of the new year, and Isis Sothis became its revered symbol.
Isis, defender of the dead
Isis, the goddess who managed to resurrect her husband Osiris, who was cunningly killed by the envious Set, was naturally revered as the protector of all the dead.
And although there were no special rituals associated with her on the occasion of funerals, she was always present at these ceremonies in the form of images that ancient Egyptian masters painted or carved on the walls of sarcophagi.
She protected people from all the dangers of the afterlife, helping them, as she once helped Osiris.
For example, a powerful granite box, inside which the sarcophagus of Ramesses III was placed (Paris, Louvre), is decorated with the image of two goddesses: Nephthys (at the head) and Isis (at the feet).
The wife of Osiris kneels over the hieroglyph "gold".
She stretches out her arms with large vulture wings in a protective gesture.
This pose resembles one of the main symbols of the goddess: the knot of Isis.
This amulet is similar to the cross of ankh's life, but differs from it by two hanging ends.
Isis the Healer
The love, although not devoid of authority, that Isis had for her son Horus, as well as the ability to magic, made this goddess the patroness of mothers and their children.
With her skills, which any woman could envy, she won many admirers.
After all, Isis was able to save from any poison, her words were enough to "return life to the choking throat"!
And poisonous creatures were found in abundance in Egypt!
In this desolate land, full of snakes and scorpions, children were constantly in danger, and Isis must have often heard the pleas of mothers asking for the life of their children to be restored.
More material on this topic
Late funerary texts At the reception of the ancient Egyptian vizier Fishing: the waters of the Nile and the sea The Goddess of Egypt Hathor Mines the source of wealth School and education in ancient Egypt
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