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Educational materials on the History of Russia
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The Revolution of 1905-1907: causes, character, driving forces, main stages and results
Home page - - - > Answers to tickets on national history - - - > The Revolution of 1905-1907: causes, character, driving forces, main stages and results January 9, 1905 - "Bloody Sunday"; June 1905 the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin"; October 1905 All Russian political strike;
October 17, 1905 Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order"; December 1905 an armed uprising in Moscow.
Response plan: 1) prerequisites, main tasks, driving forces, the nature of the revolution of 1905-1907;
2) features of the revolution;
3) the main stages of the revolution;
4) the results of the revolution.
The revolution of 1905-1907 was caused by a number of economic (landowner land ownership, segments, peasant community, cross strip, labor system, etc.) and political (tsarist autocracy, preservation of class privileges, lack of democratic rights and freedoms, etc.) prerequisites.
The revolution was accelerated by the unsuccessful Russian Japanese war for Russia.
The revolutionary events began on January 9, 1905, when a peaceful march of St. Petersburg workers to the Winter Palace, with a petition to the tsar to establish an 8 hour working day and a minimum wage, was shot by the troops.
In response, the construction of barricades began in the capital, and a wave of indignation swept through the country.
Mass demonstrations began in various regions.
The revolution had a bourgeois democratic character, since its main task was to eliminate the remnants of the serfdom system.
However, unlike similar revolutions in the West, it had a number of features.
The main driving forces were the proletariat, the peasantry and the liberal bourgeoisie.
Moreover, the main and most consistent political force in the revolution was not the bourgeoisie (in Russia it was indecisive and weak), but the proletariat, ready to go to the end to achieve its goals.
The situation was also complicated by the fact that the revolution acquired a national connotation on the outskirts of the country, where representatives of the national bourgeoisie and the working class declared their own interests.
In addition, different political parties had different ideas about the beginning of the revolution.
Even in the ranks of the Social Democrats, it was diametrically opposed: the Bolsheviks believed that the result of a victorious revolution should be the formation of a provisional government as an organ of the revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry, and the Mensheviks insisted that the provisional government (if it was formed) should consist of representatives of the bourgeoisie, as was the case in Western countries.
The Bolsheviks advocated the transformation of the bourgeois democratic revolution into a socialist one, and the Mensheviks believed that this was out of the question until the proletariat became the majority of the country's population.
The revolutionary events developed through the interaction and struggle of three political camps: the government, the liberal and the revolutionary.
In the course of the revolution, two main stages can be distinguished: the growth of the revolutionary struggle (January—December 1905) and its decline (late December 1905 June 1907).
At the first stage, we should note the 72 day strike of the Ivano Voznesensk workers, who for the first time put forward radical political demands in addition to economic ones (the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, the introduction of political freedoms, etc.).
The first Council of Authorized Deputies in Russia was formed here.
On June 14, an uprising began on the battleship Potemkin (Black Sea Fleet), the participants of which raised the red flag and counted on the support of other ships of the squadron.
, In Lodz, a general strike of workers in June 1905 turned into an armed uprising.
In August 1905, the first mass organization in the village appeared — the All Russian Peasant Union, in which the leading positions belonged to the Social Revolutionaries and liberals.
They proposed to declare the land the property of the entire people, but opposed violent forms of struggle.
More than 2 million people participated in the All Russian political strike in October 1905.
Along with the workers, students, teachers, doctors, employees of state institutions became its participants.
The main demands of the strike participants were: an 8 hour working day, the introduction of democratic freedoms, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.
In the conditions of the current balance of political forces, the tsar was forced to sign the manifesto "On improving the state Order" compiled by S. Y. Witte, in which he proclaimed political freedoms (speech, conscience, assemblies and unions) and announced the convocation of a legislative body — the State Duma.
Thus, the demands of one of the three main driving forces of the revolution were satisfied.
The liberal opposition perceived this document as the end of the revolution and the beginning of the constitutional system in Russia.
With the manifesto, the tsar, in fact, persuaded representatives of the liberal camp to his side.
The process of forming a legal multiparty system has begun in the country.
Two major political parties were created — the "Union of October 17" (whose leaders were a large breeder A. I. Guchkov and the leader of the Zemstvo movement D. N. Shipov) and the Constitutional Democratic Party (its leader was a well known historian, professor P. N. Milyukov).
The programs of both these parties were aimed at the formation of a constitutional monarchical system.
However, despite the adoption of the Manifesto, the unrest did not stop.
In November, the leadership of the Peasants ' Union, dissatisfied with the fact that the agrarian issue has not yet been resolved, announced joining the general strike of workers.
Performances in the army also continued.
In November, there was an uprising led by Lieutenant P. P. Schmidt on the cruiser Ochakov.
The apogee of the revolution was the December armed uprising in Moscow (December 6-19).
Armed demonstrations took place in Sormov, Krasnoyarsk, Chita.
All of them were suppressed by the troops.
There were no major workers ' demonstrations in the future, but the peasant uprisings not only did not stop, but also intensified (in April 1906 there were 47 of them, and in June — 739).
It was necessary to urgently carry out agrarian reform.
The decline of revolutionary activity was largely facilitated by the beginning of the work of the State Duma, as well as the adoption by the tsar of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire, which limited the power of the monarch and therefore were perceived in the circles of the liberal public as the first Russian constitution.
The revolution of 1905-1907 had a great historical significance.
It showed the authorities that their choice lies between reforms and revolution, and delay threatens social upheaval.
In 1905-1906, the tsarist government, under the pressure of popular discontent, made serious changes in the political and economic system of the country, which created an opportunity for the progressive and relatively calm development of Russian society.
Previous articles: Russian foreign policy in the XIX early XX century, the Russian Japanese war The internal policy of Nicholas II at the turn of the XIX XX centuries The socio economic situation in Russia at the end of the XIX early XX century.
conservative trends in the policy of Nicholas II.
The Prussian Japanese War.
The internal and foreign policy of the Russian government 1881-1894 and the counter reforms of Alexander III Public thought and political movements in the second half of the 19th century.
The following articles: Political parties of Russia in 1905-1907: programs, tactics, leaders.
Activities of the I and II state Dumas.
Changes in the socio economic and political structure of the Russian Empire in 1905-1914.
the beginning of the transformation of the autocracy into a constitutional manarchy.
Stolypin's reforms.
The Government and the III State Duma.
The Russian Empire in the First World War.
Military operations of the Russian army in 1914-1917.
Lecture materials Preparation for exams
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