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Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling
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Born: December 30, 1865, Bombay, India Died: January 18, 1936, London, England
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Biography
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865, Bombay — 18 January 1936, London), was an English writer, poet and short story writer.
His best works are considered to be "The Jungle Book" (The Jungle Book), "Kim" (Kim), the poems "The Last Chant" (Recessional).
In 1907, Kipling became the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.
In the same year, he received awards from the universities of Paris, Strasbourg, Athens and Toronto; he was also awarded honorary degrees from Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Durham universities.
The rich language of Kipling's works, full of metaphors, made a great contribution to the treasury of the English language.
Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India) in the family of Professor of the local School of Art John Lockwood Kipling and Alice (MacDonald) Kipling.
He received the name Rudyard, as it is believed, in honor of the English Lake Rudyard, where his parents met.
The early years, full of exotic sights and sounds of India, were very happy for the future writer.
But at the age of 5, together with his sister, he goes to study in England.
For 6 years, he lived in a private boarding house, the owner of which (Madame Rosa) treated him badly, punished him.
This attitude affected him so much that he suffered from insomnia for the rest of his life.
At the age of 12, his parents arrange for him to attend a private Devon school, so that he could then enter a prestigious military academy.
The principal of the school was Cormell Price, a friend of Rudyard's father.
It was he who began to encourage the boy's love for literature.
Myopia did not allow Kipling to choose a military career, and the school did not give diplomas for admission to other universities.
Impressed by the stories written at the school, his father finds him a job as a journalist in the editorial office of the Civil and Military Gazette, published in Lahore (British India, now Pakistan).
In October 1882, Kipling returned to India and began working as a journalist.
In his spare time, he writes short stories and poems, which are then published by the newspaper along with reports.
The work of a reporter helps him to better understand the various aspects of the colonial life of the country.
The first sales of his works begin in 1883.
The era of travel In the mid 80s, Kipling began to travel around Asia and the United States as a correspondent for the Allahabad newspaper "Pioneer" (Pioner), with which he signed a contract to write travel essays.
The popularity of his works is rapidly increasing, in 1888 and 1889, 6 books with his stories were published, which brought him recognition.
In 1889, he made a long trip to England, then visited Burma, China, and Japan.
He travels across the United States, crosses the Atlantic Ocean and settles in London.
He is beginning to be called the literary heir of Charles Dickens.
In 1890, his first short story "The Light went Out" (The Light That Failed) was published.
The most famous poems of that time are "The Ballad of East and West" (The Ballad of East and West), as well as "The Last Rhime of True Thomas" (The Last Rhime of True Thomas).
Career as a writer In London, he meets a young American publisher, Walcott Balestir, they are working together on the novel "Naulahka" (The Naulahka).
In 1892, Balestir died of typhus, and soon after that Kipling married his sister Caroline.
During the honeymoon, the bank in which Kipling had savings went bankrupt.
The couple had only enough money left to get to Vermont (USA), where the Bailestir relatives lived.
They have been living here for the next four years.
At this time, the writer again begins to write for children; in 1894-95, the famous "The Jungle Book" (The Jungle Book) and "The Second Jungle Book" (The Second Jungle Book) were published.
The poetry collections "The Seven Seas" (The Seven Seas) and "White theses" (The white thesis) are also published.
Two children are being born soon: Josephine and Elsie.
After a quarrel with his brother in law, Kipling and his wife returned to England in 1896.
In 1897, the novel "Brave Navigators" (Captains Courageous) was published.
In 1899, during a visit to the United States, his eldest daughter Josephine died of pneumonia, which was a huge blow for the writer.
In 1899, he spent several months in South Africa, where he met Cecil Rhodes, a symbol of British imperialism.
In 1901, the novel "Kim" was published, which is considered one of the best novels of the writer.
In Africa, he begins to select material for a new children's book, which is published in 1902 under the title "Fairy Tales just like that" (Just So Stories).
In the same year, he buys a country house in the county of Sussex (England), where he remains until the end of his life.
Here he writes his famous books " Puck of Pook's Hill "(Puck of Pook's Hill) and" Rewards and Fairies " (Rewards and Fairies) — fairy tales of Old England, united by the storyteller — elf Puck, taken from Shakespeare's plays.
Simultaneously with his literary activity, Kipling begins active political activity.
He writes about the impending war with Germany, speaks in support of conservatives and against feminism.
During the First World War, literary activity is becoming less saturated.
Another blow for the writer was the death of his eldest son John in the First World War in 1915.
Kipling and his wife worked in the Red Cross during the war.
After the war, he became a member of the Commission on War Graves.
It was he who chose the biblical phrase "Their names will live forever" on the obelisks of memory.
During a trip to France in 1922, he met the English King George V, with whom he later formed a great friendship.
The last days of the writer Kipling continued his literary activity until the early 30s, although success accompanied him less and less.
Since 1915, the writer suffered from gastritis, which later turned out to be an ulcer.
Rudyard Kipling died of a traumatic brain hemorrhage on January 18, 1936 in London, only 3 days before George V. Похоронен в Уголке поэтов в Вестминстерском аббатстве.
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Библиография
Сборники стихов
1881 — Schoolboy Lyrics
1884 — Echoes (with his sister, Alice)
1886 — Департаментские песни / Чиновничьи напевы / Departmental Ditties
1892 — Песни казармы / Barrack Room Ballads
1896 — Семь морей / Seven Seas
1896 — Белые тезисы / The White Thesis
1898 — An Almanac of Twelve Sports (with illustrations by William Nicholson)
1903 — Пять наций / The Five Nations
1907 — Collected Verse
1912 — Songs from Books
1919 — Междулетье / Промежуток / The Years Between / Epitaphs of the War
1940 — Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive edition Сборники рассказов, новелл
1888 — Простые рассказы с гор / Plain Tales from the Hills
1888 — Три солдата / Soldiers Three
1888 — Ви Вилли Винки / Wee Willie Winkie
1893 — Масса выдумок / Many Inventions
1894 — Книга джунглей (Маугли) / The Jungle Book
1895 — Вторая книга джунглей / The Second Jungle Book
1898 — Труды дня / The Day's Work
1899 — От моря до моря (путевые заметки) (репортерская проза) / From Sea to Sea – Letters of Travel
1902 — Сказки просто так / Just So Stories
1904 — Пути и открытия / Traffics and Discoveries
1906 — Пак с холма Пука (сказки, стихи и рассказы) / Puck of Pook’s Hill
1909 — Действие и противодействие / Actions and Reactions
1910 — Награды и Феи (сказки, стихи и рассказы) / Rewards and Fairies
1917 — Самые разные существа / A Diversity of Creatures
1923 — Ирландские гвардейцы во время Великой войны (публицистика) / The Irish Guards in the Great War
1926 — Дебет и кредит / Debits and Credits
1932 — Ограничение и обновление / Limits and Renewals Романы, новеллы
1891 — Свет погас / The Light That Failed
1892 — Наулака: История о Западе и Востоке (в соавторстве с У.Балестьером) / The Naulahka, A Story of West and East
1896 — Отважные капитаны / Captains Courageous
1899 — Сталки и К° / Stalky & Co
1901 — Ким / Kim
1937 — Немного о себе (автобиография) / Something of Myself
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Титулы, награды и премии
В 1907 году получил Нобелевскую премию по литературе «за наблюдательность, яркую фантазию, зрелость идей и выдающийся талант повествователя».
Экранизации
Фильмы
1937 — Отважные капитаны
1939 — Ганга Дин
1950 — Ким
1994 — Книга джунглей
1975 — Рикки Тикки Тави
1975 — Человек, который хотел быть королём Анимация
1936 — Слонёнок (ч/б)
1936 — Отважный моряк (ч/б)
1938 — Почему у носорога шкура в складках (ч/б)
1965 — Рикки тикки тави
1967 — Слонёнок
1968 — Кот, который гулял сам по себе
1981 — Ёжик плюс черепаха
1984 — Как было написано первое письмо
1988 — Кошка, которая гуляла сама по себе
1967 — Книга джунглей
2003 — Книга джунглей 2 Маугли (мультфильм)
1967 — Маугли.
Ракша
1968 — Маугли.
Похищение
1969 — Маугли.
Последняя охота Акелы
1970 — Маугли.
Битва
1971 — Маугли.
Возвращение к людям
В 1973 году пять серий «Маугли» были смонтированы в единый мультфильм.
Интересные факты
Есть версия, что герой книги "Сталки и компания" вдохновил братьев Стругацких на создание знаменитого образа Сталкера.
Ссылки
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Последняя редакция: 6 мая 2015 г., 01:33, Anonymous
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