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History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
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HISTORY OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA (review of publications of departmental publications, scientific and educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia) The changes taking place in the economic, socio political and spiritual spheres of the life of Russian society are radically reflected in the structure and tasks of law enforcement agencies.
The aggravation of the criminal situation and the increasing demands of society for the activities of the law enforcement system in the conditions of building a democratic rule of law dictate the urgent need to bring it into a state that allows for reliable protection of the individual, society and the state from criminal encroachments.
In this regard, the historical experience accumulated over the years of the existence of the oldest law enforcement agency, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is of particular value.
Long before the period when the Ministry was formed, you can find historical data on the organization of public order protection.
So, the princes, and on their behalf – vigilantes and servants were engaged in the fight against crime on the territory of the principality during the time of Kievan Rus.
Free people – community members were also involved in this work.
As methods of exposing criminals, “zaklich”, “vault”, “chasing the trail”were used.
Ancient Russian law provided for a certain system of evidence.
First of all the testimony of witnesses: vidakov (eyewitnesses of the fact) and poslukhov (they heard about the incident from someone, or could give a positive characteristic to the defendant or the plaintiff).
In addition, God's court (“field”, ordaliy, etc.) was used to expose criminals in Kievan Rus.
At the same time, such a form of crime investigation as a search or inquisition process begins to take shape.
It was used, as scientists believe, in the church court.
During the development of the Russian feudal state, the fragmentation of Russia, the further development of structures responsible for ensuring the protection of public order and the fight against crime is traced.
On the princely lands in the county, the police functions were carried out by the governor, in the rest of the territory, in the volosts – volostels.
Each of them had its own staff of employees: tiuns (conducted the trial), closers (called for the trial of the participants in the process) and law enforcement officers (bailiffs).
At this stage, the adversarial process was significantly displaced by the investigative form of the inquiry.
In other words, at the initial stage of the formation of the Russian statehood, there was no police apparatus as such, the same governing bodies regulated relations in all spheres of life.
In many respects, law and order was provided in the territories by the residents themselves.
The first third of the XVI century was marked by the creation of provincial huts in the counties.
Their appearance is connected with the need to create on a permanent basis bodies that would be called upon to catch robbers, conduct investigations, and execute sentences.
The opening of each gubnaya hut took place on the basis of royal letters addressed to the population of a particular territory.
In addition to the originally introduced positions of elders and tselovalnikov (who were elected at meetings, and the execution of the position was preceded by taking the oath with the kissing of the cross), they are subsequently replenished with clerks, hundreds, and fifties.
In the next century, lip huts are becoming ubiquitous.
At the same time, they are transferred to the jurisdiction of the voivodes.
The competence of the ISB was continuously improved and included the fight against " led "robbers and jews, the investigation of "murderous" and all sorts of other cases (rape, pandering, arson, insults to parents by children), bringing to justice people who turn people away from the Orthodox faith, preventing and suppressing any "evil", compiling bonded books, overseeing fisheries and fishing, conducting land affairs, controlling the movement of the population, etc.
A wide range of duties required the expansion of the staff of provincial officials: watchmen, birichi and executioners appear.
The headman involved not only his assistants in the fight against crime, but also the local population (by way of conscription on a gratuitous basis).
The activities of the provincial huts were supervised by a Robber order (1555), which included a boyar, a ringmaster, sometimes a steward and two clerks.
Among the many types of inquiry used at that time, a special place was given to torture.
They were considered a legitimate, fair matter and were fixed by normative acts, in particular in the Cathedral Code of 1649.
Another notable milestone in the history of law enforcement agencies of that time is the establishment of the Secret Affairs Order by Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in the middle of the XVII century, who was in charge of the tsar's personal correspondence and issues of control over the activities of other orders.
Ivan the Terrible introduced the Oprichnina (1565) to fight the boyar aristocracy.
A kind of "secret police" was designed to identify and exterminate traitors.
The eighteenth century introduced the concept of "police", which at that time defined the urban state structure and secular management, which included any activity related to the publication of regulations, ensuring security, improving the welfare of society, supervision of fire safety and in other areas.
The eighteenth century introduced the concept of "police", which at that time defined the urban state structure and secular management, which included any activity related to the publication of regulations, ensuring security, improving the welfare of society, supervision of fire safety and in other areas.
In 1730, to improve the organization of the fight against crime, the Detective Order was restored.
Initially, the police was formed in St. Petersburg, and only a few years later – in Moscow.
After 1733, regular police appeared in 23 more cities, where, depending on the significance of the city, a captain or lieutenant was appointed as a police chief, who led a non commissioned officer, a corporal, a dozen privates and two clerical servants.
Under Peter I, the Preobrazhensky Order acts as a special body of the political police.
It appeared in 1686 in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow to manage the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments.
Since 1695, the order has been responsible for the protection of order in Moscow and (since 1697, after the Streletsky riot) the investigation of particularly important court cases.
In 1718, a new structure dealing with political investigation was created – the Secret Chancellery.
The history of this institution is connected with the investigation of the case of the heir's flight abroad.
Thus, in Russia there were several institutions specializing in political investigation.
The scope of their activities was divided geographically: the Secret Chancellery conducted cases of political crimes committed in St. Petersburg and the surrounding area, the Preobrazhensky Order – cases coming from other regions of Russia.
After the liquidation of the Secret Chancellery (1726) and the Preobrazhensky Order (1729), the Supreme Privy Council and the Senate carried out political investigation in the country.
However, this order soon changed.
In 1731, Empress Anna Ioanovna, the niece of Peter I, established a special office to investigate political affairs.
In the future, it became known as the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs.
By the middle of the XVIII century, the service had passed the period of formation and was capable of conducting complex operations, including using agents recruited, among other things, from criminals sentenced to fairly strict penalties.
The Office of Secret Investigative Affairs existed until 1762 and was abolished by Peter III.
All the cases and materials of the office were transferred to the Senate.
But in reality, the body of political investigation was not liquidated.
Just instead of the office at the Senate, a Secret expedition was established.
The main way to obtain information about political crimes in the first half of the XVIII century was denunciation.
To encourage denunciation, part of the property of the convicts was transferred to the informer, and the serfs who filed a denunciation against their masters received freedom (if it was confirmed).
Anonymous denunciations (anonymous letters) were very widespread at that time.
The situation with them became so complicated that in 1732 the emperor ordered them to be burned in front of witnesses at the place of discovery without reading.
The main means of obtaining information from the accused was physical torture.
It should be noted that in the XVIII century, a number of innovations appeared in the conduct of torture, fixed by a special document of the Secret Chancellery “The Rite as the accused tries”.
Russian legislation mentions several types of evidence.
The first in the degree of importance was considered to be his own confession, provided that it was complete, unconditional, evidentiary, made only before the court.
Only in this case it could be used as the basis of the sentence.
Other types of evidence were witness statements, as well as official documents, private correspondence and an oath.
So, by the middle of the XVIII century, despite the measures taken by the authorities, there are no specialized police bodies in many regions of the country (the rural police does not exist at all yet).
The practice of involving officers and soldiers of city garrisons in the police service continues.
The situation in the law enforcement agencies no longer met the requirements of the time.
After the suppression of the uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev, the tsarist government realized the need to create a strong system of state bodies on the ground that could effectively resolve emerging conflicts and problems.
In 1775, a reform of local government bodies was carried out in Russia: the country was divided into provinces and counties, with respect to which a network of police institutions was being built.
The main normative document defining the organization, functions and competence of the police was the "Institution for the management of provinces".
According to this normative act, a rural police is created in each county in the person of the Nizhny Zemsky court.
The district police consisted of the chief the zemsky district police officer or the captain of the district police officer and 2-3 assessors.
The chief of the rural police was chosen by the local nobility and approved by the governor.
In the direct subordination of the lower zemsky court were sotsky and desyatsky police officers elected from the peasants.
For poor performance of their duties, the police leadership could subject them to a fine.
The duties of the lower zemsky court were numerous and diverse: to monitor order and “deanery” in the county, to execute decisions of higher authorities, to conduct preliminary investigations in criminal cases.
In addition, the captain of the police department was responsible for the condition of roads and bridges, fire safety, fighting epidemics and epizootics, carried out the decisions of the judicial authorities, and the noble guardianship.
The city police has also undergone some changes.
In the city, the police department was entrusted to the mayor, who was appointed by the Senate on the proposal of the provincial council.
The mayor was subordinate to the provincial government headed by the governor.
In the cities where the military garrison was stationed, military personnel headed by the commandant performed police duties.
The reform of 1775 focused on the creation of an administrative police apparatus in the county, and practically did not affect the city police in any way.
It is to solve this problem that in 1782 the “The charter of the deanery or the police”, according to which a new police body was created in the cities – the Deanery Council.
At the head of the Council in the district cities was the mayor, in the provincial the police chief.
Two bailiffs were subordinate to the chief of police: one for criminal cases, the other for civil cases; and two ratmans (assistants), who were elected for three years from the citizens.
The Administration of the deanery was directly subordinate to the provincial government.
According to the Charter of the deanery, the city was divided into administrative and police units (200-700 yards) headed by a private bailiff.
He had two police sergeants or a police team at his disposal.
In turn, the units were divided into quarters (50-100 yards), headed by a quarter supervisor, who supervised all the guards of the quarter, as well as quarterly lieutenants elected for three years from local residents.
The Administration of the deanery was also entrusted with administrative and economic functions: supervision of the serviceability of urban structures, the cleanliness of streets, monitoring compliance with the passport regime, monitoring the activities of public organizations.
The further development of the police was associated with the short period of the reign of Paul I, by the end of which the police of Russian cities began to be built on the model of the Gatchina police, and the deanery Councils were liquidated.
Under Paul I, the competence of the police was expanded by assigning to it the functions of monitoring the proper performance of service by officials, their fulfillment of the instructions of the authorities.
To strengthen the effectiveness of the police, governors, commandants, police chiefs were held financially responsible for undisclosed theft and theft of state property.
The end of the XVIII century is significant for the creation of secret agents – a new phenomenon for those years, but, as time has shown, very promising.
As before, the Inquisition process continues to dominate.
But corporal punishment, especially medieval torture, is practically not used anymore.
But from the defendant, first of all, they began to demand repentance, which turned into the highest form of confession of guilt under the influence of religious feelings.
The investigation, especially in political cases, proceeded in an atmosphere of great secrecy: the defendants were taken on subscriptions not to disclose the investigative circumstances that had become known to them.
On September 20, 1802 (according to the new style), Emperor Alexander I created eight ministries instead of colleges: military land forces, naval forces, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, finance, commerce, public education.
A Committee of Ministers was also established.
The government of the country was divided into two large spheres: internal and external.
External activities were mainly carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and during the wars — also by the military and naval departments.
Internal tasks were solved by other ministries, of which the most significant amount of work fell on the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The duties of the Ministry of Internal Affairs included concern for the universal welfare of the people, for civil order and the improvement of the empire; it was responsible for all branches of state industry, except mining, the construction and maintenance of all public buildings in the state, "averting the lack of vital supplies and the necessary needs of the hostel" — that is, providing the population with food and consumer goods.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs was engaged in trade (fairs), crafts; allotment of state lands; implementation of all measures first to strengthen serfdom, and then to free peasants from serfdom; resettlement (including foreign immigrants); maintenance and arrangement of roads, as well as navigation; medicine and veterinary medicine throughout the country; statistics; mail; censorship; arrangement and management of annexed territories; orders of public charity; implementation of city, zemstvo, recruitment duties; collection of taxes and arrears.
The affairs of Jews and Gypsies, the management of spiritual affairs of other faiths (Protestantism, Islam, Judaism) were particularly highlighted.
And only then were purely police tasks set: establishing and maintaining calm, fighting fugitives and deserters, taking into custody, etc.
According to the tasks, their nature and scope, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of that time significantly differed from the modern one.
A prominent statesman V. P. Kochubey was appointed the first Minister of Internal Affairs.
He had the opportunity to work as Minister of the Interior twice: in 1802-1807 and 1819-1823.
In total, 63 people have served in this position for two centuries.
From the moment of its creation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs controlled the administration of the territories of the whole country through governors, who were also senior police chiefs in their provinces.
Prior to the creation of the ministries, the governors reported directly to the tsar and reported to him on the state of affairs.
This order was maintained in the future, but with some changes.
All military and civilian governors were instructed to " treat the Minister of Internal Affairs as if they were personal duties... and in general, on all matters of the provincial government that are subject to special consideration and permission of the Imperial Majesty, and to deliver reports through him to the Sovereign Emperor, both ordinary and extraordinary incidents."
The provincial leaders of the nobility also coordinated their work with the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
On April 30, 1828, an order was issued ordering civil governors to annually submit to the Ministry of Internal Affairs reports on all actions for the management of provinces and proposals for improving their structure.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs was obliged to consider them and bring information to the tsar "about the subjects contained in the reports".
To implement the above mentioned tasks, certain structures were created or abolished in the Ministry of Internal Affairs: offices, departments, main departments, expeditions, committees, offices, tables.
Under the Minister, the Department of Internal Affairs was formed with a division into four expeditions (similar to the current glavkov).
The first expedition was in charge of the affairs of the national food and salt part.
The second was the affairs of peace and deanery (police officers) and consisted of two departments.
The first was assigned to the affairs of the zemstvo (rural) police, i.e. information about incidents, orders on the safety of traffic on roads and rivers, the obedience of peasants to the legitimate authorities, cases of heresies and the dispersion of false rumors, information about the zemstvo duties of peasants (money fees for the maintenance of posts, road repairs, accompanying kolodnikov and other items in this part that are not related to state revenues), protecting peasants from arbitrary demands.
In addition, the department was engaged in general surveying for the allotment of state owned peasants with land and registration of all land holdings in general.
The second department was entrusted with the affairs of the city police: taking care of the safety of streets and houses from fires and theft, maintaining a police team, maintaining public order, monitoring the circulation of prohibited books, monitoring suspicious communities and people, information about city public revenues, fees and duties, ways of working in the post, about lighting and maintenance of bridges, night guards and fire attendants, about the state of provincial companies and staff teams.
The third expedition was engaged in state economy and manufactories, the fourth in the affairs of the medical college and the orders of the public charity.
In the pre revolutionary history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the income of all officials of the Ministry, starting with the leadership, was declared.
The printing house of the Ministry of Internal Affairs periodically published lists of the highest ranks of the central and local branches of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which indicated information about the service, awards, income for each governor and mayor, who, as already mentioned, were in the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
According to the same scheme, the book provides information about all the highest ranks of the central office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Neither in the Soviet nor at the present time was there such a degree of awareness about the leadership personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In 1806, the Postal Department was attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs has done a lot for the establishment of post offices and telegraphs.
Subsequently, this direction, as well as industry, construction, food business, trade, became an independent department.
Many structures operating in the Ministry of Internal Affairs to this day were created either immediately at the time of the formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, or some time later.
Meanwhile, many glavki of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other services have been counting their existence unjustifiably and historically inaccurately only since the Soviet time.
Immediately after the formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1802, such services appeared that are still operating today, such as , for example, the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the archive and statistical units (now the administrative department and the Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs).
All organizational management of medicine in Russia, as already noted, also began from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
An important event in the socio political life of that time was the publication by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1804-1809 of the first official periodical in the history of the country, the St. Petersburg Magazine.
In 1809-1819, the Ministry of Internal Affairs published the official newspaper "Northern Mail", and in 1829-1861 - "The Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs".
From 1894 to the present, the magazine "Fire Business"has been published.
On August 17, 1810, according to the project of M. M. Speransky, the Ministry of Police was separated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
After the division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into two departments, factories and factories, trade, crafts, agriculture, the implementation of measures for the serfdom of peasants, resettlement affairs, construction, and postal administration remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The Ministry of Police took over the food part, the provincial administration, the observance of order, the leadership of the police, including the political one, the improvement of roads, villages, cities, the orders of public charity, the medical part.
However, the creation of the Ministry of Police was considered unjustified, and in 1819 it was abolished, and its apparatus was re incorporated into the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The Decembrist uprising in 1825, the political mood in society forced the authorities to carry out a new reorganization.
After the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, the Third Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery becomes the body of political investigation.
When the Department was formed, as initial components, it included a special office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, secret agents and a Separate Corps of Gendarmes.
The duties of the gendarmes were not clearly regulated: they were ordered to monitor the execution of laws, the prosecution of robbers, the dispersion of prohibited gatherings, the suppression of riots, the prosecution of secret societies, the escort of arrested persons, the conduct of searches and inquiries, the execution of sentences.
The activities of the gendarmerie were not legally limited and were regulated by the orders of the leadership in the form of oral and written instructions.
Criminal proceedings were then divided into three stages: investigation, trial, execution of the sentence.
In addition to the investigation and execution of the sentence, the police were also assigned judicial functions, although for minor, unimportant offenses.
The investigation as a stage of criminal proceedings was differentiated into preliminary and formal stages.
The preliminary investigation began on the complaint of the victim, the report of the prosecutors, the confession, as well as at the sole discretion of the police.
In the course of it, the police had to establish whether there were really acts of research institutes that contained signs of a crime, and carry out the necessary investigative actions.
At the formal stage, the identity of the criminal and the circumstances of the crime were established.
The evidence was recorded in protocols signed by the person conducting the investigation and the accused.
At this stage of the investigation, the presence of deputies from the estates was allowed to monitor the legality of investigative actions.
Important importance in the investigation process was attached to obtaining the suspect's own confession, but torture was already prohibited by law in 1801.
At that time, the right to conduct criminal investigations was granted to a very wide range of officials and bodies.
It could be conducted by the lower zemstvo courts, deanery councils and various presences, consisting of police officers, private bailiffs and investigative bailiffs of criminal cases.
The investigation of unimportant cases was carried out mainly by quarterly supervisors.
In more complex cases, it was entrusted to special officials allocated by the provincial authorities or the Minister of Internal Affairs, or to special committees consisting of ranks of various departments, but with the leading role of officers of the gendarmes corps in them.
In the 30-70s of the XIX century, the Ministry of Internal Affairs did a lot on the assigned sites.
It is particularly necessary to note the active role of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform of 1861 and the abolition of serfdom.
At the same time, the situation in the pre revolutionary police was most often assessed critically.
The inspections of the city police conducted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1847 in 27 provincial cities showed that only in three of them (Vologda, Vladimir and Perm) it was in proper order.
In other cities, the state of the police was considered unsatisfactory.
As the report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 1845 testified, even the St. Petersburg deanery board (a police institution) worked extremely poorly, as evidenced by the daily complaints of the population, the reform of 1880 turned the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the main link of the state apparatus, in the role of which it remained almost until the fall of the autocracy.
The Minister of Internal Affairs turned into a key government figure with a unique competence (in addition to managing most of the economy, the minister's primacy was confirmed by the concentration of significant power in his hands).
The leadership of the Minister was legally consolidated in the later practice of giving him the powers of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers concurrently.
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