Landscape design
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An example of landscape design.
Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Landscape design is an art located at the junction of three directions: on the one hand, architecture, construction and design (engineering aspect), on the other hand, botany and plant growing (biological aspect) and, on the third hand, landscape design uses information from history (especially from the history of culture) and philosophy[1].
In addition, landscape design is called practical actions for landscaping and landscaping of territories.
Unlike gardening and horticulture, the main task of which has an agricultural orientation (increasing the yield of horticultural crops), landscape design is a more general and universal discipline.
The main task of landscape design is to create harmony, beauty in combination with the convenience of using the infrastructure of buildings, smoothing out the conflict between urban forms and nature, which often suffers from them.
Landscape design can be a special case of a more general concept — landscape design.
Content
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1 History 2 Main provisions 3 Design and layout of the site 4 Components of landscape design 4.1 Green spaces 4.1.1 Trees 4.1.2 Shrubs
4.2 Water 4.2.1 Reservoirs 4.2.2 Streams and cascades 4.2.3 Fountains 4.2.4 Garden aquariums
4.3 Small architectural forms 4.4 Organization of lighting
5 See also 6 Notes 7 References
History[edit / edit wiki text]
Since ancient times, gardens have been a traditional form of organizing the surrounding space with the help of green spaces.
They gained special popularity at the courts of rulers and nobles of the countries of the East.
Further, gardening as an art has spread almost everywhere.
At the same time, for a long time, the utilitarianism of gardening played an important role (fruit consumption and selection of fruit trees), later the decorative nature of flowers received more attention.
But neither fruit trees nor flowers are so widespread in modern landscape design, especially in its modern urban form.
Landscape design is a concept of the XX century proper.
The term originated in Western Europe, primarily in densely populated and industrialized countries: Great Britain, Germany, where mass industrialization and the growth of suburbs quickly led to pressure on the environment.
Main provisions[edit / edit wiki text]
Simplicity Convenience and practicality Aesthetic value (beauty)
Design and layout of the site[edit / edit wiki text]
The first stage of preparing the area for landscape work begins with artistic design, that is, the creation of an outline plan, the basic rules of which are:
Planting and placement of plants should be of a group nature, that is, plants of the same species or closely related species should be planted in close proximity to each other, otherwise the area becomes a short, deserted look.
When planting plants and carrying out other artistic and decorative activities, straight lines should be avoided.
Plants in particular are not recommended to be planted in a straight line, since this does not contribute to the development of bushiness in them.
Extremely strict symmetry is also undesirable because of its unnatural appearance, although a certain balance and balanced composition of design elements should certainly be present.
Components of landscape design[edit / edit wiki text]
The elements of landscape design are diverse.
Their main groups are:
The buildings themselves form the center of a landscape project, the main purpose of which is to smooth out the unnaturalness of geometrically correct structures, to soften their pressure on the surrounding nature, to remove construction debris, to mask defects and flaws.
Buildings can be single - or multi storey, single or complex, private or commercial, standard or stylized, designed for a wide variety of purposes.
Lawn covering formed by various kinds of grasses.
Green spaces in the form of individual trees, shrubs, flowers, as well as their combinations and entire ensembles (garden, flowerbed, rabatka, etc.)
Various large decorative elements (lake, pond, stream, fountain, stones, sculpture).
Smaller artistic details (musical pendant, lamp, candles, etc.)
Green spaces[edit / edit wiki text]
Green spaces are a collection of woody, shrubby and herbaceous plants on a certain territory.
The basis and the main background[source not specified 35 days] of all landscape design plantings is a lawn or lawn covering.
They differ:
English lawn made up of sedge and related grasses; has a correct, trimmed, but somewhat unnatural appearance, quickly "bothers" the eye, is more suitable for industrial business and professional sports sectors.
The Moorish lawn — in addition to herbs, it also includes wildflowers, has an asymmetric and rather bright, elegant appearance, mows only a couple of times a year, is more suitable for private sector buildings with an individual layout for recreational and entertainment purposes.
Trees[edit / edit wiki text]
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Shrubs[edit / edit wiki text]
Shrubs are plants of medium height, usually no more than a meter.
They have hard and flexible stems that begin to branch near the ground.
Usually shrubs grow in arid and hot areas, and therefore many of them have small and hard leaves, from which moisture does not evaporate so quickly, and roots that go deep into the ground are able to extract water from the lowest layers of the soil, where it is stored during drought.
Water[edit / edit wiki text]
Reservoirs[edit / edit wiki text]
When creating a reservoir, the materials from which it is made play a special role.
It is possible to distinguish flexible insulation coatings and rigid forms that differ from each other in service life, installation technology (laying) and further operation.
As the main materials for creating reservoirs, they are used:
polyethylene; fiberglass; PVC film; butyl rubber.
Ponds made of polyethylene are excellent for creating a decorative pond of small size and volume (130-4200 liters). .
Rigid plastic molds are easy to install and resistant to the harmful effects of UV rays and low temperatures.
The disadvantage is the uneven wall thickness (the unevenness depends on the technology used in the manufacture and the manufacturer's compliance with the quality control of the finished product).
Fiberglass ponds are ideal for creating reservoirs of small volume (from 350 to 1200 liters).
They are as easy to install as plastic molds, but they are more resistant to the harmful effects of the environment.
The service life of such forms is up to 30 years.
The advantages of a fiberglass pond include the possibility of its repair and the choice of different colors during manufacture.
There are ponds made of fiberglass and larger (up to 4000 liters), but their installation requires a high level of professionalism.
PVC film differs in that with the help of this material, you can create a reservoir of any shape and any size.
For ponds with an area of less than 15 sq.
m. and a depth of no more than 0.7 m, a film with a thickness of 0.5 mm is used.
For reservoirs with a larger area and a depth of up to 1.5 m, a film with a thickness of 1 mm is used.
The service life is at least 10 years, the film is subject to repair.
Butyl rubber (EPDM membrane) is a material similar to PVC film, but has higher strength and reliability indicators.
It is especially well suited for creating large reservoirs.
The service life is 10-30 years, the repair is carried out with the help of special tapes and adhesives.
Now it has become fashionable to arrange artificial reservoirs in the garden.
Any, even a small pond attracts attention and makes the garden unique.
As a rule, the reservoir is decorated with a natural stone.
Also, perennial plants are planted around the pond, which create a smooth transition from the lawn to the water.
In summer, the reservoir is a source of freshness and cooling humidity.
Therefore, it attracts a person to itself.
To make the pond look good, you need to carefully choose plants that will create a shadow for the pond, not allowing it to overheat.
Streams and cascades[edit / edit wiki text]
A stream is a small watercourse, usually from several tens of centimeters to several meters wide.
Usually the length of the stream does not exceed several kilometers, and the depth rarely exceeds 1.5 meters.
The speed of streams is usually quite high (several meters per second).
Fountains[edit / edit wiki text]
Fountain - (ital. fontana, from Lat. fons, fontis a source, a key) — a structure that serves as a base or frame for water jets flowing up or down.
Initially, fountains were built mainly only as a source of drinking water.
Then the combination of moving water with architecture, sculpture and green spaces became one of the means of creating various solutions in architecture and landscape art.
Fountains were a favorite decoration of city squares in ancient, medieval Western European cities, in the countries of the Near and Middle East, in India.
In the 16th and 18th centuries, grandiose fountain systems were created in villas and palace and park complexes.
Modern fountains are given a decorative character, which is enhanced by electric lighting and music in the evening (Barcelona).
Garden aquariums[edit / edit wiki text]
A garden aquarium is a modern solution for landscape design.
A garden aquarium is a small artificial pond of regular geometric shape, designed for growing ornamental and commercial fish (koi carp, carp, sturgeon, etc.) and admiring them.
The area of the water mirror is from 5 to 15 m2, the depth is from 150 to 250 cm.
The bottom is arranged with a conical slope of about 5° to the location of the bottom drain.
A garden aquarium can have glass faces for observing fish and a place for feeding fish.
Since the garden aquarium is designed for breeding fish, increased requirements are imposed on the water quality.
It is necessary to use UV lamps for water disinfection, pond filters or full fledged water filtration systems corresponding to the size of the reservoir.
Small architectural forms[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Small architectural forms
St. Petersburg, Mikhailovsky Garden.
Exhibition competition of landscape art "French garden on the banks of the Neva"
The concept of small architectural forms (MAF for short) arose a long time ago, and it is understood as structures, equipment and artistically decorative elements of external landscaping that complement the main building of populated areas.
IAF includes outdoor lighting fixtures (or as they are now fashionable to call — landscape lamps), garden and park structures, fountains, obelisks, memorial plaques, urban street furniture, urns, etc.
The following requirements are imposed on modern small forms during production and purchase:
Cost effectiveness.
The cheapness of small architectural forms is estimated, this is an economic requirement.
Aesthetics of the MAF.
It should take into account the architectural, compositional, artistic patterns of the space of the urban environment.
Safety of small forms, that is, they must have a low risk of injury.
The functionality of the IAF.
Dimensions should be determined in advance, materials selected, certain design solutions developed taking into account the purpose and possible features of using small forms.
The manufacturability of the IAF.
That is, the features of the materials used and the technology of the manufacturing process should be taken into account.
You can also call the universality of small forms.
They should have a minimum of details so that these products can be assembled even by untrained people.
Organization of lighting[edit / edit wiki text]
Creating landscape lighting begins with a plot plan where all the dimensions are indicated and applied: frequently visited places (activity zones), points of attracting attention (intensively illuminated areas), places that should be highlighted (paths, steps, bridges, benches), power supply points.
There are several basic techniques of landscape lighting:
illumination from top to bottom illumination from bottom to top illumination of paths (pedestrian paths, driveways) rear or contour illumination (used to create silhouettes, shadows) spot lighting (used to attract attention) underwater lighting
Other lighting techniques (for example, swaying "flames", animated projections) are usually decorative in nature, based on the features of the landscape and are limited in use.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Design Anthropological design Architecture Architectural visualization Interior design Interior Musical suspension Garden and Park Art
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Гар Garrisonenko, 2005
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Garrisonenko T. S. Handbook of a modern landscape designer.
- Rostov on Don: Phoenix, 2005 — - 313 p.
— (Construction and Design).
— ISBN 5-222-06328-3.
- UDC 71 (035.3) Doronina N. Landscape design.
- Fiton+, 2006 — - 144 p.
— ISBN 5-93457-088-9.
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Category: Landscape design
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