Russia under the Romanovs
www.Grandars.ru " The History of Russia under the Romanovs "
Reforms of Peter I
Russia under the Romanovs
The formation of absolutism
Reforms of Peter I
The Northern War 1700-1721
Russia in the Era of Palace coups (1725-1762)
Domestic and foreign policy of Catherine II
The Peasant War led by Yemelyan Pugachev 1773-1775.
Russia in the nineteenth century.
Economics and Politics
Abolition of serfdom in 1861
Reforms of Alexander II
Counter reforms of Alexander III
Reforms of S. Y. Witte
Lectures on History
Oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible
The Time of Troubles in Russia
The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
Content
Reforms of Peter I
Military reforms
Public administration reform
Church reform
Social policy
Urban reform
Tax reform
Chronology
1682-1725 The reign of Peter I.
1695, 1696 The Azov campaigns of Peter I.
1697-1698 The Great Embassy of Peter I to Europe.
Reforms of Peter I
The transformations that began in the second half of the XVII century found their logical conclusion in the reign of Peter I (son of Alexey Mikhailovich).
Peter was proclaimed tsar in 1682, but in reality there was a so called “three power rule”, i.e. together with his brother Ivan and Princess Sophia, who concentrated all power in her hands.
Peter and his mother lived in the villages of Preobrazhenskoye, Kolomenskoye, and Semyonovsky near Moscow.
In 1689 Peter, with the support of many boyars, nobles and even the Moscow Patriarch, deprived Sophia of power, imprisoning her in a monastery.
Until 1696 (until his death), Ivan remained a " ceremonial tsar”, i.e. formally shared power with Peter.
Since the 90s of the XVII century, a new era begins, associated with the transformations of Peter I, which affected all aspects of the life of Russian society.
As the ardent fans of Peter figuratively noted, in fact, the XVIII century began before the grandiose fireworks display arranged in Moscow on January 1, 1700 on the occasion of the new century.
Military reforms
The reforms of Peter I were guided by the conditions of his time.
This tsar did not know the world, all his life he fought: first with his sister Sophia, then with Turkey, Sweden.
Not only to defeat the enemy, but also to take a worthy place in the world, Peter I began his transformations.
The starting point of the reforms was the Azov campaigns (1695-1696).
In 1695, Russian troops besieged Azov (a Turkish fortress at the mouth of the Don), but due to lack of weapons and lack of a fleet, it was not possible to take Azov.
Realizing this, Peter set about building the fleet with his usual energy.
It was decided to organize Kumpanstvo, which would be engaged in the construction of ships A single Kumpanstvo, which consisted of merchants and posadsky people, was obliged to build 14 ships;
The Admiralty — 16 ships; one ship — an obligation from every 10 thousand landowner peasants and 8 thousand monastic ones.
The fleet was built on the Voronezh River at its confluence with the Don.
In 1696, the Russian naval forces won the first victory — Azov was taken The following year, Peter sends a so called Great Embassy of 250 people to Europe.
In its composition, under the name of the constable of the Preobrazhensky regiment, Pyotr Mikhailov, was the tsar himself.
The Embassy visited Holland, England, and Vienna.
According to S. M. Solovyov, the idea of a trip abroad (the Great Embassy) arose from Peter I as a result of the reforms that had begun.
The tsar went to Europe for knowledge and experience in 1697-1698.
Researcher A. G. Brickner, on the contrary, believed that it was after a trip to Europe that Peter I had a plan for reforms.
In the summer of 1698, the trip was interrupted due to a report received about a revolt of the Streltsy.
The tsar took a personal part in the executions, Sophia was tonsured as a nun.
The Streletsky army was to be disbanded.
The tsar began to reorganize the army and continued the construction of the fleet.
It is interesting to note that in addition to exercising general leadership, Peter was directly involved in the creation of the fleet.
The tsar himself, without the help of foreign specialists, built the 58 gun ship Predestination ("God's Foresight").
Back in 1694, during a sea campaign organized by the tsar, the Russian white blue red flag was raised for the first time.
With the beginning of the war with Sweden, the construction of the fleet was also started in the Baltic.
By 1725, the Baltic fleet consisted of 32 ships of the line with armament from 50 to 96 guns each, 16 frigates, 85 galleys and many other smaller vessels.
The total number of Russian military sailors was about 30 thousand.
Peter personally drew up the Charter of the sea, where it was written “Only that sovereign has both hands, who has both a land army and a fleet”"
Peter I chose a new principle of recruiting the army: recruitment kits.
From 1699 to 1725, 53 sets were held, which gave the army and navy more than 280 thousand people.
The recruits received military training, received state issued weapons and uniforms.
The army also recruited “willing people " from free peasants with a salary of 11 rubles a year.
Already in 1699, Peter formed, in addition to two guards regiments — Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky — 29 infantry and 2 dragoons.
By the end of his reign, the total number of the Russian army was 318 thousand people.
Peter strictly obliged all nobles to perform military service, starting with the rank of a soldier.
In 1716, the Military Charter was issued, which regulated the order in the army in wartime and peacetime.
Training of officers was carried out in two military schools — Bombardier (artillery) and Preobrazhenskaya (infantry).
Subsequently, Peter opened naval, engineering, medical and other military schools, which allowed him to completely refuse to invite foreign officers to the Russian service at the end of his reign.
Public administration reform
Of all the transformations of Peter I, the central place is occupied by the reform of public administration, the reorganization of all its links.
The main goal of this period was to provide a solution to the most important problem — victory in the Northern War.
Already in the first years of the war, it became clear that the old state management mechanism, the main elements of which were orders and counties, did not meet the growing needs of the autocracy.
This was manifested in the lack of money, provisions, and various supplies for the army and navy.
Peter hoped to radically solve this problem with the help of regional reform — the creation of new administrative entities provinces that united several counties.
In 1708, 8 provinces were formed: Moscow, Ingermanland (St. Petersburg), Kiev, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov, Siberian.
The main purpose of this reform was to provide the army with everything necessary: a direct connection was established between the provinces and the army regiments, which were distributed across the provinces.
Communication was carried out through a specially created institute of Kriegskommissars (so called military commissars).
An extensive hierarchical network of bureaucratic institutions with a large staff of officials was created on the ground.
The former system of "order county” was doubled:" order (or office) - province province county”.
In 1711, the Senate was created.
The autocracy, which had significantly strengthened in the second half of the XVII century, no longer needed institutions of representation and self government.
At the beginning of the XVIII century, the meetings of the Boyar Duma actually stopped, the management of the central and local state apparatus passed to the so — called “Council of Ministers” - the provisional council of the heads of the most important government departments.
Especially important was the reform of the Senate, which occupied a key position in the state system of Peter.
The Senate concentrated judicial, administrative and legislative functions, was in charge of colleges and provinces, appointed and approved officials.
The unofficial head of the Senate, consisting of the first dignitaries, was the prosecutor General, endowed with special powers and subordinate only to the monarch.
The creation of the post of Prosecutor General laid the foundation for an entire institution of the prosecutor's office, the model for which was the French administrative experience.
In 1718-1721, the system of command management of the country was transformed.
10 colleges were established, each of which was responsible for a strictly defined industry.
For example, the Board of Foreign Affairs — foreign relations, the Military the land armed forces, the Admiralty the fleet, the Chamber Board revenue collection, the Staff Office Board state expenses, the Commercial Board trade.
Church reform
The Synod, or Spiritual College, established in 1721, became a kind of college.
The destruction of the patriarchate reflected the desire of Peter I to eliminate the “princely” system of church power, unthinkable under the autocracy of Peter's time.
By declaring himself the de facto head of the church, Peter destroyed its autonomy.
Moreover, he made extensive use of the institutions of the church to carry out his policies.
The supervision of the Synod's activities was entrusted to a special state official the oberprokuror.
Social policy
Social policy was of a pro peasant and serf like nature.
The decree of 1714 on single inheritance established the same order of inheritance of immovable estates, without distinction of estates and patrimony.
The merger of two forms of feudal land ownership — patrimonial and local completed the process of consolidating the feudal class into a single class the estate of nobles and strengthened its dominant position (often in the Polish manner, the nobility was called the gentry).
In order to force the nobles to think of the service as the main source of well – being, a entail was introduced it was forbidden to sell and mortgage land holdings, including ancestral ones.
The new principle reflected in the Table of Ranks of 1722 strengthened the nobility due to the influx of immigrants from other estates.
With the help of the principle of personal service, strictly stipulated conditions for promotion up the ladder of ranks, Peter turned the mass of service personnel into a military bureaucratic corps, completely subordinate to him and dependent only on him.
The table of ranks divided the military, civil and court services.
All positions were divided into 14 ranks.
An official who reached the eighth grade (a collegiate assessor) or an officer received hereditary nobility.
Urban reform
The reform in relation to the residents of cities was significant.
Peter decided to unify the social structure of the city, bringing Western European institutions into it: magistrates, workshops and guilds.
These institutions, which had deep roots in the history of the development of the Western European medieval city, were introduced into Russian reality by force, by administrative means.
The Chief Magistrate supervised the magistrates of other cities.
The Posadsky population was divided into two guilds: the first was made up of “first class " ones, which included the upper classes of the posad, rich merchants, artisans, citizens of intelligent professions, and the second guild included small shopkeepers and artisans, who, in addition, were united into workshops on a professional basis.
All other citizens who did not join the guilds were subject to inspection in order to identify fugitive peasants among them and return them to their former places of residence.
Tax reform
The war absorbed 90% of state expenditures, numerous duties were borne by peasants and townspeople.
In 1718 — 1724, a per capita census of the male population was conducted.
Landowners and monasteries were ordered to submit "fairy tales" (information) about their peasants.
The government instructed the guards officers to conduct an audit of the submitted statements.
Since then, the censuses have been called audits, and the “soul”became the unit of taxation instead of the peasant's yard.
The entire male population had to pay a poll tax.
Development of industry and trade
As a result of the transformations of Peter I, manufacturing production began to develop actively, industry was created.
By the end of the XVII century, there were about 30 manufactories in the country.
During the years of Peter's rule, there were more than 100 of them.
The movement towards overcoming the technical and economic backwardness of Russia begins.
Large scale industry is growing in the country, especially metallurgy (in the Urals), textile and leather (in the center of the country), new industries are emerging: shipbuilding (St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk), glass and faience, paper production (St. Petersburg, Moscow).
Russian industry was created in the conditions of serfdom.
At the factories, the peasants who were assigned (bought by the breeders) and assigned (who paid taxes to the state not with money, but with work at the factory) worked.
The Russian manufactory was actually like a serf fiefdom.
The development of industrial and handicraft production contributed to the development of trade.
The country was in the process of creating an all Russian market.
In order to encourage merchants, the first trade tariff was introduced in 1724, which imposed the export of Russian goods abroad.
History
History
Russia under the Romanovs
Foreign policy in the 19th early 20th centuries.
History of Russia
History of Russia
Economic history
Great politicians and historians
Related subjects
Geography
World economy
National economy
Russia under the Romanovs
Russia under the Romanovs
The formation of absolutism in Russia.
Rebellious 17th century
The reforms of Peter I. Military, social and church reforms
The Northern War 1700-1721
The Era of Palace Coups (1725-1762)
Domestic and foreign policy of Catherine II
The Peasant War led by Yemelyan Pugachev
The reforms of Alexander I. Economy and politics of Russia in the XIX century.
Abolition of serfdom in 1861
The reforms of Alexander II.
Military, judicial, city and zemstvo reforms
Counter reforms of Alexander III
Reforms of S. Y. Witte
The Decembrist movement.
A brief description of the social movement in Russia
Westerners and Slavophiles
Revolutionary populism in Russia.
Labor movement
Foreign policy in the 19th early 20th centuries.
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