RUDYARD KIPLING
(1865 – 1936)
Joseph Rudyard Kipling, English poet, novelist and short story writer, was born in Bombay to John Lockwood Kipling, rector and professor of the Bombay School of Art, and Alice (MacDonald) Kipling.
The poet's father was a sculptor and decorator, his mother was published in local magazines.
At the age of 6, as was customary in Anglo Indian families, Rudyard and his younger sister were sent to study in England.
They lived in a private boarding house, and on holidays they went to their mother's relatives, to the family of the pre Raphaelite artist Edward Burne Jones.
The experiences of a child who was persecuted by a cruel boarding school hostess are reflected in Kipling's short story " The Black Sheep” ("Baa Baa, Black Sheep", 1888), as well as in the novel “The Light went out” ("The Light That Failed", 1890) and in the autobiography (1937).
In 1878, Kipling was sent to the Devon School, where the sons of officers were preparing for admission to prestigious military academies.
The director of the school was one of the members of the aesthetic circle, which included Burne Jones and William Morris.
Although the first time a boy badly battered from bullies classmates, eventually he fell in love with the school, described in the collection of short stories “will be Confronted and K°” ("Stalky and Co.", 1899).
Because the school didnot give out diplomas for admission to Oxford or Cambridge, and short sightedness did not allow the young man to elect a military career, the education Kipling ended.
His father, impressed by the stories written by his son at school, found him a job in the editorial office of the English language “Civil and Military Gazette” ("Civil and Military Gazette"), published in Lahore (India), and in October 1882, after living in England for 11 years, Kipling returned to India.
In his work, Kipling uses his knowledge of the Hindustani language, which he did not forget during his stay in England, as well as acquaintance with the Anglo Indian society to depict the India that is known to us from his books.
Kipling regularly writes short stories and poems for the newspaper where he works.
The first collection of poems by the writer “Departmental Songs” ("Departmental Ditties", 1886) was published in a limited edition and sold so quickly that it was reprinted in the same year.
Collection of short stories “Simple stories from the mountains" ("Plain Tales From the Hills") appeared two years later.
From 1887 to 1889, Kipling wrote six collections of short stories for the “Library of the Indian Railway” series intended for travelers, which brought him wide fame both in India and throughout the British Empire.
In an effort to make people talk about themselves in England, Kipling returns there via Japan and North America.
Before leaving, he signs a contract in Allahabad with the local newspaper "Pioneer" ("Pioner") to write travel essays.
In October 1889, the writer came to London, where he had already become famous and even gained a reputation as the literary heir of Charles Dickens.
His collections for the series "Library of the Indian Railway" were republished in England in 1890 and were enthusiastically received by critics.
In London, Kipling meets a young American publisher, Walcott Balestir, with whom he is working on the novel "The Naulahka" ("The Naulahka", 1892).
Shortly after Balestir died of typhus in 1892, Kipling married his sister Caroline.
The poetic collection “Barrack Room Ballads” published in the same year includes two of the most famous poems of the writer – "Gunga Din" ("Gunga Din") and " Mandalay” ("Mandalay").
The young couple moved to Brattleboro (Vermont), where they had two daughters.
In Vermont Kipling writes “a Lot of hardship ("Many Inventions", 1893), two volumes of short stories and poems – “the jungle Book” ("The Jungle Book, 1894) and “the Second jungle book” ("The Second Jungle Book" of 1895) and the poetry collection “the Seven seas” ("The Seven Seas", 1896).
Published in 1897 novel “Brave sailors” ("Captains Courageous") is dedicated to the fishermen of New England.
Dissatisfaction with life in Vermont and a serious conflict with his brother in law forced Kipling to leave the United States and return with his family to England, where he soon managed to restore his former positions in the literary world.
In newspapers, he publishes poems, including” The Last Chant "("Recessional", 1897), which contains a warning against the irresponsible use of national power.
Kipling's best novel is considered to be " Kim " ("Kirn", 1901), which describes the adventures of a “native born boy” and a Buddhist monk wandering around India.
In 1898, during Kipling's stay with his family (shortly before the writer's son was born) in New York, he and his eldest daughter fell ill with pneumonia; the daughter died – this was a loss that was reflected in many of Kipling's stories of those years.
After the outbreak of the Anglo Boer War in 1899, Kipling spent several months in South Africa, editing an army newspaper and acting as a political and military consultant.
In 1902, Kipling bought a country house in the county of Sussex, where he remained until the end of his life.
In the same year, he wrote " Fairy Tales just like that "("Just So Stories"), " The Elf from the Hill of Prostakovo ("Puck of Pook's Hill").
A collection of children's stories from the history of ancient England was published in 1906.
During these years, Kipling also leads an active political activity, speaks in support of conservatives and against feminism and Irish home rule, writes about the impending war with Germany.
In 1907, Kipling received the Nobel Prize in Literature “for observation, vivid imagination, maturity of ideas and outstanding talent as a narrator”" Although Kipling came to Stockholm, he did not give a traditional speech.
By this time, Kipling had written thirteen volumes of short stories, four novels, three books of short stories for children, several collections of travel notes, essays, newspaper articles and hundreds of poems.
In 1907, he was also awarded honorary degrees from the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Durham; in addition, he received awards from the universities of Paris, Strasbourg, Athens and Toronto.
Soon after receiving the Nobel Prize, Kipling's creative activity begins to decline.
During the First World War, in which his only son died, Kipling and his wife work for the Red Cross.
In 1917, Kipling published A Variety of Creatures, a collection of poems and short stories.
After the war, the writer travels a lot, including as a member of the Commission on War Graves.
During one of these trips to France in 1922, Kipling met the English King George V,with whom he had a great friendship for many years.
During this period, the writer joined the right wing of the Conservative Party, and in 1923 he published a book " The Irish Guards in the Great War” ("The Irish Guards in the Great War"), dedicated to the regiment where his son served.
In 1926 and 1932, two more collections of Kipling's short stories were published.
Since 1915, the writer suffered from gastritis, which later turned out to be an ulcer.
Kipling died in London from intestinal bleeding in 1936, two days before his friend, King George V.
The writer was buried in the Poets ' Corner in Westminster Abbey.
His autobiography " Something about myself "("Something of Myself") appeared a year after his death.
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