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History of photography: How it all started...
Photography (from the Greek photos light, graph I draw, I write) - drawing with light, light painting – was not discovered immediately and not by one person.
The work of scientists of many generations from different countries of the world has been invested in this invention.
People have long sought to find a way to obtain images that would not require a long and tedious work of the artist.
Since time immemorial, for example, it has been noticed that a ray of the sun, penetrating through a small hole into a dark room, leaves a light pattern of objects of the external world on the plane.
Objects are depicted in exact proportions and colors, but in reduced sizes compared to nature and in an inverted form.
E that property of the dark room (or camera obscura) was known to the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle, who lived in the IV century BC.
The principle of operation of the pinhole camera was described in his writings by Leonardo da Vinci.
It is known that glasses were invented in the XIII century.
The eyeglass then migrated to the telescope of Galileo Galilei.
In Russia, the great scientist M. V. Lomonosov initiated the development of high power pipes and optical devices.
The time came when a pinhole camera began to be called a box with a biconvex lens in the front wall and a translucent paper or frosted glass in the back wall.
Such a device reliably served for mechanical sketching of objects of the outside world.
It was enough to put the inverted image straight with the help of a mirror and circle it with a pencil on a piece of paper.
In the middle of the XVIII century in Russia, for example, there was a camera obscura, called "a machine for removing perspex", made in the form of a camping tent.
With its help, views of St. Petersburg, Peterhof, Krondstatt and other Russian cities were documented.
It was "a photo before a photo".
The work of the draftsman was simplified.
But people are working to fully mechanize the drawing process, to learn not only to focus the "light drawing" in the pinhole camera, but also to securely fix it on the plane by chemical means.
However, if in optics the prerequisites for the invention of light painting were formed many centuries ago, then in chemistry they became possible only in the 18th century, when chemistry as a science reached sufficient development.
One of the most important contributions to the creation of real conditions for the invention of a method for converting an optical image into a chemical process in a photosensitive layer was the discovery of a young Russian amateur chemist, later a famous statesman and diplomat, A. P. Bestuzhev Ryumin (1693-1766) and a German anatomist and surgeon I. G. Schulze (1687 - 1744).
While composing liquid medicinal mixtures in 1725, Bestuzhev Ryumin discovered that iron salt solutions change color under the influence of sunlight.
Two years later, Schulze also presented evidence of the sensitivity of bromine salts to light.
Scientists and inventors from different countries began purposeful work on the chemical fixation of the light image in the pinhole camera only in the first third of the XIX century.
The best results were achieved by the now world famous Frenchmen Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833), Louis Jacques Mandet Daguerre (1787-1851) and the Englishman William Fox Henry Talbot (1800 - 1877).
They are considered to be the inventors of photography.
Although attempts to obtain a photographic image were carried out as early as the 17th century, the year of the invention of photography is considered to be 1839, when the so called daguerreotype appeared in Paris.
Based on his own research and the experiments of Nicephore Niepce, the French inventor Louis Daguerre managed to photograph a person and get a stable photo image.
Compared to earlier experiments, the exposure time was reduced (less than 1 min).
The fundamental difference between the daguerreotype and modern photography is getting a positive, not a negative, which made it impossible to get copies.
Introduction How to choose a camera — where to start — Objectively about the lens — the Camera size — My favorite color — the Memory on a photo — a Computer on a shoestring — Pro power — the more complex, the easier the Scan is just the Originals for scanning — scan Algorithm — color Correction and color models — Methods of color correction — color Correction in Lab — Filtering and technical retouching — System color management color Correction with Adjustment Layers correct errors of the exposition color Theory — the color from the start — a New model of digital color — Museum color models — a Dictionary of color theory — More detailed dictionary is a Harmonious blend of colors Processing of
digital photos — the Basics of retouching and digital noise — the problem of angle and exposure — red eye Tips for beginners photographers Iron rule of a bad photograph Digital photosbuy — Shooting in different conditions — the Ultimate image processing — Storing photos — the Constant practice of the History of photography is How it all began...
— Pictures of Niepce — Pictures of Talbot Images Daguerre Photography in Russia — the Further development of photography, the History of the creation of Photoshop How to work with layers in Photoshop — the Histogram Color histogram — Logarithmically — Levels — Levels and contrast — output levels — Colorful levels — Auto levels — Levels in black and white photos — Levels when scanning — Levels in CMYK color Levels and brightness arithmetic Curves Mask color saturation Christmas brush in Photoshop
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