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Tolstoy, L. N. Tolstoy full biography
Jun 19 • Examples of Success • No Comments on Tolstoy, L. N. Tolstoy full biography
L. N. Tolstoy.
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Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (August 28, 1828, Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province — November 7, 1910, Astapovo Station (now Lev Tolstoy station), Ryazan Ural railway) was a count, Russian writer.
Childhood
Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family.
His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members, he was well aware of “her spirit form”: some traits of the mother (a brilliant education, sensitivity to art, the propensity for reflection and even a resemblance Tolstoy gave Duchess Marie Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya (“War and peace”).
Tolstoy's father, a participant in the Patriotic War, remembered by the writer with a good naturedly mocking character, a love of reading, hunting (he served as the prototype of Nikolai Rostov), also died early (1837).
A distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy, was engaged in raising children: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.”
Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as a rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”.
Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova.
In 1844, Tolstoy entered the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy at Kazan University, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his classes did not arouse his lively interest and he passionately devoted himself to secular entertainment.
In the spring of 1847, having submitted a petition for dismissal from the university “due to disturbed health and domestic circumstances”, Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention to study the entire course of legal sciences (to pass the exam externally), "practical medicine”, languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting".
"The turbulent life of the youth period”
After a summer in the country, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story “The Morning of the Landowner”, 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to hold candidate exams at the university.
His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, then passionately devoted himself to music, then intended to start an official career, then dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment.
Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, trips to the gypsies.
In his family, he was considered “the most trifling fellow”, and he managed to pay off the debts made at that time only many years later.
However, it is these years that are colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life.
At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go to the Caucasus together.
For almost three years Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in military operations (at first voluntarily, then he was accepted for service).
The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person of an educated society, provided the material for the autobiographical story “The Cossacks” (1852-63).
Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Logging" (1855), as well as in the late story “Hadji Murad” (1896-1904, published in 1912).
After returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this " wild land, in which two most opposite things are so strangely and poetically combined war and freedom."
In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the magazine” Sovremennik", without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories “Adolescence”, 1852-54, and “Youth”, 1855-57, he made an autobiographical trilogy).
His literary debut immediately brought Tolstoy real recognition.
In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army, in Bucharest.
The boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Nicholas).
Anna and medals).
In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a series of” Sevastopol stories“, which were soon printed and had a huge success (even Alexander II read the essay” Sevastopol in December").
Tolstoy's first works impressed literary critics with the boldness of psychological analysis and the detailed picture of the "dialectics of the soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
Some ideas that appeared during these years allow us to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion” —" the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion”"
In the circle of writers and abroad
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of the "Contemporary" (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature” (Nekrasov).
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of a Literary fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts of writers, but he felt like a stranger in this environment, as he described in detail later in Confessions (1879-82): “These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself.”
In the autumn of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 — abroad.
He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the autumn, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
Folk school
In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to organize more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw A. I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which mostly did not satisfy the writer.
Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be " the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana "with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as the “Abc” and “New Abc" compiled by him in the early 1870s.
In 1862, in the absence of Tolstoy, a search was conducted in Yasnaya Polyana (they were looking for a secret printing house).
"War and Peace "(1863-69)
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen year old daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household cares.
However, since the autumn of 1863, he has been captured by a new literary idea, which for a long time was called “One Thousand eight hundred and fifth year”.
The time of the novel's creation was a period of spiritual uplift, family happiness and quiet solitary work.
Tolstoy read the memoirs and correspondence of people of the Alexander era (including the materials of Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, went to the Borodino field, moving slowly through many editorial offices (his wife helped him a lot in copying manuscripts, thereby refuting the jokes of friends that she was still so young, as if playing with dolls), and only at the beginning of 1865 published the first part of War and Peace in the Russian Messenger.
The novel was read excitedly, caused a lot of responses, striking with the combination of a wide epic canvas with a subtle psychological analysis, with a vivid picture of private life, organically inscribed in history.
Heated debates provoked the subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history.
There were reproaches that the writer "entrusted" the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of the novel about the Patriotic War was really an answer to the problems that worried the Russian post reform society.
Tolstoy himself characterized his idea as an attempt to " write the history of the people” and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature (“it will not fit any form, neither a novel, nor a story, nor a poem, nor a story”).
"Anna Karenina” (1873-77)
In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of modern society, building a composition on the opposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of a young landowner Konstantin Levin, who is close to the writer himself both in lifestyle, beliefs, and psychological drawing.
The beginning of the work coincided with a passion for Pushkin's prose: Tolstoy strove for the simplicity of the syllable, for the external lack of appreciation of the tone, paving his way to the new style of the 1880s, especially to folk stories.
Only tendentious criticism interpreted the novel as a love affair.
The meaning of the existence of the "educated class" and the deep truth of peasant life — this range of issues, close to Levin and alien to most of the characters even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, especially for F. M. Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated "Anna Karenina" in the "Writer's Diary". ”
The family thought " (the main one in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin's merciless self revelations, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy himself in the 1880s, but matured during the work on the novel.
Fracture (1880s)
The course of the revolution that took place in Tolstoy's consciousness was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the characters, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These characters occupy a central place in the novels "The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), "Father Sergius “(1890-98, published in 1912), the drama” The Living Corpse “(1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story” After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911).
Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his spiritual drama: drawing pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a pointed form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to himself and to society, criticized all state institutions, going so far as to deny science, art, the court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization.
The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession” (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles" On the census in Moscow” (1882), " So what should we do?” (1882-86, published in full in 1906)
, "On the Famine” (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian in 1954)," What is art?"(1897-98)
, “The Slavery of Our Time” (1900, fully published in Russia in 1917), "About Shakespeare and the Drama” (1906)," I canot be silent "(1908).
Tolstoy's social Declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral teaching, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are interpreted by him in a humanistic way as the basis of the world brotherhood of people.
This complex problem involves the analysis of the gospel and critical studies theological writings, which are devoted to religious philosophical treatises Tolstoy “the Study of dogmatic theology” (1879-80), “the Connection and translation of the four Gospels” (1880-81), “what is my faith” (1884), “the Kingdom of God is within you” (1893).
A stormy reaction in the society was accompanied by expressed by a Fat calls for a direct and immediate adherence to the Christian commandments.
In particular, his preaching of non resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works dramas “The power of darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the whole bird is lost” (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified,” artless " manner.
Along with the similar works of V. M. Garshin, N. S. Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the Intermediary publishing house, founded by V. G. Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of the Intermediary as " an expression in artistic images of the teaching of Christ”, “so that it would be possible to read this book to an old man, a woman, a child and so that both of them would be interested, touched and feel kinder.”
Within the framework of the new worldview and ideas about Christianity, Tolstoy opposed Christian dogmatics and criticized the rapprochement of the church with the state, which led him to complete separation from the Orthodox Church.
In 1901, the Synod reacted: the internationally recognized writer and preacher was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public outcry.
"Resurrection" (1889-99)
Tolstoy's last novel embodied the whole range of problems that worried him during the years of the turning point.
The main character, Dmitry Nekhludov, who is spiritually close to the author, goes through the path of moral purification, leading him to active good.
The narrative is built on a system of emphasized evaluative oppositions that expose the unreasonableness of the social structure (the beauty of nature and the falsity of the social world, the truth of peasant life and the falseness that prevails in the life of the educated strata of society).
The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy a frank, brought to the fore “tendency " (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning — were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
Care and death
The years of the turning point abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (Tolstoy's proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp dissatisfaction of family members, especially his wife).
Tolstoy's personal drama was reflected in his diary entries.
Late in the autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82 year old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small railway station Astapovo.
Here, in the stationmaster's house, he has spent the last seven days your life.
The reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already gained world fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker, a preacher of the new faith, were followed by the whole of Russia.
The funeral of Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of a nationwide scale.
www.levtolstoy.ru/tbiography
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