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Silicon Valley
English: Silicon Valley
The center of the city of San Jose, called the capital of Silicon Valley 37°22' s.
w.
122°02 ' s.
d. / 37.37° s.
w.
122.04° s.
d. / 37.37; -122.04 (G) (O) (I)Coordinates: 37°22 's.
w.
122°02' s.
d. / 37.37° s.
w.
122.04° s.
d. / 37.37; -122.04 (G) (O) (I) Country USA USA Region California
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley on Wikimedia Commons
Silicon Valley (etymologically correct translation[1][2][3] — Silicon Valley (ангsɪləkənəvæli]) is the southwestern part of the consolidated metropolitan Statistical Area (conurbation agglomerations) San Francisco in the state of California (USA), characterized by a large density of high tech companies associated with the development and production of computers and their components, especially microprocessors, as well as software, mobile communication devices, biotechnology, etc.
The emergence and development of this technological center is associated with the concentration of leading universities, large cities less than an hour away, sources of financing for new companies, as well as a Mediterranean type climate.
Despite the creation of a number of other innovation clusters in the United States and other countries, Silicon Valley remains the leading center of this kind — in particular, receiving a third of all venture capital investments made in the United States[4].
Content
1 Origin and use of the name 2 Geography 3 History of the valley as a technological center 3.1 Stanford Industrial Park 3.2 The emergence of the semiconductor industry
4 Economic status 4.1 Attitude to immigration 4.2 Companies
5 Universities 6 Cities in the Valley 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References
The origin and use of the name[edit / edit wiki text]
The original English name of the valley Silicon Valley comes from the use of silicon as a semiconductor in the production of semiconductor devices (diodes, transistors, microcircuits).
It was with this industry that the history of the valley as a technological center began.
This name was first used on January 11, 1971 by journalist Don Hoefler, when he began publishing a series of articles called "Silicon Valley USA" [5].
San Francisco
Silicon Valley
Los Angeles
San Fernando Valley
Location of Silicon Valley and the San Fernando Valley
Russian version of the name "Silicon valley" has arisen from the similarity of writing English terms silicon[ˈsɪlɪkən] (silicon) and silicone [sɪlɪˈkəʊn] (silicone, polyorganosiloxane) (see false friends).
Since silicone has become known as a material for breast augmentation, in English language sources[6] " Silicon Valley "(that is, the English Silicon Valley [ssɪlɪkəʊn ˈvæli]) is sometimes called another place — the San Fernando Valley (also known as"pornodolina").
Occasionally, in the English language popular literature, [7] there is an incorrect spelling of Silicon Valley as Silicon.
Criticizing such a mistake, back in 1984, Steve Gibson, president of Gibson Laboratories, in an article about the production of microcircuits published in the magazine Infoworld, noted[3]: "... integrated circuits are created from thin, round, flat plates of ultra pure silicon.
This is by no means the same as silicone.
Silicon Valley is what some Hollywood actresses see when they look at their feet.
Silicon Valley is a place in Northern California where microchips are made."
The original text (English)
…integrated circuits (ICs) begin as thin, round, and flat sheets… of ultrapure silicon (sil'-i con).
This is not the same as silicone.
Silicone Valley is what some Hollywood actresses see when they look toward their toes.
Silicon Valley is the part of Northern California where chips are made.
Modern Russian dictionaries fix it as a variant of "Silicon Valley"[8][9][10][11][12][13][14], so is the option "Silicon Valley"[15][16][17][18][19][20][21], and in some of them both variants of use are allowed[22][23][24][25][2][26].
The word silicon is translated from English into Russian as silicon, silicon; its translation as silicone, silicone is an error[27], but in some dictionaries such an erroneous [27] translation is also present[28].
In the USSR, the expression "Silicon Valley" became known to specialists, mainly through the magazine " Electronics "(translation of the American magazine Electronics), published by the publishing house"Mir".
For example, in the special anniversary issue of the magazine on page 88 we read: "...this enterprise ... turned out to be the seed from which the entire semiconductor industry in the Santa Clara area (the so called Silicon Valley) grew"[29].
Grigory Rafailovich Gromov, a well known researcher of trends in the development of the IT industry who lives directly in California[30] - the author of a number of books, articles and lecture cycles on information technologies [31] — has been using only the name "Silicon Valley" since the 1980s: This is the name given in the United States to the territory of the state of California, where about half of the country's entire scientific and technical potential in the field of electronics and computer technology is concentrated
- Productivity of programmers: facts and legends[32]
In Russian language publications (original and translated), either one or another designation is used, for example: Silicon Valley in the books of Werner Ruegemer[33], Elton B. Sherwin[34], Dean Lane[35]; Silicon Valley in the book by Michael Lewis[36].
In 2009, the expression "Silicon Valley" was used by Dmitry Medvedev in the annual Address of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly[37].
And although Medvedev himself sometimes calls the valley Silicon Valley, at the end of his trip to the United States in 2010, he said: I, however, noticed yesterday that we are all being called to call Silicon Valley in Russia after all Silicon Valley.
Let's do this, there is no difference for Americans,but we have nuances.
So, everything was very interesting in Silicon Valley, it's true.
- Presidential Commission for Modernization and Technological Development of the Russian Economy
The same name is used in the dictionary entry "Silicon Valley" on the official website of the President of Russia[38].
In many countries, the concept of "Silicon Valley" has become a household name[39].
It is often used when describing other high tech technoparks.
Geography[edit / edit wiki text]
Silicon Valley is a conditional concept and, for example, is not cartographically designated.
Initially, Silicon Valley was designated as the territory located in the south of the San Francisco Peninsula in California, extending from Stanford University to the San Francisco Bay in the northeast, the northern ranges of the Santa Cruz Mountains in the west and the coast range in the southeast.
Before urbanization, this territory was dominated by orchards (due to the mild climate of the Mediterranean type), and it was called the Valley of Heart's Delight.
Currently, Silicon Valley geographically includes the urbanized northern part of the Santa Clara Valley and the areas of the San Francisco Peninsula adjacent to it from the northwest and the eastern shore of the San Francisco Bay from the northeast.
It extends from San Mateo and Palo Alto on the peninsula to Fremont on the eastern shore of the Bay, through San Jose, centered approximately in Sunnyvale.
That is, it implies the area between the Russian Ridge, Monte Bello Ridge and the Coastal Ridge, combining the northern part of the Santa Clara Valley, bounded by the Coyote Peak Mountains, the West Valley, Almaden, Evergreen, Palm and Mission[source not specified 2094 days].
However, due to the understanding of Silicon Valley as an area of concentration of high tech companies, there are geographical exceptions.
For example, the corridor through the Santa Cruz Mountains, along which the CA 17 highway passes through the city of Scots Valley to the city of Santa Cruz, located much to the south, is also considered part of Silicon Valley, due to the location of some enterprises there and the department of the University of California, which trains specialists, including for the NASA Joseph Ames Research Center for the study of the Moon and Mars, located in Mountain View.
Along with this, the cities of Livermore and Pleasanton, located much to the northeast, in the Livermore Valley, can also sometimes be attributed to Silicon Valley, mainly due to the location in the first of some divisions of a number of companies specializing in software (for example, Symantec,Oracle Corporation, AT&T, Sage Software, BMC Software); and in the second, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of NASA and the California department of the Sandia National Laboratory, institutions for the research and development of nuclear technologies, lasers, supercomputers (for example, BlueGene/L), alternative energy sources, etc.
However, these cities are primarily attributed to another region — the "Three Valleys" (Eng. Tri Valley), allocated on the east coast of the San Francisco Bay as a traditional environmentally friendly and wine growing region.
As a rule, environmental organizations insist on this[40].
The capital of the valley is sometimes informally called the city of San Jose.
View from the west of the northern zone of the city of San Jose (city center on the left in the distance) and other parts of the valley
The history of the valley as a technological center[edit / edit wiki text]
The San Francisco Bay Area has long been the main place for the development and research of US Navy structures.
In 1909, Charles Herold founded the first radio station in the United States, developed in San Jose.
A year later, Stanford graduate Cyril Elville acquired a patent for radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation in Palo Alto.
Over the next decade, his company (FTC) created the world's first global radio network, and signed a contract with the US Navy in 1912.
In 1933, a Navy station was opened at Sunnyvale Air Base by the US government.
A hangar (later called Hangar No. 1) was built at this station for the airship USS Macon.
Then this station was renamed Moffett Field and in the period 1933-1947 was the home of military airships.
The number of technology companies created around the airbase to serve its needs grew.
After the US Navy curtailed its airship development programs and the Navy station moved to San Diego, their place was taken by the National Advisory Council of Aeronautics (the predecessor of NASA), which was engaged in advanced research in the field of aviation.
Stanford Industrial Park[edit / edit wiki text]
The garage in Palo Alto where HP started working
One of the key moments of the valley's development was the creation of the Stanford Industrial Park.
After World War II, the number of students at Stanford University increased dramatically and there was a need for additional finances.
The university owned a large plot of land (about 32 km2), which it had no right to sell (in accordance with the will of the founder of the university, Leland Stanford).
In this situation, the dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Professor Frederick Terman, proposed to lease the land for a long term lease for use as an office park.
Thus, the educational institution began to receive income from land rent, and companies could use leasing instruments.
The introduction of restrictions on such rent for high tech companies allowed us to solve the second main problem of the university — Stanford graduates were able to find a job in the immediate vicinity of their Alma Mater; the problems of companies related to the search for highly qualified specialists were also solved.
Terman had previously advised his students to start companies near the university, he was, in particular, a mentor to Hewlett and Packard, who founded Hewlett Packard (HP) in 1939.
HP is symbolically considered the first company in Silicon Valley, although it did not produce semiconductors until the early 1960s.
The first company that moved to the Stanford Industrial Park was Varian Associates (an inventor and manufacturer of klystrons).
In 1951, the company signed a lease agreement, and in 1953 it moved to the first built building of the complex.
Soon the offices of Eastman Kodak, General Electric, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, Lockheed, Hewlett Packard and other companies were opened there.
Frederick Terman is now called one of the " fathers of Silicon Valley "(eng.
The Father of Silicon Valley)[41][42].
The emergence of the semiconductor industry[edit / edit wiki text]
The building in Palo Alto, where the "Treacherous Eight" created the first practical integrated circuit
Another" father " of the valley is the physicist William Shockley.
While working at Bell Labs, Shockley, together with two other researchers, discovered the transistor effect and created the first germanium bipolar transistor.
The researchers received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
For a number of reasons (personal, career and scientific), Shockley left the company and moved to California.
There, in 1955-56, with the financial assistance of Arnold Beckman, he founded the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View.
One of the main tasks of the new company was to develop a technology for using silicon in the production of transistors (instead of a more expensive and less resistant to high temperature semiconductor material — germany).
Shockley managed to gather young talented researchers, but his authoritarian management style and passion for a 4 layer diode (resembling a modern thyristor) led to the fact that 8 employees (the"Treacherous Eight") left the company and created Fairchild Semiconductor.
Shockley's company continued to be unprofitable and was eventually sold.
Shockley himself went to work as a teacher at Stanford.
The discoverer of the transistor effect and the author of the most important works on the theory of semiconductors at the end of his life, he considered his contribution to genetics (in fact, to eugenics) to be his main achievement[43].
Fairchild Semiconductor began producing silicon transistors shortly after its foundation.
The company turned out to be a successful commercial project and one of the leaders of electronics in the field of research and development of semiconductor elements and semiconductor devices.
The process of formation of the California technopark of Silicon Valley developed further in this way by" dividing the cores " of startups avalanche like …
Among the most famous startups — at one of the first stages of the development of the "chain reaction" of their growth discussed here — was Intel, which was founded by two of the Traitorous Eight team that had previously escaped from Shockley — Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, after leaving Fairchild Semiconductor for this purpose.
It is in this way — for the first 20 years after leaving Shockley — only the above mentioned eight of his "traitors" created 65 enterprises, which in turn ... etc. [44]
In 1959, Robert Noyce invented the silicon integrated circuit almost simultaneously with the germanium integrated circuit of Texas Instruments.
For several years, the main customer of integrated circuits was the state.
In particular, the onboard computers of the Apollo series spacecraft were assembled on the basis of integrated circuits of the Fairchild Semiconductor company (Texas Instruments developed and manufactured microchips for intercontinental ballistic missiles — Minuteman 2).
In the mid 60s, the cost of semiconductor integrated circuits fell sharply[45].
This decline has led to significant demand from computer manufacturers and industry.
As a result, venture capital began to show interest in the industry.
Economic status[edit / edit wiki text]
Adobe
Agilent
AMD
eBay
Google
Intel
Oracle
Yahoo!
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You can help the project by updating it and then removing this template.
According to data for 2006, Silicon Valley is the third largest technology center in the United States (by the number of people employed in the high — tech sector 225,300 jobs) after New York and Washington.
According to other data, more than 386,000 IT specialists work in the San Francisco Bay Area, which gives the right to Silicon Valley to be considered the largest technology center in the United States.
For every 1000 employees, there are 286 IT workers.
Incomes in Silicon Valley are significantly higher than the US average.
Thus, the average family income in 2006-2008 was estimated at 76.5 thousand dollars per year[46].
For about half of the families, this income consisted of the earnings of two (or more) family members[47][48].
Attitude to immigration[edit / edit wiki text]
According to The Verge resource, currently difficulties with obtaining visas for foreigners complicate the situation of immigrants in Silicon Valley.
If from 1995 to 2005 the share of Silicon Valley companies with at least one founder or co founder of an immigrant was 52 %, then in October 2012 it was approaching 44 %, which gives reason to talk about a" brain drain " from Silicon Valley[49].
Companies[edit / edit wiki text]
This section is an unordered list of various facts about the subject of the article.
Please put the information in an encyclopedic form and put it in the appropriate sections of the article.
According to the decision of the Arbitration Committee of Wikipedia, it is preferable to base the lists on secondary generalizing authoritative sources containing the criteria for including elements in the list.
Silicon Valley is home to the headquarters of many technology companies that were included in the Fortune 1000 list at various times including:
Adobe AMD Agilent Apple Altera Applied Materials BEA Systems (absorbed by Oracle) Cisco eBay Electronic Arts Facebook Google Hewlett Packard Intel Intuit Inc. ( absorbed by Seagate Technology)
NetApp National Semiconductor Nvidia Oracle Sun Microsystems (absorbed by Oracle) SanDisk Symantec Yahoo!
Xerox
In addition, representative offices, development centers, and separate divisions of many well known technology companies are located in Silicon Valley.
Universities[edit / edit wiki text]
San Jose State University Santa Clara University Stanford University University of California Santa Cruz
Cities in the valley[edit / edit wiki text]
Campbell (English) Russian. (Campbell)
Belmont (English)Russian. (Belmont)
Cupertino (Cupertino) Fremont (Fremont) Los Altos (Los Altos) Los Gatos (English)Russian. (Los Gatos)
Menlo Park (Menlo Park) Mountain View (Mountain View) Milpitas (Milpitas) Morgan Hill (Morgan Hill) Palo Alto (Palo Alto) Redwood City (Redwood City) San Jose (San Jose) Santa Clara (Santa Clara) Saratoga (Saratoga) Sunnyvale
Cities that are sometimes associated with Silicon Valley
Livermore Newark (Newark) Scotts Valley (Scotts Valley) Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz) Union City (Union City)
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Silicon Forest Computer History Museum San Francisco Bay Area Pirates of Silicon Valley
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ The name of the valley: English.
Silicon Valley [ˈsɪlɪkən ˈvæli]; silicon: English.
silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən]; silicone (polyorganosiloxane): English: silicone [ssɪlɪkəən].
↑ 1 2 Popova L. P., Mokina N. R., Zakharova G. V. English Russian dictionary Abbyy Lingvo.
- Moscow: ABBYY Press, 2009 — - 884 p.
- ISBN 9785391000228.
silicon n chemical.
silicon Valley, Silicon (or rather Silicon) Valley (an area in California known for its high concentration of high tech electronics industry enterprises) ↑ 1 2 Steve Gibson.
Stencils and spray paint.
InfoWorld Jul 23, 1984.
p.
43. ↑ Q1 2010 US results.
MoneyTree™ Report..
PricewaterhouseCoopers.
National Venture Capital Association.
(April 16, 2010).
Checked on May 2, 2011.
↑ The history of the origin of the name "Silicon Valley".
Source: Digital Equipment Corporation,
1996.Fr Frank Rich.
Naked Capitalists.
// Gender, race, and class in media.
SAGE, 2003.
p.
49. ↑ Robert D. Oberst.
2020 Web Vision: How the Internet Will Revolutionize Future Homes, Business & Society.
Universal Publishers, 2001.
p. 141.
↑ " SILICON Valley (Silicon Valley), a locality in the U.S., pcs.
California.
Center for the production of microelectronics products, computers, informats. systems".
/ / Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, V. And Borodulin.
Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary.
- The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2000.
- Vol. 1 — - 1024 p. - 250,000 copies.
— ISBN 5-85270-324-9.
СИЛИКО " SILICON Valley( Silicon Valley), a journalistic cliche for the Santa Clara Valley in the state of California (USA), to SE.
from San Francisco.
// Dictionary of modern geographical names/ Under the general ed. academician V. M. Kotlyakov.
- Electronic edition.
- Yekaterinburg: U Faktoriya, 2006.
↑ Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Ed.
Lopatin V. V. - Electronic version, " DIPLOMA.
<url>" — - 2001-2007.
Such an article exists according to the data of the Diploma.
Ru ↑ " PARK: [scientific and] industrial, technological.
p . (technopark)
- scientific and industrial (production) conglomerate, development.
and implementing scientific and technical.
innovations( naukograd), an effective form of combining science and production; one of the first and most famous is the Silicon Valley in California in the USA" / / N. T. Bunimovich, Vladimir Afanasyevich Makarenko.
Dictionary of modern concepts and terms / Vladimir Afanasyevich Makarenko.
- Republic, 2002.
- 526 p — - 5000 copies.
— ISBN 5-250-01819 X. ТЕХ "TECHNOPOLIS ..."
Research Triangle "(North Carolina) and " Silicon Valley "(California). "
//Market economy: a dictionary / Grigory Yakovlevich Kiperman.
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Новей The latest dictionary of foreign words and expressions / V. V. Adamchik.
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Васили Vasily Petrovich Kolesov, A. P. Sysoev, Vasily Mikhailovich Shupyro, I. V. Usov.
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— ISBN 5-7218-0727 X. ↑ Either "Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is the nickname of the area around Palo Alto and Sunnyvale in the Santa Clara Valley in Northern California", or "Silicon Valley is the nickname of the area around Palo Alto and Sunnyvale in the Santa Clara Valley in Northern California".
/ / English Russian explanatory Dictionary of terms and abbreviations on VT, the Internet and programming.
© 1998-2006, E. M. Prokhodakov, L. A. Teplitsky.
13.8 thousand articles.
↑ The first intelligent BES.
Large encyclopedic dictionary.
- M.: Norint, Ripoll Classic, 2004 — - 2144 p — - 4000 copies.
— ISBN 5771102075.
Silicon Valley is the name of an industrial conurbation located in the United States, on a Z piece.
California ...
↑ The latest BES.
Encyclopedic dictionary.
- Moscow: Ripoll Classic, 2010 — - ISBN 9785386022976.
Silicon Valley is the name of an industrial conurbation located in the United States, on a Z piece.
California ...
↑ Mostitsky I. L. English Russian encyclopedic dictionary.
Computers, Internet, communication, audio, video, television and radio engineering.
- Moscow: DODEKA XXI, 2008 — - 2144 p — - 2000 copies.
— ISBN 9785941201990.
↑ "Silicon Valley Silicon Valley (in the USA)" / / Russian English Physical Dictionary.
"RUSSO", 2003, Novikov V. D. et al.
Russian Russian index to the Russian English Physical Dictionary*.
76 thousand articles ↑ English Russian index to the Russian English physical Dictionary*.
81 thousand articles.
↑ New English Russian Dictionary of Radio electronics.
"Russo", 2005, Lisovsky F. V. 100 thousand terms and 7 thousand abbreviations.
↑ "SILICON Valley — (Silicon Valley) (Silicon Valley), the area on 3.
USA, pcs.
California.
Center for the production of microelectronics products, computers, informats. systems".
/ / Natural Science: An encyclopedic dictionary.
- Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2003 — - 544 p.
— (Gold Fund).
- 10,000 copies.
— ISBN 5-7107-7315-8.
↑ "Silicon Glenn — "Silicon Valley", part of central Scotland..., where in the 70-80 years The twentieth century. the microelectronic industry developed rapidly... (cf. Silicon Valley)."
"Silicon Prairie — "Silicon prairie", the vicinity of Dallas..., related to the production of computers."
"Silicon Valley —" Silicon / Silicon Valley", an area south of San Francisco..., where high tech production, including computers, is concentrated. "
/ / Leonovich O. A.
A short dictionary of English nicknames.
- Moscow: Higher School, 2007 ↑ Silicon Valley "Silicon Valley" ("Silicon Valley") The name of the area in the west of the state of California, south of San Francisco, where high tech production is concentrated, including using semiconductor silicon boards…
The world owes "Silicon Valley" such inventions as a personal computer, a microprocessor, a silicon wafer, contact lenses, a musical synthesizer, a Hubble telescope, etc .
/ / English Russian linguistic and cultural dictionary "Americana II".
Edited by Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor G. V. Chernov.
© M. V. Vasyanin, O. N. Grishina, I. V. Zubanova, A. N. Natarov, E. B. Sannikova, O. A. Tarkhanova, G. V. Chernov, S. G. Chernov; 2005.
More than 21 thousand articles.
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The American version.
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S. Valley Silicone Valley, Silicon/Silicon Valley (the area of production of trace elements for electronics in California) ↑ 1 2 See for example.
ABBYY Lingvo — silicon, Pocket Oxford Russian Dictionary © 2006 Oxford University Press: silicon.
See also the definitions of words in Oxford dictionaries online: silicon — "the chemical element of atomic number 14...", silicon — "any of a class of synthetic materials which are polymers with a chemical structure based on chains of alternate silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms..." sil silicon ['silikən] n chemical.
silicon; silicone.
/ Adamchik N. V. Big English Russian dictionary.
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Электроника Electronics: the past, the present, the future.
Trans.
from English / Ed. chl.
- corr.
V. I. Siforov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow: Mir, 1980.
Блог Grigory Gromov's blog in LiveJournal.
Gromov G. R. Computer industry: structural shifts on the threshold of the 80s.
- Pushchino: NCBI, 1981 — - 56 s; Gromov G. R.
On the pages of the journal "Computer bridge".
- M.: Nauka, 1990 — - 206 with ISBN 5-02-014833-4; Programmer's Reference book.
Personal computers / Edited by G. R. Gromov.
- M.: InfoArt, 1991 — - 233 with ISBN 5-87278-004-4; Programmer's Reference book.
Personal computers / Edited by G. R. Gromov.
- M.: InfoArt, 1992 — - 185 with ISBN 5-87278-009-5; Gromov G. R. Essays on information technology.
- M.: InfoArt, 1992; Gromov G. R. Essays on information technology / 2nd ed., reprint.
and add.
- Moscow: InfoArt, 1993 — - 331c.
ISBN 5-87278-003-6; Gromov G. R.
From hyperbook to hyperbrain: information technologies of the Internet era: essays, dialogues, essays.
- Moscow: Radio and Communications, 2004.
- 204 with ISBN 5-256-01731-4 ↑ In the book: Gromov G. R. National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation.
- Moscow: Nauka, 1984; Gromov G. R. National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation.
- M.: Nauka, 1985.
Рю Ryugemer V.
New technology — old society: Silicon valley (Pref.
I. T. Frolova, G. L. The Belkin).
— M.: Politizdat, 1988.
— 252 with ISBN 5-250-00615-9 ↑ Sherwin E. B. put Silicon valley: a set of basic rules for achieving success in the sphere of high technologies ("The Silicon valley way", translated from English. M. Panova).
— M.: AST; Transitkniga, 2004 — - 204 with ISBN 5-17-024998-5 Лей Lane d.
Enlightened CIO: the best examples of Silicon valley ("Best Practices from Silicon Valley''s Leading IT Experts", TRANS. from English. O. Zalivnoe).
— M.: Al'pina Biznes Buks, 2005.
— 498 with ISBN 5-9614-0233-9 ↑ Lewis M. the Latest novelty: a History of Silicon valley ("The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story", transl. from eng. B. Pinsker).
— M.: Olimp business, 2004.
— 383 with ISBN 5-901028-70-8 ↑ presidential address to the Federal Assembly (12 November 2009).
Archived from the original on 25 August 2011.
↑ Glossary of terms // the Russian President's Website (Accessed 7 October 2010) ↑ "Technologies and products of Silicon valley in a short time changed the world, and she became a household concept and role model in many countries."
Silicone (silicon) valleys in the countries of the world.
Reference.
RIAN (22/03/2010).
Verified on August 29, 2010.
Archived from the original source on August 25, 2011.
Tr Tri Valley Communities Against a Radioactive Environment — The official website of the local society for the fight against Nuclear Technologies. (English)
↑ TaJnai C. E. The Father of Silicon Valley // Article by the head of the Stanford Computer Forum in 1988-1997, Carolyn E. Tajnai 1985, on the website "Network Valley" (English) Гром Gromov G. R.
The history of Silicon Valley briefly about the main thing / / Chapter from the book: "From hyperbook to hyperbrain: information technologies of the Internet era.
Essays, dialogues, essays".
- Moscow: Radio and Communications, 2004.
- 204 with ISBN 5-256-01731-4 Горд Gordon Moore.
"William Shockley".
The website of the magazine "Time" (29.03.1999).
Checked on January 22, 2009.
Archived from the original source on August 25, 2011.
Правовой A 100 year long legal bridge: from the El Dorado gold mines to the" golden " startups of Silicon Valley.
Grigory Gromov.
Netvalley.com, 2010 ↑ Max Blank.
The birth of the US computer industry.
Part 3..
3DNews website (21.05.2004).
Checked on January 21, 2009.
↑ San Francisco Bay Area Census ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, 2005—2009 American Community Survey ↑ U.S. Employment Characteristics of Families Summary.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ↑ Amar Toor.
Can Obama's immigration reform stop Silicon Valley's brain drain?
(English).
The Verge.
— (translation of the Pole of the World).
Verified on February 11, 2013.
Archived from the original source on February 15, 2013..
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Oleg Delendyk (Oleg Delendyk).
Silicon Valley — Silicon or Silicon Valley?
Is a new Silicon Valley possible?
Lecture by Pierre Desrocher on the international experience of creating economic innovation clusters "Silicon Valley History" by Gregory R. Gromov (English)
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Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon Valley&oldid=77938468"
Categories: Valleys alphabetically Silicon Valley Agglomeration of California
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