History of Russia
Summary, cheat sheets, answers to tickets
1-10 century
The Rurik Dynasty
Prince Rurik
Prince Oleg the Prophetic
Establishment of polyudya
Prince Igor Rurikovich
Princess Olga
Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich
Prince Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich
Paganism in Ancient Russia
The Baptism of Russia
Rent and serfdom
Formation of the Old Russian state
Features of the political system of Ancient Russia
Eastern Slavs
Fighting against nomads
Pechenegs
The Khazars and the Khazar Khaganate
Polovtsy
Drevlyane
Veche in the Old Russian State
11th century
Material and spiritual culture of Kievan Rus
The period of feudal fragmentation
Kievan Rus in the 11th century
Internecine wars
Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed
Prince Yaroslav the Wise
Lubec Congress
Russian Truth
Construction of the Moscow Kremlin
Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Prince Vseslav Bryachislavich
Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich
12th century
The culture of Russia in the 12th century
Ancient Russia in the 12th century
Prince Vladimir Monomakh
Mstislav 1 the Great
The Tale of bygone years
The reign of Yuri Dolgoruky
The foundation of Moscow
The Board of Andrey Bogolyubsky
Prince Vsevolod Yurievich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
The reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
Russian principalities and lands
The Crusades to Russia
Novgorod Republic
Pskov Principality
Polotsk Principality
Galicia Volyn Principality
Chernihiv Principality
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Vladimir Suzdal Principality
13th century
The Golden Horde
The Mongol Tatar yoke
The Battle of Kalka
Alexander Nevsky and the Battle of Nevsky
Ice battle on Lake Peipsi
Expansion of Russia by German knights and Swedish feudal lords
Unification of Russian lands
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
14th century
The rise of the Moscow Principality
The reign of Ivan Kalita
The Board of Dmitry Donskoy
The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380
15th century
Vasily 2 Dark
Ivan 3 Domestic and foreign policy
Formation of the Russian centralized state
Culture of the 2nd half of the 14th 15th centuries
The judicial code of 1497
Standing on the Ugra River
16th century
Vasily 3 Ivanovich
Ivan the Terrible and his reforms
The Livonian War of 1558-1583
Oprichnina under Ivan 4
The judicial code of 1550
The politics of Boris Godunov
17th century
The turmoil in the history of Russia
Polish Swedish intervention of Russia in the 17th century
False Dmitry 1 and 2
The Peasant Uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov
People's Militia of Minin and Pozharsky
The Romanov Dynasty
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
Tsar Alexey Romanov
Cathedral Code of 1649
The Church schism in Russia
The Uprising of Stepan Razin
Socio economic development of Russia in the 17th century
Education and culture in the 17th century
Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th century
Popular movements in the 17th century
18th century
Russian Foreign Policy in the 18th century
Russian Turkish Wars
The Great Northern War
The history of the foundation of St. Petersburg
The reforms of Peter 1
The Battle of Poltava in 1709
Table of ranks of 1722
The Era of Palace coups
The Reign of Catherine 1
The Reign of Peter 2
Biography of Anna Ioanovna
A brief biography of Ivan 6
Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova
The Reign of Peter 3
The Seven Years ' War of 1756-1763.
The Reign of Catherine 2
The Uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev
Features of the reign of Paul 1
Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich
Count Arakcheev
1 half of the 19th century
Russian foreign Policy in the early 19th century
The crisis of the feudal serf system
The peasant question
Emperor Alexander 1
Speransky.
Life and reforms
Emperor Nicholas 1
The Decembrist Uprising (summary)
The Patriotic War of 1812
The guerrilla War of 1812
Battle of Borodino
2 half of the 19th century
The Crimean War of 1853-1856
The Reign of Alexander 2
Alexander's Reforms 2
Abolition of serfdom in Russia
Financial reforms
Zemstvo reform
Urban reform
Bourgeois reforms in the 60-70s of the 19th century
Judicial reform
Military reform
Finance Minister Witte Sergey Yulievich
Russian culture in the second half of the 19th century
The policy of counter reform of Alexander 3
1 quarter of the 20th century
Stolypin's Reforms
Russian culture of the early 20th century
Russia in the 1st World War
Bloody Sunday
The First World War of 1914-1918.
The Brest Peace Treaty
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Socio economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century
Emperor Nicholas 2 Bloody
The Revolution of 1905-1907
Russian Japanese War of 1904-1905
The Portsmouth Peace Treaty of 1905
The Triple Alliance and the Entente
The February Revolution of 1917
The period of dual power
The October Revolution of 1917
Manifesto of October 17, 1905
The Civil War of 1917-1922
War Communism
The RSFSR in general terms
A. F. Kerensky
Admiral Kolchak
Kornilov Lavr Georgievich
Education of the USSR
The USSR in general terms
New Economic Policy (NEP)
2 quarter of the 20th century
Industrialization in the USSR
Collectivization in the USSR
Foreign policy of the USSR in 20-30 years
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
Leningradskoe delo
Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich
Adolf Hitler
Germany's treacherous attack on the USSR
World War II (1941-1945)
Operation Barbarossa
The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
Defense of the Brest Fortress
The partisan movement in the Patriotic War
The Battle for Moscow (1941-1942)
The Battle of Kiev 1941
The Battle of Smolensk
The main stages of the Battle of Stalingrad
A radical change in the war
Defense of Odessa
The Battle for the Caucasus
Defense of Sevastopol
Crossing the Dnieper
The Siege of Leningrad
Kursk Bulge (1943)
Liberation of Kiev
The end of the war and the Battle for Berlin
3 quarter of the 20th century
The Cold War
Biography of Khrushchev N. S.
Malenkov G. M.
The first flight into space
Kosygin and his reforms
The years of Brezhnev's rule
The Era of Stagnation
Reforms of Andropov Yu.
V.
4 quarter of the 20th century
Perestroika in the USSR
Gorbachev's rise to power
GKChP.
The August Putsch
The collapse of the USSR
Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin
The October Putsch of 1993
The reforms of Peter 1
Most of all, Peter I was interested in the idea of a fleet and the possibility of trade relations with Europe.
To put his ideas into practice, he equipped a Great embassy and visited a number of European countries, where he saw how far Russia has lagged behind in its development.
This event in the life of the young tsar marked the beginning of his transformative activity.
The first reforms of Peter I were aimed at changing the external signs of Russian life: he ordered to shave off beards and ordered to dress in European clothes, introduced music, tobacco, balls and other innovations into the life of Moscow society, which shocked him.
By a decree of December 20, 1699, Peter I approved the chronology of the Nativity of Christ and the celebration of the new year on January 1.
The foreign policy of Peter the Great
The main goal of Peter I's foreign policy was access to the Baltic Sea, which would provide Russia with a link with Western Europe.
In 1699, Russia, having entered into an alliance with Poland and Denmark, declared war on Sweden.
The outcome of the Northern War, which lasted 21 years, was influenced by the victory of the Russians in the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709 and the victory over the Swedish fleet at Gangut on July 27, 1714.
On August 30, 1721, the Nishtadt Peace Treaty was signed, according to which Russia retained the conquered lands of Livonia, Estonia, Ingermanland, part of Karelia and all the islands of the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga.
Access to the Baltic Sea was provided.
In commemoration of the achievements achieved in the Northern War, the Senate and Synod awarded the tsar the title of Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great and Emperor of All Russia on October 20, 1721.
In 1723, after a month and a half of military operations with Persia, Peter I got the western shore of the Caspian Sea.
Simultaneously with the conduct of military operations, the vigorous activity of Peter I was also aimed at carrying out numerous reforms, the purpose of which was to bring the country closer to European civilization, to increase the education of the Russian people, to strengthen the power and international position of Russia.
A great deal has been done by the great king.
here are just the main reforms of Peter I.
Public administration reform of Peter the Great
Instead of the Boyar Duma, the Council of Ministers was created in 1700, which met in the Nearest Chancellery, and in 1711 - the Senate, which by 1719 had become the highest state body.
With the creation of the provinces, numerous Orders ceased their activities, they were replaced by Colleges that were subordinate to the Senate.
The Secret Police also operated in the management system – the Preobrazhensky Order (in charge of state crimes) and the Secret Chancellery.
Both institutions were under the jurisdiction of the Emperor himself.
Administrative reforms of Peter I
Regional (provincial) reform of Peter the Great
The largest administrative reform of local government was the creation in 1708 of 8 provinces headed by governors, in 1719 their number increased to 11.
The second administrative reform divided the provinces into provinces headed by voivodes, and the provinces into districts (counties) headed by Zemstvo commissars.
City Reform (1699-1720)
To manage the city, the Burmister Chamber was created in Moscow, renamed the Town Hall in November 1699, and magistrates were subordinate to the Main Magistrate in St. Petersburg (1720).
Members of the Town Hall and magistrates were elected by election.
Estate reforms
The main goal of the estate reform of Peter I was to formalize the rights and obligations of each estate – the nobility, the peasantry and the urban population.
The nobility.
The decree on patrimony (1704), according to which both boyars and nobles received patrimony and estates.
Decree on Education (1706) – all boyar children are required to receive primary education.
The decree on single inheritance (1714), according to which a nobleman could leave an inheritance only to one of his sons.
Table of ranks (1722): the service to the sovereign was divided into three departments – the army, the state and the court - each of which was divided into 14 ranks.
This document allowed a person of the lower class to serve himself as a nobleman.
The peasantry
Most of the peasants were serfs.
Serfs could enlist as soldiers, which freed them from serfdom.
Among the free peasants were:
state, having personal freedom, but limited in the right of movement (i.e., at the will of the monarch, they could be transferred to serfs);
palace buildings that belonged to the tsar personally;
posessionary, assigned to manufactories.
The owner had no right to sell them.
Urban estate
Urban people were divided into "regular" and "irregular".
The regular guilds were divided into guilds: the 1st guild - the richest, the 2nd guild small merchants and wealthy artisans.
Irregular, or "mean people", made up the majority of the urban population.
In 1722, workshops appeared that united masters of one craft.
Judicial reform of Peter the Great
The functions of the Supreme Court were carried out by the Senate and the Judicial Board.
In the provinces, there were court courts of appeal and provincial courts headed by voivodes.
Provincial courts conducted the cases of peasants (except for monastic ones) and citizens who were not included in the posad.
Since 1721, the magistrate conducted the court cases of the citizens included in the posad.
In other cases, the cases were decided by the zemstvo or city judge alone.
The Church reform of Peter the Great
Peter I abolished the patriarchate, deprived the church of power, and transferred its funds to the state treasury.
Instead of the post of patriarch, the tsar introduced a collegial supreme administrative church body – the Holy Synod.
Financial reforms of Peter the Great
The first stage of the financial reform of Peter I was reduced to collecting money for the maintenance of the army and the conduct of wars.
Benefits from the monopoly sale of certain types of goods (vodka, salt, etc.) were added, indirect taxes were introduced (bath, horse, beards, etc.).
In 1704, a monetary reform was carried out, according to which the kopeck became the main monetary unit.
The non exchangeable ruble was canceled.
The tax reform of Peter I consisted in the transition from household taxation to poll taxation.
In this regard, the government included in the tax all categories of the peasant and posadsky population that had previously been exempt from tax.
Thus, during the tax reform of Peter the Great, a single monetary tax (poll tax) was introduced and the number of taxpayers increased.
Social reforms of Peter the Great
Education reform of Peter the Great
In the period from 1700 to 1721, many civil and military schools were opened in Russia.
Among them are the school of mathematical and navigational sciences; artillery, engineering, medical, mining, garrison, spiritual schools; digital schools for free education of children of all ranks;
The Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.
Peter I created the Academy of Sciences, which established the first Russian university, and the first gymnasium under it.
But this system began to operate after the death of Peter.
Peter I's reforms in culture
Peter I introduced a new alphabet, which facilitated literacy training and contributed to book printing.
Russian Russian newspaper Vedomosti began to be published, and in 1703 the first book in Russian with Arabic numerals appeared.
The tsar developed a plan for the stone construction of St. Petersburg, paying special attention to the beauty of architecture.
He invited foreign artists, and also sent talented young people abroad to study "arts".
Peter the Great laid the foundation for the Hermitage.
The main transformations were the opening of hospitals (1707 - the first Moscow military hospital) and schools attached to them, in which doctors and apothecaries were trained.
In 1700, pharmacies were established at all military hospitals.
In 1701 Peter I issued a decree on the opening of eight private pharmacies in Moscow.
Since 1704, state owned pharmacies began to open in many cities of Russia.
For the cultivation, study, and creation of collections of medicinal plants, apothecary gardens were created, where seeds and foreign flora were imported.
Socio economic reforms of Peter the Great
To boost industrial production and develop trade relations with abroad, Peter the Great invited foreign specialists, but at the same time encouraged the domestic industrialist and merchant.
Peter I tried to ensure that more goods were exported from Russia than were imported.
During his reign, 200 factories and factories operated on the territory of Russia.
Peter I's reforms in the army
Peter I introduced annual recruitment sets of young Russians (from 15 to 20 years old) and ordered to start training soldiers.
In 1716, a Military Charter was issued outlining the service, rights and duties of the military.
As a result of the military reform of Peter I, a powerful regular army and navy were created.
Peter's reformist activity had the support of a wide circle of the nobility, but caused discontent and resistance among the boyars, streltsy and clergy, since the transformations entailed the loss of their leading role in state administration.
Among the opponents of Peter I's reforms was his son Alexey.
Results of Peter I's reforms
In Russia, the regime of absolutism is established.
During the years of his reign, Peter created a state with a more perfect management system, a strong army and navy, and a stable economy.
There was a centralization of power.
Rapid development of foreign and domestic trade.
The abolition of the patriarchate, the church lost its independence and authority in society.
Huge progress has been made in the field of science and culture.
A task of national importance has been set – the creation of Russian medical education, as well as the beginning of Russian surgery.
Features of Peter I's reforms
The reforms were carried out according to the European model and covered all spheres of activity and life of society.
The lack of a reform system.
The reforms were carried out mainly due to harsh exploitation and coercion.
Peter, impatient by nature, introduced innovations at a fast pace.
The reasons for the reforms of Peter I
By the XVIII century, Russia was a backward country.
It was significantly inferior to Western European countries in terms of industrial output, level of education and culture (even in the ruling circles there were many illiterate people).
The boyar aristocracy, which was at the head of the state apparatus, did not meet the needs of the country.
The Russian army, consisting of streltsy and a noble militia, was poorly armed, untrained and could not cope with its task.
Prerequisites for the reforms of Peter I
In the course of the history of our country, significant changes in its development had already taken place by this time.
The city separated from the village, there was a division of agriculture and crafts, industrial enterprises of the manufacturing type appeared.
Domestic and foreign trade developed.
Russia borrowed technology and science, culture and education from Western Europe, but at the same time developed independently.
Thus, the ground for Peter's reforms was already prepared.
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The history of Russia briefly, cheat sheets, answers
