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Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich
1866-1934
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RUSSIAN FIELD
Member of the Constituent Assembly
Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich (17.09.1866, the Hill of the Lublin province — - 25.11.1934, Kislovodsk).
Kiev district.
No. 1 — Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries, Selyanskaya Spilka, Ukrainian Social Democrats.
Kiev.
The son of a gymnasium teacher.
He graduated from the Historical and Philological Faculty of the Kiev University in 1891.
From 1894 he taught at the Lviv University.
In 1899, he organized the Galician Ukrainian National Democratic Party.
He was close to the Social Democrats, then a Ukrainian socialist Revolutionary, a federalist.
With the beginning of the 1st World War, he moved to Kiev, was arrested and exiled in 1915 to Simbirsk, then received permission to live in Kazan, from 1916 — in Moscow.
In 1917, he was the chairman of the Central Rada (June 1917 — April 1918), a supporter of the national territorial autonomy of Ukraine as part of Russia.
Since 1919, he was in exile.
In 1924, he returned to the USSR.
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1929).
In 1931, he was arrested in the so called case of the "Ukrainian National Center", was tortured, but was released.
He died during a simple surgical operation.
Close relatives were repressed.
Ist.: VI 28, book.
2; VII 36, vol .
1; VII 44; VII 77.
(See the code decryption here)
The materials of the book by L. G. Protasov are used.
People of the Constituent Assembly: a portrait in the interior of the epoch.
M., ROSPEN, 2008.
In the revolution of 1917
Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich (September 17, 1866, Holm, Poland - November 25, 1934, Kislovodsk, buried in Kiev).
Born in the family of a gymnasium teacher.
He spent his childhood in the Caucasus, graduated from the Tiflis gymnasium.
In 1886-1890, he studied at the Historical and Philological Faculty of the Kiev University, and was left a professorial scholarship at the university.
In 1894, he defended his master's thesis and received the Department of Ukrainian History at the Lviv University, led it for about.
20 years, remaining a Russian citizen.
He was headed by Nauch.
T. G. Shevchenko University, editor of his "Notes", "Literary and Scientific Textbook" ("Lit. - Scientific. Vestnik"), other Ukrainian publications.
In the society.
- polit.
he was close to radical Ukrainian circles.
He became an ideologist of the national movement: his concept of the history of Ukraine justified the ist.
the justification of the struggle of Ukrainians for the national.
liberation and the demand for autonomy ("Essays on the History of the Ukrainian people", 1904; "History of Ukraine Russia", 8 volumes, 898-1913).
Hrushevsky's articles on the Ukrainian issue were published in Russian newspapers.
In 1906, Grushevsky came to St. Petersburg, where he became close to local Ukrainian figures, founded the railway " Ukr. Vestnik", published a collection of his articles "The Liberation of Russia and the Ukrainian Question".
In 1907, in Kiev, he headed the Ukrainian Scientific Institute.
about vo.
One of the leaders of the TUPA (Association of Ukrainian Progressives), created in 1908 , is a Ukrainian liberal democratic organization that stood on the platform of the constitutional democratic system and auth.
Ukraine, which is close in political orientation to the Cadets.
In 1914, he was arrested as a supporter of "Mazepinstvo" and after nesk.
in February 1915, he was sent to Simbirsk; in the end of 1915, Grushevsky managed to obtain a permit (with the help of the Academy of Sciences. AA Shakhmatova) to move to Kazan, a year later - to Moscow.
After the February revolution of 1917 in Kiev.
On March 4, the Center was created.
Rada, which headed the Ukrainian national movement; Grushevsky was elected in absentia as its chairman.
On March 14, he arrived in Kiev as a universally recognized Ukrainian national.
authority and leader.
Consistently and energetically, Hrushevsky began to seek the autonomy of Ukraine - in his program articles, in public speeches and in the policies of the Center he led.
We are glad.
On March 14-15, he attended the gubernatorial co op.
On March 19, he participated in the Ukrainian demonstration organized by the Center.
The Verkhovna Rada (about 100 thousand participants), twice made an appeal to fight for the autonomy of Ukraine, said that it was time to " create Ukrainian democracy and state law of Ukraine in union with other peoples of Europe in the federal Republic of Russia."
In the pamphlet published in Kiev in 1917, "Zvidki pishlo ukrainstvo I to chogo vono yde" ("Where did Ukrainstvo come from and what is it going to"), he wrote: "Ukrainians have no intention of separating from the Russian Federation.
Republics.
They want to remain in a voluntary and free connection with it" (p. 14).
Speaking at the interpart conference of soc.
the Organization (beginning of April), defended the positions of the Center.
Glad, proved
the groundlessness of the accusations of "separatism" and "chauvinism" made against her.
In art.
"Chi Ukraine tilki for ukrainciv?" ("Is Ukraine only for Ukrainians?") stressed: "We think that Ukraine is not only for Ukrainians, but for everyone who lives in Ukraine, and living, loves it, and loving, wants to work for the benefit of the region and its inhabitants.
And anyone who shares such views is a dear fellow citizen for us, regardless of who he is a Great Russian, a Jew, a Pole, a Czech" ("Nova Rada", 1917, No. 15).
Being one of the leaders of the TUPA (he led the work of its congress on March 25-26), Grushevsky increasingly diverged in views with the liberal democratic wing of the Ukrainian movement and became a member of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (UPSR) (it was organized in March).
Together with the Ukrainian srs, the social Revolutionaries made up the social majority in the Center.
Rade.
In his state activity, Grushevsky was a follower.
the conductor is watered.
UPSR lines.
Led the work of the Ukrainian National Congress (April 5-7): it will enter.
the report outlined its policy.
the program, the main content of which was the achievement of the autonomy of Ukraine; by secret ballot, the chairman of the Ukrainian parliament was elected.
Centre.
The Rada (UCR), also headed and will execute, for example, the Small Rada.
He participated in the work of three Ukrainian military and peasant congresses.
Having received from Time.
the refusal to grant Ukraine autonomy until the consideration and resolution of this issue is established.
A meeting.
Grushevsky declared on June 3 for the cross.
the congress believes that the Ukrainian people should decide their own fate.
Grushevsky led the actions of the UCR, which proclaimed its 1st Universal.
After the celebrations, the announcement of the 1st Universal on June 12, Hrushevsky said that now Ukrainians will be the creators of their own lives.
On June 23, at the UCR plenum, he reported on the formation of the first Ukrainian pr - Gen. Of the Secretariat.
Together with V. K. Vinnichenko, he conducted negotiations with the Vrem delegation.
pr va (A. F. Kerensky, M. I. Tereshchenko, I. G. Tsereteli) on June 29-30 in Kiev, as a result of which agreements were reached and the "Declaration of Time" was adopted.
pr va to ukr.
The Parliament of July 2.
On July 3, at the UCR plenum, after the 2nd Universal UCR was read out, Hrushevsky said that the autonomy of Ukraine with legislative and executive bodies - the Rada and the Secretariat had actually been obtained.
The intensified inter party disagreements forced Grushevsky to resign from the post of chairman on July 6.
UCR, however, the resignation was not accepted.
In the ser.
Aug. the faction of Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries in the UCR (not without the participation of Hrushevsky) achieved the resignation of Gen. The Secretariat, headed by S. D. Vinnichenko, the reason for which was a heated discussion of " Time. instructions Gen. It's time for the secretariat. pr va in Ukraine " from August 4.
about its functions and structure.
10-15 Sep. before.
the Congress of Representatives of Nationalities convened by the UCR, who sought to transform Russia into a federation of auth.
nats.
regions.
UCR and its prev.
they were convicted on Oct. resst.
On November 7, at a meeting of the Small Rada, Grushevsky made a speech in Petrograd and did not recognize the SNK, where he said that decisions and steps were needed to strengthen the government.
Then Hrushevsky read out the 3rd Universal, which proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) as a federal part of the Russian Federation.
Republics.
On January 9, 1918, at a closed meeting of the Small Rada, Grushevsky proposed his project of the 4th Universal.
Of the three submitted projects (Vinnichenko, N. Shapoval and Grushevsky), his text was chosen as the basis of the Council of Ministers.
editorial offices - from now on, Ukraine was declared an independent state.
Hrushevsky developed the concept of an independent democratic Ukrainian state with a focus on Europe, reflected on the future of the administrative region.
the device, raised questions about state symbols.
den.
unit, etc. - all this was included in the collection. "
On porozi is new?
Ukraini " - "On the threshold of a new Ukraine" (K, 1918).
26 Jan. sov.
the troops occupied Kiev.
Centre.
Rada and pr in the UPR left for Volyn.
They were able to return under the cover of the Germans.
troops, after the conclusion of the UPR Brest delegation of the Lithuanian Agreement with the countries of the Quadruple Alliance.
Upon his return, Grushevsky continued to remain pre.
UCR and conducted the same political line in it.
He wrote in art.
There will be no turning" ("There will be no turn"): "Preserving Ukrainian statehood, we will build a strong stronghold, to which the police and bureaucratic reaction will not be able to approach.
Strengthening the authority of our social network.
Centre.
Glad and her social network.
ministries, we want to make our Ukraine a solid fortress of socialism.
We will build a republic not for the bourgeoisie, but for the working masses of Ukraine and we will not back down from this!"
("Na porozi novoi Ukraini", p . 84).
The UPR was going through a crisis, its policy did not suit a significant part of the peasantry.
The Council of Ministers failed to master the situation, there was practically no government in Ukraine, chaos and anarchy reigned, which did not suit the German occupation authorities either.
On April 28, at the meeting of the Center.
Several UNR ministers were arrested by the Germans: Grushevsky protested to the German command.
On April 29, the Rada adopted the constitution and elected Hrushevsky President of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
On the night of April 29-30, a coup d'etat took place, the UPR ceased to exist, the Ukrainian State was proclaimed, headed by Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky.
After the coup, Hrushevsky lived in Kiev, retired from politics and returned to scientific work.
Refused to cooperate with the new administration, did not join the commission on the organization of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
The Academy of Sciences (UAN), motivating this by the fact that it cannot cooperate with the regime that destroyed the democratic Ukrainian state.
In February 1919, Grushevsky moved to Kamenets Podolsky, edited the newspaper.
"Golos Podillya" ("The Voice of Podolia"), worked on a history textbook for Ukrainian schools.
In con.
in March 1919, he went abroad.
Organized by the Ukrainian sociologist.
in t (in Vienna, then in Prague), published the organ of the UPSR zh.
"Fight - you will overcome" ("Fight - you will overcome").
The Warsaw Pact was condemned by S. V. Petlyura with Yu.
Pilsudski.
In 1922, he retired from political activity.
At the end of 1923, he was elected an academician of the VUAN, in March 1924 he returned to Ukraine.
He headed the Historical Section of the VUAN and a number of its commissions - historical and geographical, cultural and historical, folklore, resumed the publication of zh.
"Ukraina".
In 1931, Grushevsky was charged with "counter revolutionary activities", but after being arrested and interrogated in Kharkov and Moscow, he was released.
He was assigned to live and work in Moscow (back in 1929, Grushevsky was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences)
The materials of the article by E. D. Boyko in the book: Political Figures of Russia 1917.
biographical dictionary are used.
Moscow, 1993
Essays:
Khto taki ukraincii chogo voni khochut.
K., 1917;
Vilna Ukraina.
K., 1917;
Yakoi mi khochemo autonomii i federatsiii, K., 1917;
Ukrainska Tsentralnaya Rada i ii Universali, pershy and other K., 1917;
Ukraina i Rosia, K., 1817.
Literature:
Kripyakevich I., Mikhail Grushevsky.
Life and everyday life.
Lviv, 1935;
Mikhail Grushevsky: up to 125 richcha vid of the day of birth, "Archiviukraini", 1991, N 1.
Read more:
Members of the All Russian Constituent Assembly (biographical index).
The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (KOMUCH) is a government established in Samara on June 8, 1918.
V. B. Rumyantsev.
Russia, which has not become, because it never was.
On the next anniversary of the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly.
Sources and literature on the history of the All Russian Constituent Assembly.
The Ukrainian People's Republic of 1917-1919.
The West Ukrainian People's Republic.
11. 1918-06.
1919
Historical persons of Ukraine (biographical index).
﻿
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