it consists of 92% water.
The primary role of water in the life of all living beings, including humans, is due to the fact that it is a universal solvent of a huge number of chemicals.
Water is actually the environment in which all the processes of vital activity take place.
Here is just a small and far incomplete list of the" duties " of water in our body: it regulates body temperature; humidifies the air when breathing; provides delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body; protects and buffers vital organs; helps to convert food into energy; helps nutrients to be absorbed by organs; removes slags and waste from vital processes.
A certain and constant water content in the body is a necessary condition for the existence of a living organism.
When changing the amount of water consumed and its salt composition, the processes of digestion and assimilation of food, hematopoiesis, etc.are disrupted.
Without water, it is impossible to regulate the body's heat exchange with the environment and maintain body temperature.
A person is extremely acutely aware of the change in the water content in his body and can live without it for only a few days.
With the loss of water in an amount of less than 2% of body weight (from 1 to 1.5 liters), a feeling of thirst appears, with the loss of 6-8% - a semi fainting state occurs, with the loss of 10% of water – hallucinations, swallowing disorders, and the loss of 10-20% of water is life threatening.
Animals die when they lose 20-25% of water.
Depending on the intensity of work, external conditions, including climate, cultural traditions, a person consumes from 2 to 4 liters of water per day in total (together with food).
The average daily water consumption is about 2-2.
5 liters.
It is from these figures that the World Health Organization (WHO) proceeds when developing recommendations on water quality.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF FRESH WATER.
Fresh water reserves are a single resource.
The development of the world's freshwater resources, designed for the long term, requires a holistic approach to the use of these resources, requires recognition of the interdependence between the elements that make up freshwater reserves and determine its quality.
There are few regions left in the world that have not been affected by the problem of losing potential sources of fresh water supply, which have not been affected by the problem of water quality deterioration, pollution of surface and underground sources.
The main problems that negatively affect the water quality of rivers and lakes arise depending on the circumstances and have different degrees of severity.
Deterioration of water quality and pollution of surface and underground sources occur: as a result of inappropriate treatment of domestic wastewater; weak control over the discharge of industrial wastewater; destruction and loss of catchment areas; irrational placement of industrial enterprises; deforestation; uncontrolled fallow farming system; irrational farming methods.
This leads to the leaching of nutrients and pesticides.
The natural balance of aquatic ecosystems is disturbed and there is a threat to living freshwater resources.
In various circumstances, water ecosystems are also affected by water resource development projects for agricultural development.
These are such as: dams, river flow transfer schemes, water management structures and irrigation projects.
Erosion, siltation, deforestation and desertification lead to an increase in land degradation.
The creation of reservoirs in some cases has a negative impact on ecosystems.
Many of these problems arise due to environmentally destructive development models and the lack of public understanding of the problems, the lack of appropriate knowledge about the protection of surface and underground water resources.
The problem of acid rain has become complex and difficult to solve.
Gracious raindrops a gift from heaven have always pleased a person.
But in some areas of the globe, the rains have become a serious danger.
The problem of acid rain at the international level was first raised by Sweden at the UN Conference on the Environment.
Since then, it has become one of the main environmental problems of mankind, since acid rain has a disastrous effect on the nature of reservoirs, damages forest vegetation, agricultural crops and poses a certain danger to human life, to the life of all living beings on Earth.
The planet's water resources are a factor in the existence of civilization.
Humanity uses mainly fresh water for its needs.
Their volume is slightly more than 2% of the hydrosphere, and the distribution of water resources around the globe is extremely uneven.
In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population lives, only 39% of river waters are concentrated .
In all regions of the world, the total consumption of river water is increasing from year to year.
For example, it is known that since the beginning of this century, the consumption of fresh water has increased by 6 times, and in the next few decades it will increase by about 1.5 times.
But the lack of water is also aggravated by the deterioration of its quality.
As we already know, the water used in industry, agriculture and in everyday life comes back to the reservoirs in the form of poorly treated or even untreated wastewater.
It follows that as a result of the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into rivers, lakes and seas, the hydrosphere is primarily polluted.
And the main reason for the aggravation of the problem of fresh water is not in the growth of direct water intake, but in its quality.
The degree of impact on the environment and human health can be measured, although we know that the methods of implementing such control in many countries are very inadequate or have not been developed at all.
There is a widespread misunderstanding of the interrelationships between the development, management, rational use and purification of water resources and aquatic ecosystems.
Where possible, it is extremely important to implement preventive measures in order to avoid costly measures for the restoration, purification and development of new water resources later.
In most cases, water coming from a well or from a municipal water supply system needs pre treatment, the purpose of which is to bring the water quality up to the current standards.
It is possible to judge the quality of water and its compliance or non compliance with "Established standards" only on the basis of the most complete chemical and bacteriological analysis.
Only on the basis of the analysis can we make a final conclusion about the problem or set of problems that we will have to deal with.
The main problems with water that users have to face are the following: a).
This is the presence of undissolved mechanical particles in the water: sand, suspensions, rust, as well as colloidal substances.
Their presence in the water leads to accelerated abrasive wear of plumbing and pipes and to their clogging.
b).
The presence of dissolved iron and manganese in the water.
Such water is initially transparent, but when settling or heating it acquires a yellowish brown color, which is the cause of rusty stains on plumbing.
With an increased iron content, water also acquires a characteristic "ferruginous" taste.
c).
The hardness of water, which is determined by the amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water.
With their high content, precipitation and the appearance of whitish streaks on the surface of the bath, sink, and so on are possible.
Calcium and magnesium salts, called hardness salts, are the cause of the well known scale.
Relatively harmless in a kettle, scale disrupts the heat exchange process, especially when it is deposited on the walls of water heating devices, such as boilers, columns, and when it is deposited on the walls of pipes in the hot water line.
This leads to overheating of the heating elements, overspending of electricity and gas.
Scale deposition is the cause of up to 90% of accidents of water heaters.
d).
The presence of an unpleasant taste, smell and color in the water.
These three parameters, which are commonly called organoleptic indicators, can be influenced by organic substances in the water, residual chlorine, hydrogen sulfide.
e).
Bacteriological contamination, which is caused by the presence of various microbes or bacteria in the water.
Some of them may pose an immediate threat to human health and life.
Even relatively safe bacteria emit organic substances in the course of their vital activity.
These substances, entering into chemical reactions (for example, with chlorine), are able to create toxic and carcinogenic compounds.
Naturally, the above list does not exhaust the whole variety of problems that arise with water, but it introduces us to the main ones.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF WATER BODIES.
Pollution of water bodies is understood as a decrease in their biospheric functions and economic significance as a result of the entry of harmful substances into them.
One of the types of such pollution of water bodies is "thermal pollution".
Power plants and industrial enterprises often dump heated water into a reservoir.
This leads to an increase in the water temperature in it.
And with an increase in temperature in the reservoir, the amount of oxygen decreases, the toxicity of impurities polluting the water increases, the biological balance is disturbed.
In polluted water, with an increase in temperature, pathogenic microorganisms and viruses begin to multiply rapidly.
Once in drinking water, they can cause outbreaks various diseases.
In some regions, groundwater is an important source of fresh water.
Previously, they were considered the cleanest.
But at present, as a result of human economic activity, many underground water sources are also polluted.
Often this pollution is so great that the water from them has already become unfit for drinking.
Humanity consumes a huge amount of fresh water for its needs.
Its main consumers are industry and agriculture.
The most water intensive industries, such as: mining, steel, chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper and food.
They take up to 70% of all water consumed in the entire industry.
The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture.
It takes 60-80% of all water in general for its needs.
In modern conditions, the human needs for water for municipal and household needs are greatly increasing.
The amount of water consumed for these purposes depends on the region and the standard of living.
It ranges from 3 to 700 liters per person.
From the analysis of water use over the past 5-6 decades, it follows that the annual increase in irretrievable water consumption, in which the used water is irretrievably lost to nature, is 4-5%.
Prospective calculations show that if such consumption rates are maintained, taking into account population growth and production volumes, by 2100 humanity can exhaust all fresh water reserves.
At present, the lack of fresh water is experienced not only by the territories that nature has deprived of water resources, but also by many other regions that were considered safe in this regard until recently.
In the infusioncurrently, the need for fresh water is not met by 20% of the urban and 75% of the rural population of the planet.
Human intervention in natural processes has affected even large rivers and seas.
Such rivers as the Volga, Don, and Dnieper have changed the volume of transported water masses, that is, the flow of rivers, in the direction of decreasing.
The water used in agriculture is mostly spent on evaporation and the formation of plant biomass.
Therefore, it does not return to the rivers.
Already, in the most populated areas, river flow has decreased by 8%, and in such rivers as the Don, Terek, and Ural – by 11-20%.
The fate of the Aral Sea is also dramatic, which, in its essence, ceased to exist due to excessive water intake for irrigation of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers.
Limited fresh water supplies are further reduced due to their pollution.
The main danger is represented by waste water (industrial, agricultural and domestic), since a significant part of the used water is returned to water basins in the form of wastewater.
Among the heavily polluted rivers are the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Ohio, Volga, Dnieper, Dniester and others.
Pollution of the world's oceans is also growing.
For the time being, man treated the seas and oceans with awe and fear, and then he began to dump all kinds of waste into the water – solid, liquid and gaseous.
Steamers and barges take solid garbage away to the sea.
Waste from the galley is thrown over the side of the ship.
Water from toilets is drained directly into the sea.
Rivers carry their cargo of sewage, biogenic substances and suspended solid material into the coastal waters.
Pesticides, lead compounds and many other pollutants, pollutants, are carried in the atmosphere, settle and fall out with the rain, adding dirt to the ocean.
Large amounts of petroleum products still fall into the waters of the seas and oceans, which is also very dangerous.
The most polluted inland seas are the Mediterranean, Northern, Baltic, Inland Japanese, Javanese, as well as the Biscay, Persian and Mexican Bays.
In addition, a person transforms the waters of the hydrosphere by building hydraulic structures, in particular reservoirs.
Large reservoirs and canals have a serious negative impact on the environment: they change the groundwater regime in the coastal zone, affect soils and plant communities.
Their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land.
6. SURFACE WATER POLLUTION.
The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements.
Long term observations of the dynamics of surface water quality reveal a tendency to increase the number of strata with a high level of pollution – more than 10 MPC.
Cases of extremely high content of pollutants in water bodies are increasing over 100 MPC.
The current state of water sources and the state of centralized water supply systems cannot guarantee the required quality of drinking water.
And in some regions, this condition has reached a dangerous level for human health.
The sanitary and epidemiological surveillance services, conducting analyses, constantly note high contamination of surface waters.
About 1/3 of the total mass of pollutants is introduced into water sources with surface and storm runoff from the territories of sanitary unfavorable places, agricultural facilities and land.
This affects the seasonal deterioration of the quality of drinking water, especially in large cities, during the spring flood.
In this regard, water is regularly hyperchlorinated, which is also unsafe for public health, since organochlorine compounds are formed in the water.
One of the main pollutants of surface waters is oil and petroleum products.
In areas where oil is deposited, it can enter the water as a result of its natural exits.
But the main sources of surface water pollution are related to human activity: oil production, transportation, oil refining, using oil as fuel and industrial raw materials.
Among the products of industrial production, toxic synthetic substances occupy a special place in terms of their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms, which are increasingly being used in industry, transport, and public utilities.
The concentration of these compounds in wastewater, as a rule, is 5-15 mg/l with an MPC of 0.1 mg/l.
These substances form a layer of foam in reservoirs, especially clearly visible on rapids, rifts, sluices.
The ability to foam in these substances appears already at a concentration of 1-2 mg/l.
The most common pollutants in surface waters are phenols, copper and zinc compounds.
Phenols are easily oxidized organic substances.
In some regions of the country, surface waters are polluted with ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, lignin, xanthogenates, aniline, methyl mercaptan, formaldehydes and others.
A huge amount of pollutants is introduced into surface waters from the wastewater of ferrous and non ferrous metallurgy enterprises, chemical, petrochemical, oil, gas, coal, forestry, pulp and paper industries, agricultural and municipal enterprises, and surface runoff from adjacent territories.
The greatest danger to the aquatic environment from metals is mercury, lead and their compounds.
The expanded production of pesticides without treatment facilities and their use in the fields leads to severe contamination of reservoirs with harmful compounds.
Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs as a result of direct introduction of pesticides into reservoirs during their treatment for pest control.
Pollution occurs when water flowing from the surface of treated agricultural land enters reservoirs, when waste from manufacturing enterprises is directly discharged into reservoirs.
In case of poor transportation, improper storage of pesticides, as a result of their losses, water pollution also occurs.
Precipitation can also be a cause of surface water pollution.
Along with pesticides, agricultural effluents contain a significant amount of fertilizer residues such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, which are applied to the fields.
In addition, large amounts of organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds enter with wastewater from livestock farms.
They pollute the water environment and sewage.
An increase in the concentration of nutrients in the soil leads to a violation of the biological balance in the reservoir.
In such a reservoir, the number of microscopic algae increases sharply at first, then the number of crustaceans, fish and other aquatic organisms increases, because the food supply increases.
Then a huge number of organisms die off.
This all leads to the consumption of all the oxygen reserves contained in the water, and the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide.
The situation in the reservoir is changing so much that it becomes unsuitable for the existence of any forms of organisms.
The reservoir is gradually "dying".
The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive eutrophication of reservoirs.
Eutrophization is the enrichment of a reservoir with biogens that stimulates the growth of phytoplankton.
This makes the water turbid, benthic plants die, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases, fish and shellfish living at depth suffocate.
In many water bodies, the concentrations of pollutants exceed the MPC, which are established by sanitary and fish protection rules.
7. THE PROBLEM OF WATER PROTECTION.
The most important problem of all the problems that humanity faces is the problem of water protection.
One of the main tasks is the regulation of water relations in order to ensure the rational use of water.
meeting the needs of the population and the national economy.
In addition to this task, there are others.
These are such tasks as: protection of water from pollution, clogging and depletion; prevention and elimination of harmful effects on water; improvement of the state of water bodies; protection of the rights of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strengthening the rule of law in the field of water relations; placement, design, construction and commissioning of enterprises, structures and other objects that affect the state of water.
It is forbidden to put into operation:
a).
new and reconstructed enterprises, workshops and units, municipal and other facilities that are not provided with devices that prevent pollution and clogging of water, their harmful effects;
b).
irrigation and irrigation systems, reservoirs and channels, before carrying out the measures provided for by the projects that prevent flooding, flooding, waterlogging, salinization of land and soil erosion;
c).
drainage systems until the water intake and other structures are ready in accordance with the approved projects;
d).
water intake structures without fish protection devices in accordance with approved projects;
e).
hydraulic structures until the devices for passing flood waters and fish are ready in accordance with the approved projects;
f).
drilling wells for water without equipping them with water regulating devices and the establishment, in appropriate cases, of sanitary protection zones;
g).
it is prohibited to fill reservoirs before the implementation of the measures provided for by the projects for the preparation of the bed.
All waters are subject to protection from pollution, clogging and depletion, which can cause harm to the health of the population, as well as lead to a decrease in fish stocks, deterioration of water supply conditions and other adverse phenomena due to changes in the physical, chemical, biological properties of waters, a decrease in their ability to natural purification, violation of the hydro geological and hydrogeological regime of waters.
The discharge of industrial, household and other types of waste and waste into water bodies is prohibited.
In order to maintain a favorable water regime of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, underground waters and other water bodies, to prevent water erosion of soils, silting of reservoirs, deterioration of living conditions of aquatic organisms, to reduce fluctuations in water flow, water protection zones of forests are established, as well as forest reclamation, anti erosion, hydraulic engineering and other measures are carried out.
The following measures are established:
a).
take measures to prevent pollution of inland waters and the open sea by oil, petroleum products and other substances harmful to human health or to the life of marine organisms, living resources of the sea, due to the discharge or loss by ships and other floating means of these substances and mixtures containing harmful substances;
b).
give mandatory instructions on eliminating violations of the established rules for dealing with substances harmful to human health or to living resources of the sea, and mixtures containing these substances in excess of the established norms;
c).
carry out comprehensive measures to prevent contamination of water bodies with untreated wastewater from industrial and agricultural enterprises and household sewage.
The most important aspect of these problems is that it is necessary to disseminate information about protection among the population.
For example, book publishers should produce not only brochures, but also various book publications.
In addition to them, the media should deal with these problems, pay more attention, increase the airtime allocated for programs on environmental issues.
8. CONCLUSION.
Now there are a large number of environmental organizations fighting to save the environment in the world.
The most numerous of them is GREENPEACE.
Members of this organization are not only ordinary people, but also many celebrities.
These people make their contribution to the common cause, take an active part in protecting nature.
The world needs sustainable water management practices, but we are not moving in the right direction fast enough yet.
A Chinese proverb says: "If we do not change our course, we can come to where we are going from."
If the direction of movement is not changed, many areas will continue to experience water shortages, many people will continue to suffer, conflicts over water will continue, as a result of which many areas of valuable heavily moistened land may be destroyed.
Despite the fact that the crisis with fresh water seems inevitable in many areas where there is currently a shortage of it, in other areas this problem can still be solved.
To do this, the relevant policy and strategy should be formulated, agreed upon and implemented as soon as possible.
The international community pays increased attention to the world's water related problems.
A number of organizations provide financial resources and help manage the supply and demand for water resources.
There are more and more mechanisms that ensure a more equitable distribution of these resources.
Countries that are located in areas with traditional water scarcity are introducing more advanced tariff mechanisms, developing public water management systems and switching to catchment and river basin management regimes.
The number and scale of such projects should be significantly increased After all, as we already know, water is the sacred basis of life.
The Apocalypse speaks of a warning to people that with such a person's attitude to the world around him, as it is now, this warning can become a reality much earlier than it could be.
We must always remember that the ocean is our home, that we came out of it.
And if we "kill" him, then we will kill ourselves.
9. USED LITERATURE.
1. Our Planet: Moscow, 1986.
2. Gorbovsky A. Riddles of ancient history.
- Moscow, 1971.
3. Pierre Agess.
Keys to Ecology, - Leningrad, 1982.
4. Dzhegrey V. S. Ecology and environmental protection: A textbook, - K., 2000.
5. Economics and ecology of water resources of the Dnieper/Ed.
Shevchuk V. Ya – - K., 1996.
6. Yasmanov N. A. Fundamentals of geoecology: A textbook, - M., 2003.
7. Khoruzhaya T. A. Methods of environmental hazard assessment – - M., 1998.
8. Natural resource aspect of the development of Ukraine.
- K., 2001.
9. Korsak K. V. Plahotnik O. V. Fundamentals of ecology: A textbook, - K., 2002.
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