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The Pharaohs of ancient Egypt Tutankhamun — the king of Egypt
3 years ago by the author Vera Vladi
Written by Vera Vladi
Tutankhamun (c. 1341 BC 1323 BC), the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, ruled the country from about 1333 BC to 1323 BC according to the generally accepted calendar during the New Kingdom period.
Translated from the Egyptian dialect, Tutankhamun means "the living image of Amun".
His real name, given at birth, sounded like Tutankhaton.
According to hieroglyphic inscriptions, the name of the king was designated as Amon tut ankh.
It most accurately reflected the religious ideas of the ancient Egyptians, who wrote the name of the religious cult of worship at the beginning to express appropriate reverence to it.
In 1922, the discovery by Howard Carter and George Gerber, with the financial support of Lord Carnarvon, of the untouched tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (modern Luxor) received extensive coverage in the world press.
This caused an increase in interest in the values of Ancient Egypt.
The golden mask of Tutankhamun still remains one of the most popular symbols of the history of the oldest civilization on Earth.
Exhibitions featuring artifacts found in the crypt have toured around the world.
In 2010, as a result of a scientific study on the DNA of the ruler's mummy, it was established that Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (mummy KV55).
The remains of the mummy of his sister or wife (KV35YL), whose name is still a mystery to scientists, were identified as a "young woman".
Jewelry of ancient Egypt Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun's family
Tutankhaton was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV).
When he ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, he received the name Tutankhamun.
His wet nurse was a woman named Maya.
Her name is known from excavations in the Saqqara area.
After ascending to the throne, he married his half sister Ankhesenaton.
They had two daughters who could not be born, having frozen at 5 and 9 months of pregnancy.
The mummies of stillborn children were also in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Later, the spouse changed her name to Ankhesenamon, with the ending "Amon", like her royal husband.
Given the return of the king, in which he became the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, he should have had very influential advisers close to him.
Among them, historians name the chief assistant for state affairs Horemhebe, the vizier of Aya and the treasurer of the Maya.
Horemhebe told in his notes that the king appointed him "lord of the earth" to maintain the rule of law.
Only he knew how to calm the young king, because he had a short temper.
In the third year of his reign, Tutankhamun rejected several reforms established by his father at the time.
He banned the cult of Aton worship and made Amon the supreme patron of Egypt.
The ban on religious rites in honor of Amun was lifted.
The capital was moved back to Thebes from Akhetaton.
Pharaoh established several major construction projects, including in Thebes and in Karnak, where he built the temple of Amun.
During his reign, many architectural monuments were erected.
At the time of Tutankhamun's accession to the throne, the country was in economic decline and confusion after the reign of Akhenaten.
Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms were not given due attention.
Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular, with Mitanni.
The evidence of his success was the numerous gifts that were found in the tomb of the pharaoh.
Despite all efforts to improve relations with other states, the king periodically conducted military campaigns with Nubians and Asians.
These events are evidenced by the records on the walls of the temple in Thebes, painted with scenes of captures and battles.
Protective vests and folding chairs for military campaigns were found in his grave.
The image of King Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun was of a thin build.
His height was about 189 cm.
He had a malocclusion, which made it easy to determine that he belonged to the Tutmosid dynasty, of which he was a direct descendant.
His skull was elongated (dolichocephalic) shape, although at that time this was the norm and did not indicate any pathology.
Given that many members of the royal family were depicted in frescoes with a similar head shape, it was obviously a hereditary factor, and not atypia.
The study also showed that the king had a "cleft palate" and a mild form of scoliosis.
The circumstances of Tutankhamun's death
There are no records of Tutankhamun's last days.
The question of the cause of the tsar's death is still the subject of serious disputes.
The main studies of his remains were carried out in order to clarify the circumstances of his death.
The first version indicates that Tutankhamun was accidentally killed in battle.
toraya says that shortly before his death, he broke both legs, which were infected.
A DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed that he had malaria.
It is believed that these two factors, malaria and leiomyomas, caused his early death.
The Tomb of Tutankhamun
The mummy of the king was laid to rest in the Valley of the Kings near modern Luxor.
Also, two mummified fetuses were found in it, his name was indicated on the bandages of the mummies.
Scientists suggest that these were his prematurely born children.
Although all the other tombs in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes were looted, Tutankhamun's tomb was sealed at the time of discovery.
It was found in 1922 by Howard Quarry.
It was filled with treasures, including a golden sarcophagus, a death mask, jewelry with jewelry and other artifacts.
The image of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
In 2005, a team of scientists from three countries, Egypt, France and America, in collaboration with the National Geographic Society, restored the appearance of Tutankhamun.
During the research, it was possible to find out what facial features the pharaoh had and it was possible to present him in a 3D image.
Thanks to the capabilities of high technologies and the research of scientists, it was possible to shed light on the appearance of Tutankhamun, the youngest pharaoh of Egypt, whose image has been immortalized for hundreds of years in the famous golden mask of the king.
Artists and scientists, using special effects and digital techniques used in the investigation of crimes, restored the image of the pharaoh.
Ancient Egypt.
The Mask of Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun and scientific discoveries
Tutankhamun is one of the most famous in the world partly because his tomb is well preserved, and public interest in his personality.
He became the main character in the bizarre song "King Tut" by comedian Steve Martin, in a series of historical novels by Linda Robinson.
John White, who published the first book in 1977, "The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Carter," wrote that "he was the most respected king of Egypt."
The mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, when it was discovered by the Carter expedition, was wrapped in bandages.
It is currently kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
For a century, the materials for embalming were stored in large ceramic vessels of the Department of Arts of Ancient Egypt.
The complete collection of exhibits presented in the United States was collected from the tombs in the Valley of the Kings in 907-1908, more than ten years before Howard Carter discovered the treasures in the Valley of the Dead.
Currently, the department "The Death of Tutankhamun" is constantly working at the exhibition in the museum.
The mummification of Pharaoh Tutankhamun".
In 1996, at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Italian mineralogist Vincenzo De Michel noticed an unusual yellow green stone in the middle of one of Tutankhamun's necklaces.
The precious stone was checked and it turned out that it consists of glass.
However, scientists were struck by the fact that its origin dates back to an earlier period than the emergence of the Egyptian civilization.
Egyptian geologist Ali Barakat explained that it looks like pieces of glass scattered in the sand in a remote area of the Sahara Desert.
But this glass itself is a scientific mystery.
Yellow green glass, carved in the form of a skorobei beetle, was woven into the ornaments of jewelry and was found in Tutankhamun's necklace.
According to recent studies, it has a composition similar to the fireball of a meteorite.
The carving, known as the scarab, an ancient Egyptian symbol of fertility, was borrowed from nature and repeated the shape of dung beetles.
In 1999, Italian geologists tested the chemical composition of the scarab, which is central to the colorful necklace found by Howard Carter in the Valley in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Boslow, a physics expert at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, deals with nuclear explosion issues.
He believes that the glass found in the desert near Cairo is known only as the glass of the Libyan desert.
He created a computer model of how it could have been there.
It was determined that the asteroid, moving about 60 km per second, broke up in the Earth's atmosphere about 30 million years ago.
The green glass was formed from the caused precipitation of the meteorite.
"The speed of the object's impact could produce more energy than in a nuclear explosion," the scientist told the Discovery News channel.
— Not only did it have the energy of the explosion, it was also directed towards the Ground."
After the meteorite disintegrated in the atmosphere of the planet.
From the temperature of the Sun, it became hot as the surface of the sun.
Like wax, it melted when it touched the sand when it cooled, forming a composition similar to glass in the desert."
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About the author
Vera Vladi
Specialist in Egypt
Languages: English, Arabic, Turkish.
He has been living and working in Egypt for more than 5 years.
Professionally engaged in the study of the history of Ancient Egypt.
She participated in the excavations in the Valley of the Dead on the west bank of the Nile, the discovery of the secret golden tunnels of the temple of Dendera.
E mail: veravladi@yandex.ru
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