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Rules in the forest.
Methods of orientation
 30.04.2012 11: 29 | Source
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Shadows in the pine forest geocaching.su
We think that you know the norms of behavior when being in the forest, every second schoolchild knows them.
But there are other rules in the forest that will help you navigate it.
This is a very important question, because it is very easy for an inexperienced and ignorant person to get lost in the forest.
Therefore, in order not to find yourself in a very unpleasant situation, let's analyze the rules in the forest that will allow you to navigate well in it.
Perhaps they will save you many hours, days, and even life – and this is not uncommon when you get lost.
It is safe to say that a person who has a compass and a map of the area in his backpack is insured against unpleasant situations.
The one who has both, can confidently go on a journey to unfamiliar places.
There are many pronounced landmarks on the map, for example, a small river, the intersection of a high voltage electrical line, a lake of a certain shape, etc.
Having found such a landmark on the map, you can immediately find out where you are yourself, and which path you will have to overcome in order to reach the final goal.
Standing in the direction of the blue end of the compass arrow, that is, facing north, and holding an expanded map in your hands, you determine the further route.
By determining the end point on the map, relative to the point where you are yourself.
On the straight point that connects the current location and the target, you put the center of the compass and measure the angle between the direction to the target and to the north.
This angle is called azimuth, its report is conducted from 0 to 360 degrees clockwise.
Of course, it is impossible to accurately measure the angle with the help of a compass alone, but in this situation we do not need it.
Having determined how many degrees the azimuth is, you can proceed to the further path along the azimuth, that is, turn by the desired degree from the direction to the north.
After passing a certain distance, you should make sure that the path along the azimuth is correct, making stops.
Their frequency depends on the nature of the terrain and on the skill of walking in the forest in a straight line.
During stops, you need to check and, if necessary, adjust your route.
If you have a map of the area and a compass as mandatory rules in the forest, you are lucky.
But most of the people who came to the forest do not have a map.
What should I do in this case and is it possible to navigate with the help of a single compass?
Yes, this is possible, but only if there are any linear long dimensional landmarks on the ground and you know their location relative to the north.
A similar landmark can be a highway that goes from west to east (small deviations and turns do not play a role here), a high voltage power line, a railway, etc.
But if there are no such landmarks, it is useless to hope for a compass.
Therefore, it is necessary to enter the forest with only one compass from a long linear landmark.
Adhering to the principle you left the landmark in one direction – and you return to the opposite, of course, with the help of a compass.
For example, if you leave the road in a south easterly direction, you return back in a north westerly direction.
This is quite simple, but only if the landmark has a large length, otherwise there is a risk of getting into an unpleasant situation again.
Despite the fact that the compass is a light and small thing, often those who have gone into the forest do not have it with them.
For some reason, there is no compass, what should I do in this case?
If this happened when going to the forest for 1-2 days, you can do without a compass in some cases.
If this is a short trip to the forest for 1-2 days, then you can completely do without a compass.
The same method is used here – access to a long linear landmark, but in this case local signs are taken into account to determine the northern direction.
And there are quite a lot of similar signs by which you can determine where the north is and where the south is.
The easiest way is to orient yourself by the Sun, at 13 o'clock it is exactly on the southern side of the horizon.
It is also no secret that the Sun appears in the east and sets in the west, with the normal duration of the day.
This means that if the Sun, for example, in the afternoon is approximately in the middle of its path from the point of sunrise to the point of sunset, then it is in a south westerly direction.
This means that you can orient yourself throughout the day, while the Sun is visible.
With the help of a watch, you can more accurately determine the sides of the horizon by the Sun.
They are placed on the palm of your hand, so that the hour hand is directed at the Sun.
The angle formed on the clock between the digit 1 and the hour hand should be divided in half.
The line that divides this angle is the north south direction.
Just remember that before noon, the angle should be divided on the left side of the dial, and on the right after noon.
This method is especially convenient in northern latitudes, where even at summer noon the Sun is low above the horizon, and accordingly the hour hand can be directed more accurately at the Sun.
The ability to navigate by the Sun exists even in cloudy weather.
It is impossible to navigate by it only when it is covered by clouds of considerable density and thickness, but this happens quite rarely.
At a superficial glance during cloudy weather, the luminary may not be seen, but if you look closely, it can be detected by a characteristic bright spot.
Even if you still could not see the luminary, you need to continue watching.
Clouds come in different thicknesses, it is quite possible that after 10 minutes the Sun will appear in a break in the clouds or behind a less thin layer.
The clock, as mentioned above, helps to determine the sides of the horizon.
But everyone can navigate by the Sun, because in it, like any living organisms, there is a “biological clock”.
To put it another way, it is an innate ability to sense time.
Only these watches start to mess up great, with a sharp change in lifestyle.
For example, when a person sleeps during the day and is awake at night, or moves to another area where the time zone is different.
Also, these hours are blunted by the use of drugs (tobacco, alcohol, etc.).
And other harmful factors.
Although the most reliable rules in the forest are to have a map of the area and a compass with you, except for the case with one compass and without it at all, when you are guided by the Sun, there are other ways.
The following method may seem wrong at first glance, since the expression “free as the wind” immediately comes to mind, but in fact, you can navigate quite successfully by the wind.
Despite the fact that the wind is really a very windy landmark, it changes direction much less often than many people think.
Only in the surface layer of air, because of the many obstacles, wind gusts of different directions often appear.
But at the level of higher layers of air, the movement is much more stable.
If you watch heavy clouds driven by the wind on a rainy day, they crawl and crawl in the same direction, almost clinging to the tops of trees, sometimes for several days in a row.
Moreover, if the wind changes its direction, it is extremely slow.
And for him to take and turn at once, this happens very rarely, and then only after a complete calm.
To navigate by the wind, you need to remember in which direction the clouds are moving before entering the forest.
Thanks to this, it will be possible to determine in which direction you need to move.
The constancy of the direction of movement of clouds is the same as the constancy of the position of the compass needle.
That's just the direction itself can be in any direction of the world, and not north south, as on the compass.
It is worth knowing that even with a small speed of clouds, you can determine their direction by carefully watching the clouds in the lumen of the tree crown.
Being on a large body of water with no compass, when you canot see the outlines of the shores or the Sun in the sky through a dense layer of fog, even a light breeze will help you get to the shore.
In this case, you need to constantly keep the direction of the boat parallel to the direction of the wave, even if it is insignificant, this will allow you to move forward and reach the shore.
A similar situation can sometimes occur in winter.
If a strong fog is caught on a large reservoir, the wind will help to go in a straight line, and not circle.
Although fog and real wind do not happen at the same time, but with careful observation, you can detect at least a small movement of air, even with an apparent calm.
And a simple way will help in such a situation – to wet your finger (you can use saliva) and lift it up.
From the side where an imperceptible breeze blows, it will cool down faster, because the wind accelerates evaporation, which is accompanied by heat loss.
Having determined in which direction the wind is moving, it is not difficult to move in a straight line yourself, periodically checking the direction in the above way.
These are not all the ways that can be applied, because nature has its own rules in the forest and there are many of them.
The methods of orientation are very different.
For example, where the north is located in the forest can be determined by the anthills.
Almost always ants put their abode next to a tree, and there is nowhere to go, namely from the southern side of the tree.
This can be explained by the fact that ants need direct sunlight for normal life in their anthill.
And if the anthill stood on the north side of the tree, the shadow from the trunk of the tree at noon would fall just on the anthill.
This is a very reliable sign that you can safely trust.
You can make a mistake only in a situation when the tree to which the ants have settled has been cut down, and there is another tree nearby, which naturally may not stand on the north side of the anthill.
Of course, there are other natural rules in the forest that you can navigate by.
For example, if you look closely at a stone that has been lying in the same position for a long time, you will notice that it is often covered with moss on one side.
And this is a sign of the northern side.
You can also navigate through the trees.
On the northern side of the tree, lichens and mosses are better developed, because they find more favorable conditions for their development there.
Mosses like moisture and lichens also need it, and on the northern side of a stone or tree, moisture persists for a long time, after rain or dew.
And on the southern side, evaporation is much more intense, and the surface dries much faster.
On summer days, at noon, the Sun completely dries up the surface facing it, thus killing any vegetation that does not contact the soil with its roots.
The only exceptions are plants, including parasites fungi that feed on the juices of the tree on which they “settle”.
There is also a way of orientation by the crowns of trees, by which you can determine where the south and where the north are.
The crown is more developed, as a rule, on the southern side.
It is as if it is being served towards the midday Sun.
Only you need to remember that this” one sidedness " of the crown is noticeably expressed only in trees that have grown in an empty place.
And in a dense forest, because of a powerful tree standing next to it, the crown is not able to form normally, it develops intensively in the direction where there is free space and light.
If a powerful tree that was standing nearby was cut down or simply fell over time, then orientation along the crown of the preserved tree that grew in oppression will only lead to an error.
Such mistakes are easy to make in areas where mass logging was carried out.
There is a lonely tree standing among the felling, and I want to study it for orientation along the crown.
But you can not be tempted, you can not determine where the south is and where the north is by such a tree.
The annual rings on the stump can also indicate where the south is and where the north is.
They are almost always eccentric and have thickenings on the southern side.
But even in this situation, you need to know that nothing interfered with the development of the tree during its lifetime.
Otherwise “ "reading" such a stump, you can be misinformed.
Also, when navigating the forest by local signs, you need to remember that the trunk of the tree remains wet longer from the north side after the rain.
And the snow in the spring begins to melt at the coml from the south side, I form a kind of hole.
Thus, there are various rules in the forest, both natural and non natural, which allow you to navigate in it.
But sometimes you have to move around the forest at night.
And if you do not have a compass with you, it is extremely difficult to navigate, and only the starry sky will help here.
The North star, which always points to the north, can be easily found due to the fact that its close neighbors are the constellations of the Big Dipper.
This constellation, which consists of seven stars, resembles a bucket in its shape.
If you draw a straight line in your mind through the 2 extreme stars of the "bucket", at a distance exceeding 5 times the distance between these stars, you can notice a fairly bright star (of the second magnitude).
This star is the North Star.
A person with good eyesight can check the correctness of its location in the following way.
The polar Star is part of the constellation Ursa Minor, and this constellation also consists of 7 stars and also resembles a bucket in shape, but smaller.
The handle in this “bucket” ends with a Polar star.
The most reliable and probably the only landmark that is available in the dark is the Polar Star.
But if the Moon is visible in the sky, then you can also use it to set the sides of the horizon.
This is very important to know, because even the thinnest layer of clouds makes it extremely difficult to find the Polar star.
They are guided by the moon, knowing the " schedules” of its movements in the heavens.
At 7 pm on a full moon, the moon arrives in the east, in the south – at midnight, in the west at 7 am.
The following simple method is used to determine the phase of the moon.
The hand is extended forward, the straight index finger is brought from the left side to the crescent moon.
Thus, if the sickle and the finger form the letter "r “ – the moon is” growing", then the observation takes place during the 1st quarter of the moon.
If it was not possible to form the letter "r", it means that the Moon is in the last quarter.
In this situation, the crescent moon resembles the letter "c", and the word “grow old”begins with this letter.
Almost everyone has met at least several times in the forest clearings that are cut in the form of corridors and go straight into the thicket of the forest like an arrow.
And usually at the intersection of two glades, in the center of this intersection there are small poles with some numbers, which are painted in black on specially made stes.
These poles and clearings are very helpful in orientation in the forest.
In our country, for convenience, they are divided into sections using glades, such forest areas are called quarters.
This division of the forest into blocks is very similar to the division into blocks of a large city, but instead of streets in the forest, glades serve as block boundaries.
City streets can be oriented as you like relative to the north, and clearings in forests, with rare exceptions, are cut strictly from west to east, and from south to north.
The sizes of forest blocks are different depending on the value of the forest.
The more valuable the forest is, the smaller the blocks into which it is divided.
For example, in cities, green zones have blocks extending a kilometer by kilometer, sometimes a kilometer by half a kilometer, or even half a kilometer by half a kilometer.
In areas that are called “forest surplus”, where significant areas are covered with forest, blocks can be in size 2 by 2 kilometers, 2 by 4, 4 by 4, and rarely 2 by 8 kilometers.
Each forestry has its own numbering of blocks, which begins with one (at the northwest corner of the forestry).
Then the numbers go in order up to the eastern border of the forest area.
After that, the numbering goes to another row of blocks and increases again from left to right – from the western border of the forest quarter to the eastern one, in other words, the numbering of forest blocks occurs according to the same scheme as the letters on the pages of books are read.
At the intersections of the glades, poles are specially placed, which are called quarterly.
The height of these pillars is 1 meter, and the diameter is about 24 centimeters.
In the upper part of the column, steses are made, which are also called cheeks.
They record the numbers of the blocks that intersect at these pillars.
It must be remembered that such a pole is always placed so that the cheeks diagonally look deep into the blocks whose numbers are indicated on them, and the faces that are formed are directed along the glades with two cheeks.
Thanks to this, when you meet a quarter pole, you can easily determine where the north is located.
Its direction is indicated by the face, on the cheeks of which the numbers of the quarters have the smallest number.
This is a good way to navigate in the forest, but it is better to study this issue in more detail, which can be done with the help of a textbook on forest management.
When navigating in the forest with the help of local signs, especially by the crowns of the tree, the eccentricity of the annual rings on the stump sections, the covering of tree trunks and stones with lichens and moss, try to use several of the above signs at once, in order to avoid accidental mistakes.
The considered methods of orientation are far from the only ones, nature has many other signs that an observant person can use.
Take a good look, and you will notice that in the spring the first thaw appears on the slopes, and these slopes are facing south.
Berries and fruits ripen faster from the southern side of a tree or bush.
In spring, the grass on the southern side of a rock or hummock is higher than on the northern side, and at the end of summer, the grass on the northern side is more juicy, etc.
The traces of the Sun on the ground will always be a “compass”for an observant person.
выживание survival, forest, survival skills, ways of orientation
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Comments: (6)
Ivan 22.02.2014 at 16: 36
Informative, thanks for the article!
To answer
Kotenok 26.10.2015 at 06: 13
no not consciously
To answer
Mariya 28.08.2014 at 20: 50
Very informative.
It is necessary to learn how to work with a compass, try many of your recommendations in practice.
Thank you very much.
Your site is in my bookmark.
To answer
Andrey 12.09.2014 at 20: 29
Many thanks to the author, it is very informative and interesting.
To answer
Tatiana 25.03.2015 at 11: 20
When you go to an unfamiliar forest and because it happens that some people start to circle, it is always better to take crayons with which to mark the direction with an arrow on the tree trunks, it is more reliable.
And you can also put dry branches of a stick in the direction from where the path is laid.
Even threads can be used in a dense unknown forest, and when unwinding, marking a prominent place with something, and further along the way.
To answer
Ivan 17.06.2015 at 21: 06
A very useful article.
Now, knowledge has been added to intuition.
goodbye, I went to the forest to practice))
To answer
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