Moscow InoSMI PRIME R Sport RIA Real Estate RIA Rating
5.125 December21: 03 GMT
USD63.92-0.23 EUR67.77-0.70
Projects InoSMI PRIME R Sport RIA Real Estate RIA Rating
Moscow
Change the background
The main thing is the shelling of a Russian mobile hospital in Aleppo A major road accident in Ugra The results of the referendum in Italy The war in Syria The situation in the Donbass The accident of "Progress" The appointment of a new head of the Mayor Putin's Message to the Federal Assembly 75 years of the Soviet Information Bureau
Politics Security Russia's New Weapon
Society Media Health Education Life without barriers "Public Opinions" Social Navigator Beauty Medicine CHI
The economy of the Arctic.
The pole of attraction Company news Fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate
In the world, the US Presidential Election
Incidents
Sports Olympics 2016
Science Nuclear technologies Ecological map of Russia Expedition of the RGO "Gogland" Ecology of the megapolis Technologies
Culture Museums are changing the world The Year of Russian Cinema Prokofiev 125
Religion
Radio SPUTNIK
Background of the issue
The foundation of Moscow and the main milestones of its development.
Historical background Topic: The third reading of the draft General Plan of Moscow in the Moscow City Duma (46)
09:3005.09.2009 0454070
The first mention of Moscow in the chronicles dates back to 1147.
In the XVI century, it became one of the largest cities in Europe, in 1812 it was three quarters destroyed by fire, and by the beginning of the XXI century, its population, together with its suburbs, exceeded 12 million people.
The first mention of Moscow in the chronicles dates back to 1147.
During the frequent inter princely wars then, the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Olgovich, fleeing from persecution, fled to the land of Vyatichi, which was then part of his remote possessions.
Here he met the envoys of his ally, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky of Suzdal, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, who conveyed to him the prince's invitation to come to Moscow for a council.
"Come to me, my brother, in Moscow," Yuri wrote to Prince Svyatoslav.
Already at the dawn of its history, Moscow became an important strategic point on the southwestern border of the Vladimir Suzdal land.
It was located at a very convenient intersection of waterways and carriageways.
From there, along the Yauza River, and then along the Klyazma, there was a way to Vladimir — the largest city of North Eastern Russia of the XII century.
In ancient times, the village of Mytishchi was located on the watershed between Yauza and Klyazma, where merchants were charged a travel fee myt.
From north to south, the road led from distant Novgorod through Volokolamsk to the Oka and Ryazan.
Another land road ran from west to south west, connecting the Chernigov and Smolensk principalities with the Vladimir land through Moscow.
In the middle of the XII century, the energetic and far sighted Prince of Suzdal, Yuri Dolgoruky, seeking to protect the western borders of his principality, built a number of fortress cities, among them Yuryev of Poland (1152) and Dmitrov (1154).
In 1156, according to the chronicles, he "laid Moscow at the mouth of the Neglinna, above the Yauza River".
Until recently, almost nothing was known about Moscow during the time of Yuri Dolgoruky.
Only in the course of archaeological observations during the construction of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses in 1956 and 1960, it was possible to discover the remains of the fortress steppe of the middle of the XII century, which ran along the left bank of the Neglinnaya.
The city was surrounded by a high rampart, which had about 40 meters at the base and up to 8 meters in height.
The fortress was surrounded by the courtyards of Moscow artisans.
Gradually, there were more and more of them.
They were also crowded on the Borovitsky (Kremlin) Hill itself, and were located under the walls of the Kremlin on the bank of the Moskva River on the so called Podol, which, spreading further to the east, passed into the Great (Big) Posad in the area of modern Zaryadye.
This posad, squeezed from the north by a swampy terrain, ran in a narrow ribbon along the left bank of the Moskva River.
Near the Kremlin walls were located the auction and the city pier on Veliky Posad.
Moscow – the center of a small principality, became in the XIV century the basis for the unification of Russian lands into a powerful single state, the leading force in the fight against the foreign yoke, for national independence.
© RIA Novosti.
Yuri Somov Go to Photobank
Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin
The transfer of the seat of the head of the Russian Church from Vladimir to Moscow was of great importance for the further unification and national liberation struggle in Russia.
Metropolitan Peter also lived for a long time in Moscow, where he died in 1326.
His successor, Metropolitan Theognost, finally made Moscow the center of the all Russian metropolis.
In 1326, the first stone church was built in Moscow — the Assumption Cathedral, which reproduced the traditions of Vladimir Suzdal architecture.
Even with its name, it resembled the Metropolitan Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.
Soon the Archangel Cathedral was built, which became the tomb of the Moscow princes, and the court church of the Savior on Bor.
After the fires in 1331 and 1337, which destroyed the old Kremlin, Ivan Kalita, who reigned in 1325-1340, built a new fortress from oak logs.
The territory of the Kremlin at this time significantly expanded in the northern and eastern directions.
The remains of the Kremlin of Ivan Kalita have not been preserved, it is only known that it was surrounded by a moat filled with water and an earthen rampart.
Under Ivan Kalit, the ensemble of the main buildings of the Kremlin was formed in general terms.
The prince's palace was located on the high edge of the hill.
In the center of the palace square, which was framed by the buildings of the Assumption and Archangel cathedrals, there was the Church of John the Ladder, which became the very first Moscow bell tower, since it was built "like the bells", as one common belfry for the Kremlin cathedrals.
The next stage of the growth of Moscow's political power is associated with the activities of Ivan Kalita's grandson Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, who received the nickname Donskoy for his victory over the Tatar Mongols (1359-1389).
Realizing the inevitability of a stubborn struggle with his powerful opponents - the Horde and the Lithuanian Principality, Prince Dmitry strengthened the capital of his principality.
During 1367, the oak walls of the city were replaced with white stone ones.
The new Kremlin was approaching the size of the modern one (with the exception of the northern corner and the eastern part).
The length of its walls reached up to 2 kilometers.
The Kremlin walls were still not high and were not designed for firing with firearms, which appeared a little later.
The towers had a wooden roof in the form of tents and a crenellated top.
Three of the eight nine towers were passable: Constantino-
© RIA Novosti.
Yuri Cover Go to Photobank
Sretensky Monastery in Moscow
Eleninskaya, Frolovskaya (later Spasskaya) and Nikolskaya.
It was a bold innovation: Prince Dmitry counted not only on defense, but also on a counterattack of troops from the city.
In the second half of the XIV century, Moscow stretched far beyond the Kremlin, and therefore it became necessary to strengthen its distant approaches.
This purpose was served by the construction of fortress monasteries to the north and south of the city, which formed a ring of auxiliary forts.
Simonov Monastery was built between the roads to Kolomna and Serpukhov, Andronikov Monastery was built on the banks of the Yauza, and Petrovsky, Rozhdestvensky and Sretensky monasteries were built between the Dmitrov and Yaroslavl roads.
For two centuries (from the XIV to the end of the XV century), Moscow was becoming the capital of a single Russian state, which affected the entire appearance of the city.
The reconstruction of the Kremlin, decorated with walls and towers, stone cathedrals and chambers, gave it a majestic appearance.
The territory of Moscow has grown significantly, mainly in the eastern direction, and has reached the modern Boulevard Ring.
Its basis was the radially located streets leading to the roads connecting Moscow with the main Russian lands.
The old streets of Bolshoy Posad Varskaya, or Varvarskaya, and Nikolskaya with Sretenka, as its continuation, began at the walls of the Kremlin and, accordingly, led to Vladimir and Pereyaslavl.
Bolshoy Posad – the oldest shopping center of the city by the beginning of the XVI century occupied the territory of the later China city.
Here, between Varvarka and Ilyinka, there were shopping malls.
The Big Posad was partially fortified by a moat that descended from the Kuchkov Field to the Moscow River.
Its border was: in the south - the Moscow River, and in the north the Neglinnaya River.
In the east, the posad rested on the marshy Vasilevsky meadow, which reached the mouth of the Yauza.
Since the XV century, the settlement of Zaneglimenye (the area on the right bank of the Neglinnaya River), which for a long time remained a suburban territory, began.
The main streets led to Tver (Tverskaya), Dmitrov (Yuryevskaya, outside the city - Malaya Dmitrovka), Volokolamsk and Novgorod (Volotskaya, later Nikitskaya).
Feudal lords and their mongrels settled in Zaneglimenye.
At the end of the XV century, when the danger of Tatar raids on Moscow decreased, the Zarechye (now Zamoskvorechye) began to settle.
From here there were roads: to the south - Ordynskaya (Bolshaya Ordynka), Serpukhov (Bolshaya Polyanka), Kolomna and Kaluga(Bolshaya Yakimanka).
There were also Tatar settlements (between Bolshaya Ordynka and Bolshaya Yakimanka), where interpreters lived.
Then there were city fields and meadows (Luzhniki), which served as a place for cattle pasture.
Moscow was still mostly a wooden city.
In addition to the Kremlin buildings, monasteries and churches were mainly built of stone.
The houses of well to do Muscovites were usually two storeyed and consisted of three rooms: a room (a light room), a bedroom and a kitchen.
Occasionally, stone chambers of secular people (in particular, the merchant Tarakan) appeared in the city.
Moscow was surrounded by a dense ring of villages belonging to princes (descendants of the appanage princes: Rurikovich and Gediminovich) and boyars.
The territory of most of them is now located within the city limits cities.
By the end of the XV century, most of the suburban villages were already part of the possessions of the Moscow sovereign, making up, together with the surrounding fields and meadows, the economic base that provided for the needs of the grand ducal court.
© RIA Novosti.
Sergey Guneev
Assumption Cathedral and Ivan the Great Bell Tower
The transformation of Moscow into the capital of the Russian state made it necessary to rebuild the political center of the city – the Kremlin.
Construction began with the construction of the new Assumption Cathedral.
After an unsuccessful attempt to build a cathedral on the basis of old construction equipment, a prominent Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti was called to Moscow.
Having carefully familiarized himself with the traditions of Old Russian stone architecture, in 1475-1479 he erected a new cathedral building, which, recreating some forms of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, was enriched with new features characteristic of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance.
Along with the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin, the Pskov masters rebuilt the court Annunciation Cathedral (1487-1489) and the Italian Aleviz Novy — the Archangel Cathedral (1505-1509).
In the center of the Kremlin Square, on the site of the old church of St. John the Ladder in 1505-1508, the Ivan the Great Tower was built (a belfry was added to it in the 30s of the XVI century).
Not only church buildings were built.
Instead of the old wooden choir, in 1487-1491, Russian masters under the leadership of Italians Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solari erected a stone building of the Faceted Chamber – the Grand Ducal Palace in the traditions of Moscow architecture.
The name" Faceted " chamber was received because of its external cladding, treated with faceted stones.
By the end of the XV century, the Kremlin walls had become dilapidated and no longer met the new conditions of defense against firearms.
The construction of new fortifications began in 1485 on the southern side of the Kremlin.
Here Anton Fryazin erected a "strelnitsa" (tower), under which a cache was dug (a passage to the river).
From this hiding place, the tower was named "Tainitskaya".
Then Beklemishevskaya, Borovitskaya, Konstantino Eleninskaya and Sviblovskaya (now Vodovzvodnaya) towers were built.
After the construction of the Kremlin wall facing the Moscow River, the construction of the eastern side of the fortress began.
In 1491, the Frolovskaya (now Spasskaya) and Nikolskaya towers were laid.
Later, they began to strengthen the western part of the Kremlin, facing the Neglinnaya River.
When in 1508-1516 a moat was dug that connected the Neglinnaya River with the Moscow River (on the territory of Red Square), the Kremlin turned into a kind of fortified island located in the middle of the city.
Bridge fortifications were created at the fortress gates to help the defenders of the Kremlin withstand the enemy's assault.
Only one of the fortifications has been preserved - the Kutafya Tower, which protected the Trinity Gate.
The Kremlin at that time was an outstanding structure that met all the requirements of fortress construction at the end of the XV century.
The towers of the Kremlin did not yet have high tents (they were built in the XVII century.), but ended with platforms covered with conical roofs.
The capital of the Russian state Moscow in the XVI century became one of the largest cities in Europe.
The territory of Moscow has significantly expanded, which required the creation of new ramparts of city fortifications.
First of all, the center of the capital, called "China City", was strengthened.
The name "Kitay Gorod" is derived from the word "whales", which means a fence made of thin poles covered with earth.
A similar fence lay at the base of the earthen rampart of the original fortress of Kitay Gorod.
In May 1534, the government of the young Ivan IV began the construction of an earthen fortress, and a year later stone fortifications were erected in its place.
The Kitaygorodskaya wall (its remains have survived to this day) ran from the Nikolsky Gate of the Kremlin approximately to the site of the monument to Ivan Fyodorov, then descended to the Moscow River and went along the river to the Kremlin.
In 1547, a terrible fire occurred in Moscow – the Kremlin, Kitay Gorod, and most of the posad burned down in six hours, more than 2.5 thousand people died in the fire and from suffocation.
The tsar himself was fleeing from a fire in the village of Vorobyovo (Vorobyovy Gory).
The majority of the city's population was left homeless.
© RIA Novosti.
Sergey Guneev
The domes of St. Basil's Cathedral.
Archive
By the end of the XVI century, Moscow was surrounded by two more rings of fortifications.
In 1585-1591, under the leadership of the outstanding builder Fyodor Konya, the walls of the White City were built, covering the Kremlin and Kitay Gorod in a semicircle (along the line of the modern Boulevard Ring).
On the south side, they rested on the Moscow River.
After the raid of the Crimean khan Kazy Giray, who came to the very outskirts of the capital in the summer of 1591, they immediately began building a new line of fortifications — a Wooden city, or Skorodom.
The name "Skorodom" comes from the haste with which the construction of new fortifications took place, completed within a year.
This line ran along the modern Garden Ring, including Zamoskvorechye within its limits.
In 1599-1600, the second line of the Kremlin walls was built.
The most significant monument of Moscow architecture of the XVI century, which absorbed the best features of the tent and pillar styles, is the Cathedral of the Intercession on the moat (1554-1560), in one of the vestibules of which St. Basil the Blessed, a famous Moscow fool of that time, is buried, because of which the building became popularly called St. Basil's Cathedral.
The completion of the monumental construction in the center of Moscow at that time was the bell tower of Ivan the Great, attached in 1600 to the old Kremlin belfry.
In the first half of the XVII century, the construction of Moscow was still spontaneous, chaotic, especially where the "black" people lived.
And, nevertheless, the previously outlined radial ring system of city planning received a more distinct expression in the XVII century.
The streets that stretched along the ancient roads to the center of Moscow (Tverskaya, Bolshaya Dmitrovka and Malaya Dmitrovka, Myasnitskaya, etc.) were intersected by the rings of the White City and the Earthen City, which lost their defensive significance over time fortifications.
In 1633, the first pressure water supply system was built in Moscow, for which one of the Kremlin towers, called Vodovzvodnaya, was used.
Your browser does not support this video format.
© RIA Novosti.
Olga Grishina, Alexey Ivanov
Unique buildings of the XVII century were recreated in Kolomenskoye
The diversity of social groups that inhabited the city led to the fact that Moscow looked like a cluster of settlements of various kinds (such as settlements) scattered over a large territory.
There were more than 140 such settlements in Moscow of the XVII century.
In the field of architecture, the XVII century can rightly be called the heyday of the Russian Baroque - a kind of architectural style that adapted techniques and solutions peculiar to ancient wooden architecture for stone construction.
A unique wooden structure was the royal palace in the village of Kolomenskoye, which was called the "eighth wonder of the world".
It was built intermittently during the 40-80s of the XVII century.
The work was supervised by carpenters Semyon Petrov and Ivan Mikhailov.
The influence of secular construction, its "patterned" style also affected the construction of church buildings.
At the Barbarian Gate of Kitay Gorod, the Trinity Church was built at the expense of merchant Grigory Nikitnikov, which competed with the palaces and cathedrals of the Kremlin both in external design and in internal decoration.
The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Putniki, which has three decorative tents set in a row and a tent bell tower, was distinguished by its lightness and aspiration to the sky.
At the turn of the XVII XVIII centuries, fires in Moscow followed one after another.
The most severe fire of 1701, which destroyed many Kremlin buildings, accelerated the adoption of measures to improve the city.
In this and subsequent years, Peter I issued decrees on stone construction within the Kremlin, Kitay Gorod and Bely Gorod, prohibiting the construction of wooden houses.
The lack of bricks and roofing iron has led to quite frequent exceptions to this rule, but, nevertheless, the construction of stone buildings has acquired a wider scope.
In accordance with special decrees, the paving of streets with cobblestones began, the transfer of bad smelling slaughterhouses and butcher shops outside the White City (since then, markets have appeared at the Earthen Rampart in different places).
© RIA Novosti.
Vladimir Rodionov
Moscow Museum estate "Ostankino"
The city gradually expanded its borders.
The settlements within the Earthen Rampart and beyond it turned into streets that stretched along the main roads leading to the center of Moscow.
Nobles, officials, rich merchants almost completely displaced the yards of the" common people " behind the Earthen Rampart.
The quarters of the White City have acquired a particularly aristocratic character.
The Russian nobility acquired luxurious stone palaces, houses and manors, in the construction of which the most prominent architects took part.
The tone was set by members of the imperial family and their favorites.
During these years, the Catherine Palace was built in Lefortovo.
The magnificent palaces of the estate of the Sheremetevs (Ostankino and Kuskovo), the Yusupovs (Arkhangelsk) were erected.
Pashkov's mansion was built on the hill opposite the Borovitsky Gate of the Kremlin.
The reign of Catherine II brought many projects for the reconstruction of Moscow.
The "Projected Plan for the City of Moscow" approved by the Empress in 1775 divided the city into two parts.
The territory, now bounded by the Boulevard Ring, was considered a city proper; everything that was located further to the Earthen Rampart belonged to the suburbs.
The city was supposed to have: solid stone construction, paved streets, water supply (it was carried out from the springs in Mytishchi according to the project of 1779), street lighting with oil lamps, fire and police protection.
The plan provided for the urgent demolition of the White City wall and the construction of boulevards in its place.
The wall was dismantled for more than 20 years and only in 1796 the only boulevard was opened — Tverskaya.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow was severely damaged by a fire.
Three quarters of the city buildings were destroyed (according to official data, 7632 out of 9151 houses burned down).
The consequences of the fire and the management of the enemy army caused enormous damage to the city.
It was necessary to take emergency measures to restore Moscow.
First of all, a commission for buildings was urgently created, which was entrusted with the restoration of the city.
According to her projects, the construction of Moscow was carried out, which preserved the historically formed radial ring principle.
In the 20-30s of the XIX century, a lot of work was carried out on the demolition of the Earthen Rampart, on the site of which the Garden Ring was opened accessible to transport and pedestrians.
In the central part of Moscow, the moats around the Kremlin and Kitay Gorod were filled in.
© RIA Novosti.
Anton Denisov Go to Photobank
Scaffolding was removed from the building of the "Food warehouses" on Zubovsky Boulevard
In the first half of the XIX century, the architectural appearance of Moscow was enriched by reconstructions and new buildings in the Kremlin, made under the direction of Konstantin Ton.
The building of the Armory Chamber, the station of the Nikolaev railway (now the Leningradsky railway station) were built.
Architect Fyodor Shestakov built food warehouses on Krymskaya Square.
Alexander Witberg led the design of the monument to the Patriotic War of 1812 the Cathedral of Christ the Savior near the Moskva River.
Later, the development of the project and construction was entrusted to the architect Konstantin Ton.
The construction of the temple was delayed for almost half a century.
In the 70s of the XIX century, compared with the 60s, the share of the city budget expenditure on landscaping increased by 1.5 times, amounting to 27% (at the same time, the budget itself increased by about 2 times, exceeding 4 million rubles).
The first five storey houses began to appear.
In 1876, improvement of the pavement began on Tverskaya Street (replacement of cobblestones with end and asphalt pavement).
Some wooden bridges were replaced by railways: Dorogomilovsky (1868), Moskvoretsky (1872), Bolshoy Krasnokholmsky (1872), Krymsky (1873), Bolshoy Ustinsky (1883).
New bridges appeared — Cast iron (1888) and Maly Kamenny (1890).
Street lighting has noticeably improved.
In the 50s of the XIX century, the streets were illuminated for eight months of the year, and only on moonless nights (on average 18 days a month).
With the advent of a new fuel (kerosene) in the 1860s, the number of lamps increased.
In 1867, gas lighting appeared.
© RIA Novosti.
Sergey Pyatakov Go to the photo bank
Big Stone Bridge
In 1883, the square near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, and then Red Square and the Big Stone Bridge began to be illuminated with electric lanterns.
In total, there were not many more than 60 of them.
The widespread introduction of electricity was still far away.
Only since 1896, when a large power plant was built, Tverskaya Street was illuminated with 99 lanterns, and electricity began to enter the apartments of the rich.
At the end of the XIX century, water supply, sewerage, and telephone appeared in the homes of wealthy people.
In the 60s of the XIX century, eight highways left Moscow in various directions: to St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Warsaw, Ryazan, Smolensk, etc.
The most important of them was the road connecting Moscow with the All Russian celebration the Makaryevskaya (later Nizhny Novgorod) fair.
Following the Nikolaev (to St. Petersburg), the Yaroslavl, Brest, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kursk, Bryansk, Savelovskaya, Vindava, Paveletskaya railways were laid one after another.
By the end of the XIX century, Moscow became a major railway hub, where 10 railways converged, connecting the city with various parts of European Russia.
The horse — drawn railway (horse — drawn tram) gradually replaced the main type of urban transport the "ruler" (a carriage with seats on both sides of the board that separated it).
By 1900, the length of the tram lines was about 100 km, with 241 wagons running on all lines.
In 1899, the first tram line was laid in Moscow (from the Strastny Monastery, located on today's Pushkin Square, to the Butyrskaya Zastava).
In the last decades of the XIX century, a number of significant structures were built in Moscow: the buildings of the Polytechnic and Historical Museums, the Paradise Theater on Nikitskaya Street (now the Mayakovsky Theater), the Upper Shopping Malls (GUM), several train stations, as well as private houses.
At the beginning of the XX century, Moscow significantly expanded its borders.
In 1912, its population with suburbs was 1.6 million people, and within the municipal limits – 1.4 million.
© RIA Novosti.
Dmitry Korobeynikov Go to Photobank
Kazansky railway Station in Moscow
The industrial boom and the rapid growth of the urban population caused a construction boom.
In the central part of the city, "profitable" residential buildings, shopping establishments, etc. began to be built .
Provincial features of the city, primarily associated with low rise buildings and the nature of buildings, disappeared.
Multi storey stone houses were built to replace one - and two storey wooden houses.
The first 8 – storey house was built near Orlikov Lane, and the first 10 storey one was built in Gnezdnikovsky Lane.
In 1912, there were 9% of buildings with 3 or more floors.
At that time, a third of the city's buildings were already made of stone, and wooden buildings were becoming rare within the Boulevard Ring, although there were still many of them between the Boulevard and the Garden Ring.
The central part of the city was decorated with a number of public buildings and private buildings.
According to the project of architect Alexey Shchusev, the building of the Kazan railway station was built on Kalanchevskaya Square (now Komsomolskaya), according to the project of engineer Ivan Rerberg – the building of the Bryansk (now Kiev) railway station.
The Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts) was built on Volkhonka.
The slow tram was almost completely replaced by the tram; its lines stretched for 130 km.
In 1907, the first very peculiar taxi car appeared on the streets of Moscow with the announcement " Cab Driver.
A taxi by agreement", and soon a car with a canopy and benches in the back connected the bus to Maryina Grove and Ostankino.
But motor transport has not yet played a significant role in the life of citizens.
There were too few cars.
In 1913, there were only 1300 of them, and 14 thousand cabs.
Of all the modes of transport, the first place belonged to the tram.
In 1912, the Moscow tram carried 274 million people (in 1904, only 48 million).
In 1910, a telephone exchange of the Swedish Danish Joint stock Company was put into operation in Moscow, which began to serve 60 thousand subscribers.
Before the First World War, Moscow had a direct telephone connection with St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Kharkov.
In the autumn of 1914, the first radio station with a capacity of 100 kilowatts began operating in the city.
On the eve of the First World War, steam heating, electricity, water supply and sewerage began to penetrate beyond the Garden Ring.
In 1922, Moscow became the capital of the USSR.
The rapid development of transport infrastructure has begun in the city.
So, in 1924, bus traffic was opened in Moscow, in 1933 the first trolleybus route was launched, and in 1935 the first metro line was opened for passengers.
In the Soviet period, the process of centralized planned development and improvement of Moscow on the basis of officially approved master plans can be divided into 4 main stages: 1) 1931-1941;
2) 1945 1950 years;
3) 1951-1960;
4) 1961-1991.
On July 10, 1935, the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow was adopted.
© RIA Novosti.
Anton Denisov Go to Photobank
View of the Kremlin and the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God
In accordance with the general plan, a large housing construction was carried out in the capital.
In 1935-1940, over 1.8 million square meters of living space were built in Moscow.
The peculiarity of the new construction was that the houses were built in four or more floors.
At the same time, a large construction of cultural, medical and other institutions was carried out.
By 1938, the reconstruction of the center was completed.
Red Square and the streets adjacent to it were freed from small commercial buildings, tents, warehouses and one story wooden houses.
The capital was decorated with the Kremlin, Moskvoretskaya, Sofiyskaya, Krymskaya, Bersenevskaya, Frunzenskaya, Berezhkovskaya, Dorogomilovskaya and other embankments of the Moscow River and Yauza enclosed in granite.
New residential and public buildings have been built along the banks of these rivers.
11 new large bridges connected the districts of the capital with each other and with the center, improved transport links and introduced new features into the architectural appearance of the capital.
In accordance with the Master Plan, Gorky Street (Tverskaya), Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya (now Leninsky Prospekt), 1st Meshchanskaya (now Mira Avenue), Mozhaiskoe Highway (now Kutuzovsky Prospekt) and many other streets and squares where housing construction was widely carried out were reconstructed in subsequent years.
Moscow was actively changing its appearance of the "big village", acquiring a metropolitan scale.
In the 1930s, in connection with Stalin's Decree, monasteries and churches began to be closed and destroyed in Moscow.
During the expansion of Lubyanka Square, the Panteleimon Chapel was destroyed, the Cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (a monument to the liberation of Russia and Moscow from the Polish invaders of the XVII century) was dismantled, the Nikitsky Monastery was demolished, the Iversky (Resurrection) gates with the Iversky Chapel were dismantled, the Church of St. Demetrius of Solunsky on Strastnaya Square, the Church of Vasily Kssarisky on Tverskaya Street and the entire complex of the Strastny Monastery on Tversky Boulevard and dozens of other temples were destroyed.
In 1931, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was blown up.
During the Great Patriotic War, the implementation of the General Plan of 1935 was temporarily discontinued.
After the war, work began on the restoration of the city, and then its planned reconstruction continued.
© RIA Novosti.
Ruslan Krivobok Go to photobank
Russian Foreign Ministry Building
The second stage of the transformation of Moscow was mainly devoted to the restoration of the urban economy and improving the conditions of service to the population.
Basically, these tasks were solved in the first post war 5 years.
The third stage of the development and reconstruction of the capital was characterized by the deployment of mass housing and cultural construction based on industrial methods of building construction and construction.
A ten year plan for the reconstruction of Moscow for 1951 and 1960 was adopted.
This urban planning plan was based on the ideas of the General Plan of 1935, but also included a number of new proposals to improve the layout and development of the city, primarily the main highways, entrances to Moscow, the development of reserve territories.
In Moscow, standard projects for mass housing and cultural and household construction were developed, an industrial base was created, construction organizations were enlarged.
The construction was carried out mainly in new large residential areas Southwest, Cheryomushki, Izmailovo, Fili, Khoroshovo Mnevniki, Kuzminki, etc.
In 1952-1957, for the first time in Moscow, 7 high rise buildings were erected, unique at that time in their nature, location and quality of construction.
Their creation was a significant milestone in the development of Russian architecture, an important urban planning stage in the formation of the center of Moscow, which marked the beginning of new architectural ensembles.
In 1955 - 1957, the largest sports complex was created in Luzhniki, in 1960-1962 a television tower was erected in Ostankino, in 1961 the Palace of Congresses was opened in the Kremlin, in 1962 – 1968 a New Arbat was built.
In 1958, the area of Moscow was expanded by joining some reserve territories with settlements: Nikolsky, Verkhniye Mnevniki, Khoroshevo, Ramenki, Cheryomushki, Volkhonka, Strelka.
In 1960, the cities of Babushkin, Kuntsevo, Lyublino, Perovo and Tushino were included in the Moscow region, as well as workers, dacha settlements and rural settlements of the Moscow region located on the territory bounded by the Moscow Ring Road.
In 1971, a new General Plan for the Development of Moscow was adopted.
It was designed for 20 years.
According to this plan, new highways were laid, a number of large public buildings were built: the COMECON complex (now the city hall building), the hotel "Russia", the house of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR ("White House").
In 1974-1986, Stary Arbat Street was declared a protected and pedestrian zone.
In 1973, the new theater on Tverskoy Boulevard received its first audience, in 1976 and 1979 an indoor bicycle track was built in Krylatskoye, in 1977 the building of the USSR Telegraph Agency on Nikitsky Gate Square was put into operation, in the same year the first readers came to the new building of the Institute of Scientific Information of the USSR Academy of Sciences with a fundamental library for social Sciences, in 1980 a new residential complex "Olympic Village", the Olympic sports complex on Mira Avenue and much more were put into operation.
At the present stage of development, the city is undergoing a major architectural transformation – multi storey office buildings and modern transport infrastructure are being built.
In recent years, the buildings of the Tretyakov Gallery, the Darwin Museum, and the Museum of Personal Collections have been expanded and reconstructed.
The appearance of a number of unique structures contributed to the change in the appearance of the city: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and Gostiny Dvor were rebuilt, Manezh Square was reconstructed.
A number of estates and residential buildings of the late XIII — early XIX centuries, chambers of the XVII century on Prechistenka, in Granatny and Lavrushensky lanes have been restored and partially reconstructed.
The material is prepared on the basis of information from open sources
70
+
The foundation of Moscow and the main milestones of its development.
Historical information 09: 30 05/09/2009 The first mention of Moscow in the chronicles dates back to 1147.
In the XVI century, it became one of the largest cities in Europe, in 1812 it was three quarters destroyed by fire, and by the beginning of the XXI century, its population, together with its suburbs, exceeded 12 million people.
Learn more "
This article was published more than 72 hours ago, which means that it is not available for commenting.
You can find more new materials on the main page.
Thanks!
Your comment will be checked by a moderator for compliance with the Rules.
Add more
Show new comments (0)
in response to the user (show open)
Delete Edit Edit Reply Reply
Thanks!
Your comment will be checked by a moderator for compliance with the Rules.
Rules for commenting on materials
Thanks!
Your comment will be checked by a moderator for compliance with the Rules.
News smi2.ru
SMI2 News
Loading...
News Authors Special Projects Foreign Broadcasting PRESS CENTER To Clients About The Agency
The Main Thing Is Politics Economy In The World Incidents Culture
Society Culture Sports On the Air Science and Technology Religion and Worldview
References Announcements Polls Tests Tournaments Games
Multimedia Photos Infographics Videos
Irina Andreeva Andrey Annenkov Dmitry Babich Alyona Berezovskaya Vladislav Biryukov Alexey Blinov Igor Bocharnikov Iskander Valitov Sergey Varshavchik Dmitry Vinogradov Zakhar Vinogradov Mikhail Demurin Vladimir Evseev Elena Zagorodnyaya
Olga Zinovieva Valentin Zorin Rostislav Ishchenko Dmitry Kiselyov Vera Kostamo Dmitry Kosyrev Dmitry Kulikov Vladimir Lepekhin Fyodor Lukyanov Sergey Markedonov Anastasia Melnikova Oleg Nazarov Igor Nikolaichuk Armen Hovhannisyan
Alexey Pankin Alexey Pilko Vitaly Podvitsky Alexander Ratsimor Ilya Craft Pavel Rodkin Peter Romanov Mikhail Rostovsky Timofey Sergetsev Maxim Sokolov Alyona Solntseva Elena Suponina Vitaly Tretyakov Alexander Khrolenko
Opinion Columnists Interviews Essays
RIA Crimea Russia for all Evolutionists History of Russia.
A new look Carefully, history!
The Impulse Contest
Social navigator Life without barriers The applicant's navigator Engineers for the future Ecology of the metropolis RIA Rating
Eurasian Communication Center Zinoviev Club Our Victory.
Day by day The Union State News of the Moscow region
Project archive Gagarin Titanic Rating of "outgoing" ministers of 2011 Rating of ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation Rating of influential women of 2011 Rating of influential women of 2012 1812: War and the world
Sputnik International / English Sputnik Mundo / Spanish 俄罗斯卫星网 / Chinese Sputnik Deutschland / German Sputnik عربي / Arabic Sputnik Türkiye / Turkish Sputnik France / French Sputnik Brasil / Portuguese
Sputnik Italia / Italian Sputnik Polska / Polish Sputnik Eesti / Estonian Sputnik Estonia / Russian Sputnik Latvija / Latvian Sputnik Latvia / Russian Sputnik Srbija / Serbian Sputnik Česká republika / Czech Sputnik ViệT Nam / Vietnamese Sputnik 日本 / Japanese Sputnik 코리아 / Korean Sputnik دری / Dari Sputnik پښتو / Pashto Sputnik ─ارسی/ Persian
Sputnik Aҧsny / Abkhaz Sputnik Abkhazia / Russian Sputnik Belarus / Belarusian Sputnik Belarus / Russian Sputnik Արմենիա / Armenian Sputnik Armenia / Russian Sputnik Kyrgyzstan / Kyrgyz Sputnik Kyrgyzstan / Russian Sputnik Hussar Iryston / Ossetian Sputnik South Ossetia / Russian Sputnik O'zbekiston / Uzbek Sputnik Uzbekistan / Russian
Sputnik Azərbaycan / Azerbaijan Sputnik Azerbaijan / Russian Sputnik საააა / Georgia Sputnik Georgia / Russian Sputnik ToикIkiston / Tajik Sputnik Tajikistan / Russian Sputnik Moldova / Moldavian Sputnik Moldova / Russian Sputnik Kazakhstan / Kazakh Sputnik Kazakhstan / Russian RIA Novosti Ukraine
About the press center Services Calendar of events
News feeds Multimedia Photos Infographics Cartoons Videos
Information Screens Application " Dynamics of the day"
Events Conferences and forums Press events Photo exhibitions
Online media MIA "Russia Today" InoSMI Foreign broadcasting sites R Sport Real Estate RIA Rating Mobile applications Russia for everyone Eurasian Communication Center RIA Crimea RIA Ukraine
Infopartnership Advertising
MIA "Russia Today" Guide Agency news Agency history Contacts
Procurement Regulations on the approval of a new version of the Procurement Regulations Procurement Plan for 2016
ADVERTISING Version 5.1.11 beta.
To contact the editorial office or report any errors you have noticed, use the feedback form.
Rules for the use of materials of MIA "Russia Today" © 2016 MIA "Russia Today" Online publication "RIA Novosti" was registered with the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor) on April 08, 2014.
Certificate of registration of E mail No.
FS77-57640 This resource may contain materials 18+
Rambler Partner
Mobile version m.ria.ru
Up
Authorization Registration Password Recovery Privacy Policy
E mail Password
Remember me
Enter
He is the correct username or password
Log in via Facebook social networks in Contact
TwitterGoogle
Registration Authorization Privacy Policy
E mail
Password
Password confirmation
Enter the code from the image
Registration
He is the correct username or password
* All fields are required to be filled in
Ok
Password Recovery Authorization Registration
E mail
Recover
Instructions for password recovery are sent to
Ok
Registration Hello,!
You have an account in club.ria.ru?
DaNet
Registration Hello,!
Registration Password Recovery Privacy Policy
E mail Password
Remember me
Enter
I donot have an account in club.ria.ru
Ok
Registration Hello,!
Registration
E mail Registration
I have an account in club.ria.ru
Ok
Changing the region Is loading ...
An error occurred...
Repeat
rules for commenting on materials
User registration in the RIA Club service on the Ria website.
Ru and authorization on other sites of the MIA "Russia Today" media group using the user's account or accounts in social networks indicates acceptance of these rules.
The User undertakes not to violate the current legislation of the Russian Federation by his actions.
The user undertakes to speak respectfully towards other participants of the discussion, readers and persons appearing in the materials.
Comments are published only in those languages in which the main content of the material under which the user posts a comment is presented.
On the websites of the media group MIA "Russia Today", comments can be edited, including preliminary ones.
This means that the moderator checks the compliance of comments with these rules after the comment was published by the author and became available to other users, as well as before the comment became available to other users.
The user's comment will be deleted if it:
does not match the topics page; promotes hatred and discrimination on racial, ethnic, sexual, religious, social grounds, infringe upon the rights of minorities; violates the rights of minors, causing them harm in any form; contains ideas of extremist and terrorist nature, calls for violent change of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation; contains insults, threats to other users, individuals or specific organizations, denigrates the honor and dignity or undermines their reputation; contains insults or messages expressing disrespect to the MIA "Russia today" or employees of the Agency; violates the privacy, distributes personal data of third parties without their consent, disclose the secrecy of correspondence; contains references scenes of violence, cruelty to animals; contains information about methods of suicide, incites to suicide;
pursues commercial objectives, contains improper advertising, unlawful political advertisement or links to other online resources containing such information; is obscene or contains profanity and its derivatives, as well as hints of the use of lexical items falling within this definition; contains spam, advertises spamming, services, mass mailing of messages and resources for earnings in the Internet.
promotes the use of narcotic/psychotropic drugs, provides information on their production and use; contains links to viruses and malicious software; this is part of the action, in which large volumes of comments with identical or similar content ("flash mob"); the author abuses the writing of a large number of incoherent or irrelevant messages or meaning of the text is difficult or impossible to catch ("flood"); the author of the network violates etiquette, exhibiting form of aggressive, humiliating or offensive Russian Russian language ("trolling"); the author shows disrespect for the Russian language, the text is written in Russian using the Latin alphabet, is entirely or mainly typed in capital letters or is not divided into sentences.
Please write correctly — comments that show disregard for the rules and norms of the Russian language can be blocked regardless of the content.
The administration has the right to block the user's access to the page without warning in case of a systematic violation or a single gross violation of the rules of commenting by a participant.
The user can initiate the restoration of his access by writing an email to the email address moderator@rian.ru
The letter must specify:
The topic is restoring access to the user's login Explaining the reasons for actions that were a violation of the above rules and resulted in blocking.
If the moderators consider it possible to restore access, this will be done.
In case of repeated violation of the rules and repeated blocking, the user's access cannot be restored, the blocking in this case is complete.
To contact the moderator team, use the email address moderator@rian.ru or use the feedback form.
