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HRUSHEVSKY MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH (born in 1866 died in 1934) is the leader of the Ukrainian national movement and the national revolution of 1917, the head of the Central Rada and the Ukrainian People's Republic, a well known historian.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Hrushevsky was born in September 1866 in the town of Chelm, Lublin province of the Russian Empire (present day Poland) in the Ukrainian family of a teacher of a Russian gymnasium.
After graduating from the gymnasium in Tiflis (now Tbilisi), Mikhail Grushevsky entered the Kiev University, where from 1886 to 1890 he mastered historical science under the guidance of Vladimir Antonovich.
In 1891, the first scientific monographs of the young historian Hrushevsky, devoted to the history of Ukraine of the XIV–XVI centuries, were published.
Under the influence of Antonovich Grushevsky, he entered the nationalist circle of the "Kiev Hromada".
The patronage of the teacher gave Mikhail the opportunity to get a scholarship at Kiev University to work on a doctoral dissertation: to get a place as a professor at Lviv University head of the Department of Eastern European History.
From 1894 to 1913, Hrushevsky lived in Lviv.
Here he was formed as a liberal Ukrainian politician.
Mikhail Sergeyevich heads the department, calls himself a professor, at the same time he is one of the most significant Ukrainian politicians in Galicia, which was then part of the Austro – Hungarian Empire.
Hrushevsky became one of the founders of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party in Galicia.
In Lviv, Hrushevsky is elected head of the local Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society and editor in chief of the Notes of this society, head of the Ukrainian Russian Publishing Union.
In 1898, together with the famous Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko, he founded the Literary and Scientific Bulletin magazine in Lviv, which became the most influential Ukrainian magazine for a decade.
In 1903, Grushevsky traveled to Western Europe, lectured at the socialist "Free Russian School" in Paris, visited London and Berlin.
Perhaps in Paris he becomes a member of the Masonic lodge "The Great East".
In 1904, after returning to Lviv, Hrushevsky headed the "Society of Adherents of Ukrainian Literature, Science and Art".
He criticized the Russian monarchy and ardently advocated the legalization of the Ukrainian language and the Ukrainian press in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire.
Mikhail Hrushevsky, as a professional historian in society, was known primarily as the "father of Ukrainian history", who wrote the 10 volume "History of Ukraine of Russia".
This fundamental work for the first time summarized a lot of disparate facts from the history of Ukraine from ancient times to the end of the XVII century.
However, according to experts, Grushevsky, making global conclusions, made a number of serious mistakes, and many of his theories were later refuted by historians.
Trying to justify the right of Ukrainians to statehood, Hrushevsky politicized the history of Ukraine, became interested in myths, from which many Ukrainian historians are still unable to move away.
From the autumn of 1905 to the summer of 1907, Grushevsky lived in Central Ukraine, then in St. Petersburg, and advocated granting autonomy to the Ukrainian provinces – self government within Russia.
At this time, he prepared the "Declaration of Ukrainian Autonomy" for submission to the State Duma.
In 1906, Hrushevsky participated in a meeting of the Ukrainian faction of the First State Duma, in the activities of the political Union of autonomous federalists.
In 1907, for a short time, Mikhail Sergeyevich moved the publication of the Literary and Scientific Bulletin from Lviv to Kiev.
He directs the work of the "Ukrainian Scientific Society" operating in Kiev, participates in the creation of the liberal party of the Cadet direction "Association of Ukrainian Gradualists (Progressives)".
After the failure of the revolution in the Russian Empire, Hrushevsky again settles in Lviv, teaches history at the university.
However, since 1913, due to financial problems, there has been a protracted conflict with the leaders of the Galician National Democrats, who accuse Hrushevsky of money fraud.
After the Russian army broke through the Austrian front and entered Lviv during the First World War, Grushevsky was arrested by the Russian authorities for "Austrophilism" and "espionage activities".
After a six month stay in a Kiev prison, he was sent first to Simbirsk, and in the autumn of 1915 to Kazan.
Only in 1916, thanks to the efforts of patrons, Grushevsky was allowed to live in Moscow under the open supervision of the police.
In early March 1917, immediately after the victory of the February Revolution, he was elected in absentia to the leaders of the Ukrainian Central Rada (in the spring of 1917 an Inter party political club, which in the summer of 1917 turned into the Parliament of the Ukrainian Autonomy).
On March 14, 1917, Grushevsky arrived from Moscow to Kiev.
He was immediately elected head of the Central Rada as the oldest politician, the charismatic "father of the nation", who in his numerous works sang of its former glory and predicted the arrival of the future Ukrainian statehood.
At the beginning of 1917, many considered Hrushevsky as the most intelligent Ukrainian socialist politician.
Mikhail Sergeyevich's membership in political Freemasonry obviously played a certain role in his election.
In the spring of 1917, Hrushevsky was a cult figure in Ukraine, chairman of meetings and congresses.
At the same time, he was elected to the Kiev Zemsky Committee.
In April 1917, Grushevsky, at the 100 thousandth demonstration in Kiev, called for the struggle for the creation of an autonomous Ukraine as part of the Russian Federal Republic, without waiting for the convocation of the All Russian Constituent Assembly.
Hrushevsky led the work of the Ukrainian National Congress, the All Ukrainian Village Congress and the First Ukrainian Military Congress.
He was one of the initiators of the creation and proclamation of all four " Universals "(manifestos) The Central Rada.
In the spring and autumn of 1917, the Grushevsky politician gradually "left", slipping into social radicalism.
From a liberal Democrat - "gradual", he turned into a Ukrainian socialist revolutionary.
Having become the de facto leader of the Socialist Revolutionary faction of the Central Rada, Hrushevsky surrounded himself with young radicals who called for the immediate elimination of the right of private property and for the immediate declaration of full independence of Ukraine.
Until the end of April 1918, Grushevsky was the head of the Central Rada, the head of the Executive Council of the Small Rada.
In September 1917, at the Congress of Representatives of the Peoples of Russia, he was elected chairman of the Presidium of the Council of the Peoples of Russia.
In those days, Grushevsky dreams of becoming the president of the Council of Peoples of Eastern Europe, which should be proclaimed as a result of the work of the Congress of Peoples.
He saw the future of the Russian Empire as a confederation of independent national republics with its capital in ancient Kiev.
A few days before the October Revolution, Hrushevsky announced the possibility of forming an independent Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR).
On November 7, 1917, when it became clear that the Provisional Government of Russia had fallen, the Central Rada in Ukraine proclaimed the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the abolition of private ownership of land, the abolition of the death penalty, and broad democratic freedoms.
Since that day, Hrushevsky has been the independent head of Ukraine, which has turned into a parliamentary republic.
However, the power of Mikhail Hrushevsky until February 1918 was limited by the activities of the strong Prime Minister of Ukraine (General Secretary) Vladimir Vinnichenko.
Proclaiming the federation of Ukraine with the non existent "free federal Russia", Grushevsky went into conflict with the Leninist government.
The Central Rada did not recognize the Bolshevik government in Russia, and the Leninist Council of People's Commissars (SNK) did not recognize "bourgeois nationalists" in Ukraine.
From mid December 1917, military units loyal to the Bolsheviks, Red Guards from the central regions of Russia and local Red Guard detachments began a war against the Central Rada.
They captured Kharkov, where the new government of the Soviet UPR was proclaimed – the People's Secretariat, consisting of Bolsheviks.
From Kharkov, the red regiments moved to the cities of the Left Bank Ukraine.
As the head of the UPR, Hrushevsky showed his weakness and indecision, even began to lean towards the union of Ukraine with the countries of the German bloc.
At the same time, he intrigued against Vinnichenko and the Minister of War Petlyura, who resigned at the most crucial moment.
Hrushevsky found support in the young politicians of the Party of Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries.
He actually headed the Party of Social Revolutionaries and dragged a mediocre and unknown figure, SR Golubovich, into the premier of the UNR.
Hrushevsky went to the demobilization of the Ukrainian army, which destroyed the defense of the republic.
During the uprising of the Kiev workers and the siege of Kiev by the red troops, Grushevsky was engaged not in organizing the defense of the capital, but in preparing for flight.
At the end of January 1918, the Central Rada lost control over Kiev and almost the entire territory of Ukraine, except for certain counties of Volyn.
But then the Austro German troops, called by Grushevsky to Ukraine to fight against the "Soviets", under the Brest Treaty between the UPR and the countries of the German bloc, acted against the Bolsheviks.
The arrival of German troops in Ukraine led to a lot of problems and conflicts related to the desire of the Austro German command to control the international, military, food and land policy of the UPR, to establish military field courts and to revive landowners ' farms.
In April 1918, the Austrian and German military commandants became the actual owners of Ukraine.
Hrushevsky and the Central Rada returned to Kiev in early March 1918 literally on "German bayonets".
The Central Rada in March and April 1918 was unable to create either a functioning system of government of the country or a strong Ukrainian army, remaining completely defenseless before the dictates of the Austro German military.
Already on April 30, 1918, a coup was carried out with the help of the same German bayonets, as a result of which Hrushevsky and the Central Rada lost power, and the paramilitary dictatorship of Hetman P. Skoropadsky was established in Ukraine.
The day before the coup, the Central Rada adopted the draft Constitution of Ukraine.
Some historians believe that on April 29, 1918, Hrushevsky was proclaimed president of Ukraine and even performed his duties for one day, but no document of that time confirms this fact.
The proclamation of Hrushevsky as the first president of the state of Ukraine is just a persistent myth.
After the establishment of the Hetman's power in Ukraine, Hrushevsky moved away from big politics and switched to scientific work.
Fearing arrest, he did not participate in the "political adventures" and party activities of the revolutionary Ukrainian social revolutionaries.
The political authority of the "father of the nation" in the spring and summer of 1918 disappeared like smoke.
Hrushevsky was accused of all the troubles: in the presence of the occupation troops, in the loss of independence of Ukraine, in the collapse of the revolutionary bloc, in intrigues…
In November 1918, a general peasant uprising began in Ukraine against the Hetman authorities and the occupiers.
This uprising promoted two Ukrainian Social Democrats, former associates of Hrushevsky – Vinnichenko and Petlyura, to the leadership of the nation.
With the victory of the Ukrainian revolution in December 1918, Hrushevsky again presented his claims to power in Ukraine.
However, the leaders of the UNR Directory Vinnichenko and Petlyura opposed this, and Grushevsky did not receive a "post" in the government of the "second republic".
At the same time, Hrushevsky headed a group of centrists in the Party of Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries.
Being in opposition to the UNR Directory, he tried to make a coup and seize power.
In the provincial town of Kamenets, Podolsky Grushevsky tried to create an alternative power to the Directory, ready to compromise with the Bolsheviks.
However, after the failure of the coup, Grushevsky flees to the West.
From March 1919 to March 1924, Grushevsky lived in exile in Prague and Vienna.
Since the summer of 1920, he has been trying to return to his homeland, looking for a compromise with the Soviet government, repenting, switching to "left positions".
In 1922, Grushevsky gave up political activity and became a propagandist of the Soviet system in Europe.
Since 1924, Grushevsky has lived in Soviet Ukraine and in Moscow.
The Bolsheviks forgave the leader of the "bourgeois nationalists", while ordinary Ukrainian social revolutionaries were shot or put in camps.
Hrushevsky demonstrates his full loyalty and support for the Soviet government, receives the title of academician, a luxury apartment, an appropriate post in the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, edits the magazine "Ukraine".
A solid position and a high salary (30 times higher than the salary of a worker) allowed Grushevsky to write historical works that were actively published in Soviet Ukraine.
Only in 1931 he was arrested as a "bourgeois nationalist" in the case of the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine", but soon released and again worked in Moscow in the archives, collecting material for a book on Ukrainian history.
Grushevsky died in Kislovodsk in November 1934.
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