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Home > Galleries > Informative Notes > A Brief History of Painting
A brief history of painting
The history of painting began when a person first depicted something on the first surface he came across with the help of paint.
Most likely, this happened even before he fully realized himself as a human.
And since all the time while humanity was developing, it was accompanied by painting, then to describe the entire history of painting in one short article is a task whose complexity borders on the impossible.
Therefore, this article in no way claims to be a universal coverage of the world history of painting.
Our modest goal will be achieved if the following will kindle a sincere interest in the reader, which he will be able to satisfy with the help of a variety of available literature.
Painting
However, before we understand the vicissitudes of history, let's find out what painting is.
The BSE gives this definition:
Painting is a type of fine art, artistic works that are created with the help of paints applied to any hard surface.
Ushakov's explanatory dictionary of the Russian language is brief:
Painting is the art of depicting objects with paints.
The small encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, on the contrary, is verbose:
Painting is the art of depicting objects on the surface with paints, in order to make an impression on the viewer similar to what he would get from real objects of nature, also by the totality and nature of the objects depicted to evoke a certain mood in the viewer or express an artistic idea.
Well, if you donot go into details (and donot tell art historians about it), then painting is everything depicted with paints on something solid, and representing at least some artistic value.
The last reservation says that the obscenity painted on the fence with paint, alas, cannot be considered painting.
Petroglyphs
As we said at the beginning, painting appeared at the moment when the first humanity first depicted something on a solid surface.
Since at the beginning of their development people lived in caves and rocks, the first paintings were made there, with the help of improvised means.
Such images are called rock paintings, or petroglyphs.
The technique of primitive artists may seem primitive, but on the other hand, we should not forget that those who painted them could well have been the ancestors of homo sapiens, and therefore rock art is also an example of human evolution.
Mineral dyes were used as paints – mainly multicolored ochre and manganese oxides.
Petroglyphs are reflected by a variety of subjects, ranging from hunting, and ending with ritual and memorial motifs.
The most common images are of animals.
1. Rock art Spain, Altamira Cave
Painting of Ancient Egypt
However, time passed, and human society developed.
The next stage of development after the primitive was the ancient Egyptian civilization, which made an invaluable contribution to the world history of painting.
A striking feature of the painting of Ancient Egypt was the devotion to the traditions of the ancestors and the observance of certain artistic principles.
The history of painting in ancient Egypt was largely influenced by religion.
Moreover, it is difficult to separate the art of that time from religion in general, and most of the preserved monuments of Egyptian painting had a religious purpose.
Therefore, their authors had to follow certain established canons that originated from a number of conventions of primitive art.
Examples of this are images of objects and animals that are invisible to either the viewer or the artist, but which can definitely be present in a given scene (for example, fish and crocodiles under water); an image of an object using a schematic enumeration of its parts (the foliage of trees in the form of a set of conventionally arranged leaves or the plumage of birds in the form of individual feathers); a combination in the same scene of images of objects made from different angles (for example, a bird was depicted in profile, and the tail from above; a human figure has a head in profile, an eye in the face, shoulders and arms in the face, and legs in the face profile).
Of course, the existence of such a strict system of canons required the creation of what would be called an "artist's guide"in a few thousand years.
And such written evidence was found.
However, later the observance of the canons played a conservative, inhibiting role, hindering the development of realistic trends.
2. A fragment of the painting of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Egypt, ca 1450 BC
Painting of Ancient Greece
As time passed, the Egyptian civilization declined.
As everyone remembers perfectly well, it was replaced by ancient Greek, and this could not but affect the history of world painting.
The specificity of ancient Greek art partly consists in the fact that the Greeks preferred to use ceramic products for painting.
Therefore, ancient Greek painting is often also called vase painting.
The ancient Greeks made great progress in the direction of realistic painting.
The art of chiaroscuro discovered by them made it possible to fill the works of painting with unprecedented volume and sensuality, and had a great influence on the history of the development of painting.
The first to use the new technique was Apollodorus of Athens, for which he was given the nickname Shadow Painter.
He was followed by other famous painters who used this technique: Zevkeis, Parrasius and Timanthus.
Their work is filled with emotionality in comparison with ordinary graphics, however, despite this, monumental painting has not become as widespread as vase painting.
The technique of vase painting was quite simple: clay products were covered with ornaments and various subjects.
Initially, only the black figured style was used, which consisted of black images on a red background (baked clay).
Later, a red figured (black lacquer) style appeared, in which the background between the paintings was applied with black varnish, and the figures themselves remained the color of the clay on which it was all depicted.
All the drawings were of a planar, graphic nature.
Drawings on vases expand our understanding of Greek art, interiors, everyday life, people's costumes, about the peculiarities of seeing the world.
3. Black figure Attic amphora Painting Of Ancient Rome.
Speaking about the world history of painting, it is impossible not to tell about the art of Ancient Rome.
The aggressive nature of Roman politics led to the fact that the artistic traditions of many peoples were intertwined in ancient Roman art.
In addition, unlike the Greeks, the pragmatic Romans were more prosaic about art.
The peculiarity of the art of Rome is its closest connection with life.
With the emphasis on the interior and the appearance of state rooms in Roman houses and villas, a system of highly artistic paintings is developing on the basis of the Greek tradition.
Pompeian murals introduce the main features of ancient frescoes.
The Romans also used painting to decorate facades, using them as signs of commercial premises or craft workshops.
In the history of painting, Pompeian paintings are usually divided into 4 groups, conventionally called styles.
The first style, inlaid, common in the 2nd century BC.
e. Imitates wall cladding with squares of multicolored marble or jasper.
Since the 80s of the 1st century BC, the second style was used – architecturally promising.
The walls remained smooth and were dissected by picturesquely illusory columns, pilasters, cornices, and porticos.
The interior acquired a grandeur due to the fact that a large multi figure composition was often placed between the columns, realistically reproducing stories on mythological themes from the works of famous Greek artists.
The attraction to nature inherent in the Romans prompted them to illusorily reproduce landscapes on the scenes with the help of linear and aerial perspectives, and thereby, as it were, expand the interior space of the room.
The third style, oriteziruyushchy, is characteristic of the era of the Empire.
In contrast to the splendor of the second style, the third style is distinguished by rigor, elegance and a sense of proportion.
Balanced compositions, linear ornament, on a bright background, emphasize the flatness of the wall.
Sometimes the central field of the wall is highlighted, where the paintings of some famous ancient master are reproduced.
The fourth decorative style spread in the middle of the 1st century AD.It continues the tradition of the second style with the splendor and decorativeness of the spatial and architectural solution.
At the same time, the richness of ornamental motifs resembles paintings of the third style.
4. Ancient Roman fresco.
The history of Russian Painting
Speaking about the history of the development of painting, it is impossible not to mention Russian painting.
Researchers believe that the roots of Russian painting lie in the tradition of the East Slavic people, who were well known in Europe in the VI century.
And it was called anty.
Like all other European states, by the second half of the XI century, Russia had experienced a period of national fragmentation, and it was then that Russian art acquired its unique, characteristic features.
The art of Kievan Rus was at a fairly high level, but it is difficult to call it original, since, having been baptized in the X century, Prince Vladimir at the same time borrowed the artistic traditions of Byzantium, which were intricately intertwined with pagan artistic principles.
Of course, the Eastern Slavs had a highly developed culture, and therefore the Byzantine traditions were quickly modified in accordance with the native Russians.
Russian Russian art itself developed from the Byzantine Russian art of Kievan Rus.
Then it developed as the art of separate principalities that separated from Galicia, Volyn, Rostov the Suzdal and Novgorod lands.
By the XII century, Russian art can be considered completely established.
Alas, the development of Russian painting was greatly slowed down due to the heavy Tatar yoke, which lasted for more than three hundred years.
A new rise in the history of Russian painting began in the XV century, when most of the lands were united around Moscow.
This century is often called the golden age of ancient Russian art.
At this time, works were created that became classic examples of the Moscow school.
The development of Russian culture took place along the path common to the countries of Europe.
Both in the West and in the East, painting was primarily ecclesiastical, so first of all it is icon painting and monumental painting – frescoes.
Russian icon painting inherited the techniques of Byzantine masters.
At the same time, Russia had its own traditions.
Russian icons were not a simple imitation, but they had their own style, and such masters as Andrey Rublev raised the level of icon painting to new heights.
The first realistic portraits appeared in Russia in the XVII century, in the middle of the late XVIII century, such major painters as Levitsky and Borovikovsky appeared in Russia.
Since that time, the history of Russian painting has followed global trends.
Outstanding artists of the first half of the XIX century were Kiprensky, Bryullov, Ivanov ("The Appearance of Christ to the people").
In the second half of the XIX century, realistic painting flourished.
The creative association of Russian artists "Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions (Peredvizhniki)" was founded, which included such great artists as Vasnetsov, Kramskoy, Shishkin, Kuindzhi, Surikov, Repin, Savrasov.
5. Vasnetsov's painting "Heroes".
Of course, the history of art is not limited to what we have told.
Time passed, and history changed.
Human civilization developed, and along with it, painting developed.
The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the New and Modern times brought many new styles and trends to painting.
Fortunately, a lot of literature is currently being published, in which you can find a detailed account of each of these great eras.
http://www.vlasta tula.ru/articles/show 15.htm
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