Earthen City
[edit / edit wiki text] Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on February 27, 2014; checks require 10 edits.
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on February 27, 2014; checks require 10 edits.
Go to: navigation, Search
Historical area in Moscow Zemlyanoy Gorod
The earthen city on the plan (1638) by Mattheus Merian is highlighted in yellow.
History As part of Moscow since the XVI century
Other names Skorodom
Location of CAO County
Metro stations Park Kultury, Oktyabrskaya, Dobryninskaya, Serpukhovskaya, Paveletskaya, Taganskaya, Kurskaya, Krasnye vorota, Sukharevskaya, Mayakovskaya, Krasnopresnenskaya, Barricadnaya, Smolenskaya
Area ≈ 1300 ha
Template: View • Discussion • Edit
A. Vasnetsov.
The walls of the Wooden city over the Yauza River
A. Vasnetsov.
At the walls of the Wooden City.
Zemlyanoy Gorod, apartment buildings in Plotnikov Lane.
Zemlyanoy Gorod is a historical area of Moscow inside the intact fortress walls of Zemlyanoy Gorod (now the Garden Ring), but outside the Kremlin, Kitay Gorod and Bely Gorod (now boulevards).
It was the fourth fortress wall of Moscow after the walls of the Kremlin, Kitay Gorod and the White City.
Content
[remove]
1 History 2 Gates of the Earthen City 3 Building 4 References 5 Notes 6 See also
History[edit / edit wiki text]
Until the end of the XVI century, the territory of the Earthen City was not included in the city limits.
There were numerous villages, monastic lands, and later — craft settlements: palace, black and owner's settlements.
Perhaps the entire Earthen City or its western part at that time was called Arbat[1] (from Arabic: Rabad, Rabat suburb, suburb), which in modern times has been preserved only behind the streets of Old and New Arbat.
Arbat / Zemlyanoy Gorod became part of Moscow in 1593, during the next Swedish War of 1590-1595 under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, after the raid of the Crimean Khan Kazy Giray II (1591).
During the year — 1592-1593 an earthen rampart was built with wooden walls and towers numbered 34, and a moat was built in front of the rampart.
The newly annexed part of the city became known as the Wooden City, and" in the world " — Skorodom.
There are two versions of the origin of the toponym Skorodom.
According to the first[2][3], the name reflects the extraordinary speed of construction of "grandiose" fortifications, according to the second[1], Skorodom is an earlier name and means "hastily built houses".
The Earthen City was separated from the White City by walls with a rampart and a moat, and was connected to it by a gate located on the sites of the current squares of the Boulevard Ring.
The walls of the White City were gradually dismantled in the 1770s and 1780s, and the Arbat Gate was the last to be dismantled in 1792.
Trees (originally birch trees) were planted in their place[4].
The final arrangement of the boulevards was completed in the first quarter of the XIX century.
Now the Boulevard Ring of the capital runs along the line of the walls of the White City.
Chambers of the XVII century, Prechistenka str., 1
March 20, 1611[3][4], during the time of Troubles, the fortifications of the Earthen City and the city itself/Soon they were burned by Polish troops preparing for defense against the First Militia.
The new shaft was built only in 1638-1641, under Alexey Mikhailovich.
It was longer than the previous one by 15 versts and went from the mouth of the Yauza River to the Chertol Tower (approximately: the intersection of Prechistenka Street and the Garden Ring), was strengthened by "ostrogs" — logs with pointed ends — and towers, number 57.
In addition, 11 gates were built into the earthen rampart[1][5].
At the same time, the Serpukhov and Kaluga gates, the most dangerous from the Tatars, were made of stone.
In 1692-1695, on the site of the wooden Sretensky Gate, new stone ones were built, with a tower above them, called the Sukharev Tower in honor of the Streltsy Colonel Lavrenty Sukharev, who was the first to move with his regiment to Peter during his struggle with Princess Sophia.
In 1709, a wooden triumphal arch was built on the site of the broken gate leading to Lefortovo to meet the troops returning from the Poltava victory; in 1753, this arch was rebuilt in stone, receiving the name of the Red Gate.
By the end of the XVIII century, the fortifications had become dilapidated and in 1783 Count Chernyshev, the commander in chief of Moscow, ordered the destruction of the walls and part of the towers, thereby turning the Earthen Rampart into a walking place for Muscovites.
In the war of 1812, the Earthen City burned out a significant part and during the post war reconstruction of the fortifications were destroyed: the shaft was dug, and the moat was filled in (1816-1830).
The owners of the houses that stood along the formed street were obliged to plant gardens on the plots cut from the former shaft[1].
Sadovaya Street appeared.
By 1917, only the Red and Sretensky Gates had survived from all the gates.
The first were dismantled in 1928, the second (Sukharev Tower) - in 1934.
Now the Garden Ring is located on the site of the Earthen Rampart.
The gates of the Earthen City[edit / edit wiki text]
Chertolsky (Prechistensky) — on the site of the modern Zubovskaya Square (Colonel Zubov commanded the Streletsky regiment guarding the Chertolsky Gate in the XVII century) [6].
Arbatskiye (Smolenskiye) — on the site of the current Smolenskaya Square.
Nikitskiye close to Kudrinskaya Square Tverskiye on the site of the current Triumfalnaya Square.
In the XVIII century, wooden triumphal arches were erected on this place to the coronation entrances of tsars and queens.
Dmitrov Petrovsky Sretensky wooden, then the stone Sukharev Tower, now in their place is a Large Sukharevskaya Square Pokrovsky close to Caesar Kunnikov Square Yauz (Tagansky) Serpukhov wooden, then stone, Kaluga wooden, then stone, now in their place is Kaluga Square[7].
Building[edit / edit wiki text]
Chambers of the XVII century in Chertolsky lane, Prechistenka district
Until the XV century, the territories of the Earthen City were probably not densely populated: villages with arable and meadow lands (for example, the village of Sushchevo in the north west[8] or the village of Kievets near the current Khilkov Lane[9]), the land of monasteries (for example, Novinsky in the same north west[8]), as well as waste land Goat swamp on the site of Spiridonevskaya Street, sandy soils near the modern Arbat, etc.
The appearance of urban people here — originally, artisan should, apparently, be attributed to the end of the XIV — beginning of the XV centuries, when potters and blacksmiths moved beyond the Yauz Gate[8], who founded the first or one of the first settlements.
The sloboda period of the future Earthen City began: the west — palace settlements, the north and the east artisan settlements on the "black lands", taxed by taxes, around the monasteries — monastic settlements[1].
The noble house of the beginning of the XIX century, per.
Sivtsev Vrazhek, 34
In 1565, Ivan the Terrible transferred the palace settlements to Oprichnina.
The territories of modern ones fall there: Ostozhenka, Prechistenka, Sivtseva Vrazhka and Arbat[4], while the rest of the Earthen City remains in the Zemshchina.
The oprichnina lands are beginning to be settled by nobles boyars and princes close to the tsar[9].
The first and so far the only stone built houses appear here.
The zemstvo part remains almost entirely Slobodskaya (with the exception of the Tverskaya Street area, along which foreign ambassadors entered the capital and where the nobility — since the XVII century[9] — and the merchants also settled) and is built up with small wooden houses — Skorodom, which were built quickly for construction.
The building did not change dramatically until the fire of 1812: in 1796, about 4/5 of the houses in the Earthen City were wooden[4], with a garden or front garden.
There are no bridges, except for the main radial streets, some of which are paved with logs.
The mansion of the late XIX century.
Khlebny lane, 20, near Povarskaya St.
The fire of 1812 destroys some parts of the Earthen City literally to the ground.
The districts of Prechistenka and Tverskaya are among the most affected[4].
However, the city was quickly restored and in 1820 stagecoaches with the Moscow Petersburg message began to run along the newly rebuilt Tverskaya [1].
The number of stone houses is growing — in 1838 the municipality forbids wooden construction along the boulevards and main radial streets, and in 1856 — on all streets except Vorontsov Field[8] - but the real construction boom begins in the 1860s[4], after the abolition of serfdom and with the beginning of the rapid development of the capitalist economy.
The Earthen city is being built up with 4, 6 and storey apartment buildings[4][8] and houses of wealthy entrepreneurs.
By 1917, the most "aristocratic" street in Moscow — Povarskaya[10] is located in the Earthen City, and Arbat, Molchanovka, Bronnye Streets and Kozikhinsky Lanes represent a kind of Moscow "Latin Quarter", inhabited mainly by intellectuals and students[10].
After 1917, the toponym "Zemlyanoy Gorod" disappeared from maps of Moscow and from official documents.
See, for example: The administrative division of Moscow in the XVIII XX centuries
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
N. A. Naydenov.
Moscow.
Cathedrals, monasteries and churches.
Part III.
Earthen City (1882-1883) (Photo album)
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 P. V. Sytin "From the history of Moscow streets", Moscow, Moskovsky Rabochy, 1952 ↑ White City.
Earthen City ↑ Go to: 1 2 SKORODOM ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Moscow.
Guidebook.
M. 1914 ↑ F. Brockhaus, I. A. Efron.
Encyclopedic dictionary ↑ Inside the Garden Ring.
Zubovskaya Square ↑ According to Peter's Drawing of 1597, the names of the gates: "Chertolsky, Orbatsky, Nikitsky, Tver, Dmitrov, Petrovsky, Ostretensky, Pokrovsky, Yau, Serpukhov, Kolusky"/CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF MOSCOW: THE HISTORY OF THEIR ACCUMULATION AND CATALOGING ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 V. Ya.
Libson/K. M. Gubelman."
Architectural monuments of Moscow.
Earthen City".Moscow, 1989 ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 Yu.
A. Fedosyuk, "Moscow in the Garden Ring", Moscow, Moskovsky Rabochy, 1991 ↑ Go to: 1 2 Universal guide to Moscow and its environs.
M. 1915
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Parts of Moscow of the XVII century
Earth City on Wikimedia Commons?
Moscow Kremlin White City China City
[hide] Rings of Moscow
Historical walls and ramparts: Kremlin • Kitay Gorod • Bely Gorod • Zemlyanoy Gorod • Kamer Kollezhsky Val
Automobile rings: Boulevard Ring • Garden Ring • Third Transport Ring • Fourth transport Ring • MKAD
Metro: The Ring line of the metro • The Third transfer circuit (under construction) • The Big ring of the metro (project)
Railway transport: Small ring of MZhD • Large ring of MZhD
Ground public transport: Trolleybus # B • Tram # A (now incomplete)
Ring roads of the Moscow region: A107 Moscow Small Ring • A108 Moscow Big Ring • Central Ring Road (project)
Rings of skyscrapers : Stalin's Skyscrapers • The New Ring of Moscow (project)
Other rings: Defense: Golden Ring of Air Defense; * electric power industry: Moscow Electric Power Ring
There is a portal in Wikipedia
"Moscow"
<img src="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Земляной city&oldid=74675885"
Categories: Historical areas in Moscow Rings of Moscow Disappeared fortresses
Navigation
Personal Tools
You did not introduce yourself to the system Discussion Contribution Create an account Log in
Namespaces
Article Discussion
Variants
Views
Read Current version Edit Edit wiki text History
More
Search
Navigation
Title Page Heading Index A Z Selected articles Random article Current Events
Participation
Report a bug Community Portal Forum Recent edits New pages Help Donate
Tools
Links Here Related Edits Special Pages Permalink Page Information Wikidata element Quote Page
Print/Export
Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons Wikidata
In other languages
English Esperanto Français Polski
Edit links
Last modified on this page: 13: 01, November 22, 2015.
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license; in some cases, additional conditions may apply.
For more information, see Terms of use.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the non profit organization Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Contact us
Privacy Policy Wikipedia Description Disclaimer Developers Cookie Agreement Mobile Version
