Ford, Henry
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Henry Ford English Henry Ford
Occupation: inventor, industrialist
Date of birth: July 30, 1863(1863-07-30)
Place of birth: near Detroit, Michigan, USA
Citizenship: USA
Date of death: April 7, 1947 (1947-04-07) (83 years old)
Place of death: Dearborn, Michigan, USA
Father: William Ford
Mother: Marie Ford
Spouse: Clara Jane Ford
Children: Edsel Ford
Awards and prizes:
Elliot Cresson Medal (1928)
The Holly Medal(1936)
Washington Prize(1944)
Autograph:
Miscellaneous: company founder
Ford Motor Company
Henry Ford on Wikimedia Commons
Henry Ford — 1914
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, owner of automobile manufacturing plants around the world, inventor, author of 161 US patents.
Its slogan is "a car for everyone"; the Ford plant produced the cheapest cars at the beginning of the automotive era.
The company "Ford Motor Company" exists to this day.
Henry Ford is also known for the fact that for the first time he began to use an industrial conveyor for the in line production of cars.
Contrary to popular misconception, the conveyor was used before, including for mass production.
However, Henry Ford was the first to" put on the conveyor " a technically complex, that is, a product that needs technical support throughout its entire service life — a car.
Ford's book "My life, my achievements" is a classic work on the scientific organization of labor.
In 1924, the book "My Life, my achievements" was published in the USSR.
This book has become the source of such a complex political economic phenomenon as Fordism.
Content
1 Biography 2 Views and beliefs 2.1 Economic policy at the enterprise 2.2 Attitude to trade unions 2.3 Anti Semitism and support for the Nazis
3 Cooperation with the USSR 4 Family 5 Additional information 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
Biography[edit / edit wiki text]
He was born in a family of immigrants from Ireland, who lived on a farm near Detroit.
When he turned 16, he ran away from home and went to work in Detroit.
In 1891-1899, he served as a mechanical engineer, and later as a chief engineer at the Edison Electric Company (Edison Illuminating Company).
In 1893, in his spare time, he designed his first car.
From 1899 to 1902, he was a co owner of the Detroit Automobile Company, but due to disagreements with the other owners of the company, he left it and in 1903 founded the Ford Motor Company, which initially produced cars under the Ford A brand.
Ford Motor Company faced competition from a syndicate of automobile manufacturers, which claimed a monopoly in this area.
In 1879 , J. B. Selden patented a design for a car that was not built; it contained only a description of the basic principles.
The first patent infringement lawsuit he won prompted the owners of a number of automobile companies to purchase the appropriate licenses and create an "association of legitimate manufacturers".
The lawsuit against the Ford Motor Company, initiated by Selden, lasted from 1903 to 1911.
"Legitimate manufacturers" threatened to subpoena Ford car buyers.
But he acted courageously, publicly promising his customers "help and protection", although the financial capabilities of the" legitimate manufacturers " far exceeded his own.
In 1909, Ford lost the case, but after reviewing the case, the court decided that none of the automakers violated Selden's rights, since they used an engine of a different design.
The monopoly association immediately collapsed, and Henry gained a reputation as a fighter for the interests of consumers[1].
The greatest success came to the company after the launch of the Ford T model in 1908.
In 1910, Ford built and launched the most modern plant in the automotive industry — the well lit and well ventilated Highland Park.
On it, in April 1913, the first experiment on the use of an assembly line began.
The first assembly unit assembled on the conveyor was the generator.
The principles tested during the assembly of the generator were applied to the entire engine as a whole.
One worker manufactured the engine in 9 hours and 54 minutes.
When the assembly was divided into 84 operations performed by 84 workers, the engine assembly time was reduced by more than 40 minutes.
Under the old production method, when the car was assembled in one place, it took 12 hours and 28 minutes of working time to assemble the chassis.
A moving platform was installed and various parts of the chassis were delivered either by means of hooks suspended on chains, or on small motor carts.
The production time of the chassis was reduced by more than half.
A year later (in 1914), the company raised the height of the assembly line to the waist.
After that, two conveyors were not slow to appear — one for high and one for low growth.
The experiments extended to the entire production process as a whole.
After a few months of the assembly line operation, the time required for the production of the Model T was reduced from 12 hours to two or less[2].
an assembly line at the Ford plant in Detroit, 1923.
In order to exercise strict control, Ford created a full production cycle: from ore mining and metal smelting to the production of a finished car.
In 1914, he introduced the highest minimum wage in the United States — $ 5 a day, allowed workers to participate in the company's profits, built an exemplary work settlement, but until 1941 he did not allow trade unions to be formed at his factories.
In 1914, the corporation's factories began working around the clock in three shifts of 8 hours, instead of two shifts of 9 hours, which allowed to provide additional work for several thousand people.
The "increased salary" of $ 5 was not guaranteed to everyone: the worker had to spend his salary wisely, for the maintenance of the family, if he drank the money, he was fired.
These rules were maintained in the corporation until the period of the Great Depression[3].
At the beginning of the First World War, Ford and a group of pacifists on his own initiative sailed to Europe on the ship "Oscar 2" as a messenger of peace, urging everyone to stop the war as soon as possible.
He was severely ridiculed by European newspapers and returned to the United States[4].
However, in the spring of 1917, when America entered the war on the side of the Entente, Ford changed his views.
Ford factories began to fulfill military orders.
In addition to cars, the production of gas masks, helmets, cylinders for Liberty aircraft engines was launched, and at the very end of the war — light tanks and even submarines.
At the same time, Ford said that he was not going to profit from military orders and would return the profit he received to the state.
And although there is no confirmation that this promise was fulfilled by Ford, it was approved by the American society[5].
In 1925, Ford created his own airline, later called Ford Airways.
In addition, Ford began to subsidize the firm of William Stoat, and in August 1925 he bought it and began manufacturing airliners himself.
The first product of his company was a three engine Ford 3 AT Air Pullman.
The most successful model was the Ford Trimotor (Ford Trimotor), nicknamed" Tin Goose " (English Tin Goose), a passenger aircraft, an all metal three engine monoplane, produced serially in 1927-1933 by Henry Ford's Ford Airplane Company.
A total of 199 copies were released.
The Ford Trimotor was in operation until 1989[6].
In 1928, Ford was awarded the Elliot Cresson Medal of the Benjamin Franklin Institute for revolutionary achievements in the automotive industry and industrial leadership.
He remained the head of the company until the 1930s, when, due to disagreements with the trade unions and partners, he transferred the business to his son Edsel, but after his death in 1943, he returned to the post of head of the company.
In 1945, Henry Ford finally handed over the management of the company to his grandson Henry Ford II.
He died on April 7, 1947 at the age of 83.
Views and beliefs[edit / edit wiki text]
Economic policy at the enterprise[edit / edit wiki text]
Ford was one of the first to put into practice the ideas of welfare capitalism, aimed at improving the living conditions of workers [7][8] and reducing staff turnover, due to which many departments hired 300 people a year to fill 100 jobs.
The emphasis was on efficiency — that is, on hiring and retaining the best employees[9].
In 1914, Ford implemented a rather radical solution for that time, setting the salary of workers at the level of $ 5 per working day (which, in terms of modern times, is equivalent to about $ 118); this increased the rates of most of his employees by more than half[10].
The solution turned out to be profitable: staff turnover was overcome, and the best workers in Detroit began to concentrate on Ford's enterprise, due to which labor productivity increased and personnel training costs were reduced[11][12].
In addition, the same decision established a shortened working week, initially 48 hours (6 days for 8 hours)[13], and then a 40 hour (5 days for 8 hours)[14].
At that time, wages in Detroit were already quite high, but Ford's actions forced his competitors to increase them even more, so as not to lose the best employees[15].
In Ford's own understanding, the company thus shared profits with employees[16], which allowed them, for example, to purchase cars produced by the company.
Ultimately, the mentioned policy had a positive impact on the economy as a whole.
Employees who had worked in the company for more than 6 months and did not deviate from certain rules of conduct established by the "public department" of the company could count on participating in the profit.
In particular, the concept of inappropriate behavior included alcohol abuse, gambling, non payment of alimony, etc .
The department had 50 specialists who monitored compliance with these corporate standards.
Later, in 1922, Ford withdrew from the most intrusive forms of control over employees, recognizing that the invasion of people's personal lives, even if with the aim of improving their well being, no longer meets the requirements of the time[17].
Attitude to trade unions[edit / edit wiki text]
Ford opposed professional associations of employees.
He explained his views on this issue in the book "My Life and Work" [18].
According to Ford, they were under unnecessarily significant influence from some leaders who, despite their good intentions, eventually brought more harm to the workers than good.
Many of them wanted to reduce labor productivity in order to reduce unemployment; Ford saw this as a contradiction, because, in his opinion, no economic well being was possible without the productivity of production.
He was sure that high productivity, even if it negatively affected the number of available vacancies, would ultimately have a stimulating effect on the economy as a whole, as a result of which new jobs would still arise — whether in this corporation or in some other.
In addition, Ford believed that the heads of trade unions were led by a "vicious incentive" (English perverse incentive) to aggravate the socio economic crisis in order to maintain and consolidate their own power.
At the same time, he did not doubt that a reasonable managers, by contrast, will be motivated to correct the behavior, since such behaviour will increase their own profits (however, Ford acknowledged that some managers too bad management, to realize the above mentioned fact).
In his opinion, with good time management, able to resist attacks from the left (from the socialists) and right (from the side of the reactionaries), would be able to form a social economic system, where neither bad management nor bad unions would not find a foothold.
Ford Motor became the last automaker in Detroit to recognize the United Auto Workers Union (UAW).
In April 1941, a sit in organized by the union took place, which stopped production at the River Rouge plant; Ford's reaction almost had a devastating effect on the company, however, according to contemporaries, his wife Clara convinced the head of the company to change its position[19].
In June 1941, a very liberal agreement was signed between the Ford company and the UAW.
Anti Semitism and support for the Nazis[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1918, Ford acquired the Dearborn Independent newspaper (eng.
The Dearborn Independent), in which anti Semitic articles have been published since May 22, 1920[20], as well as the full text of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in parts.
In November 1920, a selection of articles from the Dearborn Independent was published in a separate book called "International Jewry", which was later actively used by Nazi propaganda[21].
On January 16, 1921, 119 prominent Americans, including 3 presidents, 9 secretaries of state, 1 cardinal and many other US state and public figures, published an open letter condemning Ford's anti Semitism.[20][22]
In 1927, Ford sent a letter to the American press acknowledging his mistakes[20].
As a man of honor, I consider it my duty to apologize for all the bad deeds I have committed against the Jews, my fellow citizens and brothers, and I ask their forgiveness for the harm that I have caused them without any reason.
I renounce the offensive accusations against them, because my actions were a lie, and I also give a full guarantee that from now on they can only expect from me a manifestation of friendship and goodwill.
Not to mention the fact that the pamphlets that were distributed in the United States and abroad will be withdrawn from circulation.
Henry Ford provided serious financial support to the NSDAP[23][24], his portrait hung in Hitler's Munich residence[25].
Ford was the only American whom Hitler mentioned with admiration in his book "My Struggle" [21][26].
Annette Anton of the Detroit News interviewed Hitler in 1931 and noted the portrait of Henry Ford above his desk.
"I consider Henry Ford to be my inspiration," Hitler said of the American automobile magnate[27].
Since 1940, the Ford plant, located in Poissy in the German occupied territory of France, began to produce aircraft engines, trucks and cars that entered the Wehrmacht's service.
During an interrogation in 1946, the Nazi figure Karl Krauch, who worked during the war in the management of a branch of one of Ford's enterprises in Germany, said that due to the fact that Ford collaborated with the Nazi regime, "his enterprises were not confiscated"[28].
The topic of the influence of Ford and his book on the German National Socialists is explored by Neil Baldwin in the book "Henry Ford and the Jews: The Conveyor of Hatred".
Baldwin points out that Ford's publications were the most important source of influence on young Nazis in Germany[29].
A similar opinion is shared by the author of the book "Henry Ford and the Jews" Albert Lee[21].
Cooperation with the USSR[edit / edit wiki text]
The first serial Soviet tractor - "Fordzon Putilovets" (1923) - the Ford tractor of the Fordzon brand (Fordson), processed for production at the Putilovsky plant and operation in the USSR; the construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant (1929-1932), the reconstruction of the Moscow AMO plant during the first five year plan, the training of personnel for both plants were carried out with the support of Ford Motors specialists on the basis of an agreement concluded between the USSR Government and Ford.
Family[edit / edit wiki text]
Parents
Father William Ford (1826-1905) Mother Marie Litogot (O'Hern) Ford (~1839-1876)
Brothers
John Ford (~1865-1927) William Ford (1871-1917) Robert Ford (1873-1934)
Sisters
Margaret Ford (1867-1868) Jane Ford (~1868-1945)
Wife and children
His wife was Clara Jane Ford (nee Bryant), (1866-1950).
The only son is Edsel Bryant Ford, president of the Ford Motor Company from 1919 to 1943.
Descendants
The businessman's grandson also had the name Henry Ford.
To distinguish him from his grandfather, he is called Henry Ford II.
Currently, the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Ford Motor Company is the great grandson of Henry Ford William Clay Ford Jr. (William Clay "Bill" Ford Jr.) (born in 1957)
Additional information[edit / edit wiki text]
Ford's approach has been criticized for "depersonalization" in parody form it is described in the novel Huxley "brave new world", where society is organized on the principle of a conveyor Ford (the people are divided into five categories: alpha, beta, gamma, Delta and Epsilon) and the chronology is conducted with the model year of the car "Ford T".
Instead of "by God" adopted the expression "her Ford."
It is customary to be baptized with the letter " T "in honor of the car model"T".
The biography of Henry Ford is described in the novel "The Automobile King"by Upton Sinclair.
Henry Ford was a staunch supporter of the theory of reincarnation.
In particular, he believed that in his last incarnation he died as a soldier in the Battle of Gettysburg.
Ford describes his beliefs in the following quote from the San Francisco Examiner magazine dated August 26, 1928:
I accepted the theory of reincarnation when I was twenty six years old.
Religion did not give me an explanation for this phenomenon, and work did not bring complete satisfaction.
Work has no meaning if the experience gained in one life, we can not use in another.
When I discovered reincarnation, it was like discovering the universal plan — I realized that now there was a real chance to implement my ideas.
I was no longer limited by time, I was no longer its slave.
Genius is an experience.
Some people seem to think that this is a gift or talent, but in fact it is the fruit of experience accumulated over many lifetimes.
Some souls are older than others and therefore know more.
The discovery of the concept of reincarnation calmed my mind.
If you are recording this conversation, write that it helps to calm the mind.
I would really like to share with everyone the peace that such a vision of life brings.
An inscription was posted on the gates of his factories: "Remember that God created man without spare parts."
In his autobiography, Ford wrote:
Each buyer can choose any color of the car, if this color is black[30].
The original text (English)
Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Ford Foundation Fordism Scientific Organization of Labor Alfred Ford
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Шп Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford p. 58 ↑ Dobrotvorsky I. L. Money and power or 17 success stories.
Psychological portraits.
Moscow.
2004 ↑ Henry Ford and the first car for millions.
Radio Liberty Кл Klevalina, N. Henry Ford, King of All America / / Around the world.
— 2005.
— № 2 (2).
↑ Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford pp.
67-68 ↑ 4 AT Tri Motor in the Aviation Encyclopedia Фор Ford, 2014, p .
20. ↑
An increase in wages is obtained by increasing production, and it is possible to increase production only by lowering the prices charged to the buyer. ...Produce things so that low income people can easily buy them.
↑ Nevins and Hill (1957) 2:508-40 ↑ Ford, 2014, pp.
11. ^ A b Nevins, Ford 1:528-41 ↑ Watts, the People's Tycoon, pp.
178-94 ^ a b Ford & Crowther 1922, p. 126.
↑ Samuel Crowther Henry Ford: "Why I Favor Five Days' Work With Six Days' Pay" (dead link with 14-05-2013 [1357 days] — history), World's Work, October 1926 pp.
613—616 ↑ Watts, People’s Tycoon, pp.
193-94 ↑ Ford & Crowther 1922, pp.
126—130.
↑ Ford & Crowther 1922, p. 130.
↑ Ford & Crowther 1922, pp.
253—266.
Sor Sorensen 1956, pp.
266-272.
↑ 1 2 3 Henry Ford's Personal War against the Jews ↑ 1 2 3 Hitler's American Teachers (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 [1357 days] - history ) Бас Basin, Yakov Zinovievich.
The Jewish question and the emigration policy of Germany and the United States in 1933-38.
/ / Notes on Jewish History: A Journal.
- October 2009.
- Vol. 16 (119).
Хай Heim Ch.
"At the trial of Hitler in 1924, Erhard Auer from the Landtag of Bavaria testified that Ford provided financial support to Hitler" Бас Basin Ya.
"Hitler was proud of his friendship with G. Ford, familiarly called him Heinrich and repeatedly said that he provided financial support to his movement" ↑ Henry Ford and the Jews: the Mass Production of Hate by Neil Baldwin.
Public Affairs.
New York.
2001 ↑ Michael Kellogg.
The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945.
— Cambridge University Press, 2008.
— P. 203.
— 344 p.
— (New Studies in European History).
— ISBN 9780521070058.
Ford Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration ↑ Heim Ch.
Trade with the enemy.
M., 1985.
p. 129.
↑ Henry Ford and the Jews: the Mass Production of Hate ↑ G. Ford.
My life, my achievements.
lib.ru.
Archived from the original source on April 14, 2013.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Belyaev N. Z. Henry Ford — 1935.
- 264 p. (The life of wonderful people) Sloan A. Automobile wars Ford, his family, and his company were dedicated to the biographical book of Robert Lacey "Ford: Man and Machine", published in 1986.
Based on this book, a film was made in 1987 with Cliff Robertson and Michael Ironside in the main roles.
Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford.
Life and business., M, LLC "KDU", 2005, ISBN 5-98227-016-4 Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford.
- Questions of history.
- 1995.
- No. 4. - pp.
57-77.
Ford Henry.
My life.
- Moscow: AST, 2014 — - 352 p.
— ISBN 978-5-17-087216-9.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
There is a page on the topic in Wikicitatnik
Ford, Henry
Henry Ford " My life.
My achievements" (Soviet edition).
http://reosh.ru/wp content/uploads/2014/08/Ford Henry My Life my Achievements 1924.
pdf My Life and Work by Henry Ford in the Gutenberg Project.
Henry Ford is a documentary film of the American Experience (Public Broadcasting Service) Henry Ford Heritage Association
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Sources and prototypes Wilhelm Marr * John Ratcliffe • Maurice Joly • Ilya Tsion
Assumed
authors and creators Matvey Golovinsky * Pyotr Rachkovsky • Georgy Butmi • Pavel Krushevan
Publishers Geogy Butmi * Pavel Krushevan • Sergey Nilus • Henry Ford • Muller von Hausen • Theodor Fritsch • Julius Streicher
Researchers Vladimir Burtsev * Boris Nikolaevsky • Sergey Svatikov • Hadassah Ben Itto • Norman Cohn • Cesare de Michelis • Michael Hagemeister • Walter Lacker • Vadim Skuratovsky • Pierre Andre Tagieff • Henrik Baran • Leonid Katsis • Mikhail Lepekhin • Janusz Tazbir • Savely Dudakov • Mikhail Zolotonosov • Umberto Eco
Supporters of authenticity Alexander Nechvolodov • Julius Evola • Yuri Begunov • Oleg Platonov
Other related
persons and events Philip Stepanov • Ekaterina Radziwill • Boris Brazol • Wilhelm Gustloff • Alexander Tager • The Bern Process (eng.)
Thematic sites
Notable Names Database · Project Gutenberg · Find a Grave
Regulatory control BIBSYS: 90543093 * BNC: a11024355 · BNE: XX930702 · BNF: 122359096 · GND: 118534300 · ISNI: 0000 0001 1150 9871 · LCCN: n79055385 · NDL: 00466601 · NLA: 35093247 · NLG: 295954 · NTA: 070407347 · LIBRIS: 357457 · SUDOC: 02922456X · VIAF: 76370475 · ULAN: 500236857
The article contains short ("Harvard") links to publications that are not specified or incorrectly described in the bibliographic section.
List of broken links: Ford & Crowther 1922, Sorensen 1956 Please correct the links according to the instructions for the template {{sfn}} and supplement the bibliographic section with correct descriptions of the cited publications, following the EAP guidelines:Footnotes and VP:Links to sources.
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Форд,_Genry&oldid=82900519"
Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on July 30 Born in 1863 Died on April 7 Died in 1947 Awarded the Order of Merit of the German Eagle Protocols of the Elders of Zion Entrepreneurs of the USA Industrialists of the USA Ford Automobile designers Self taught Engineers of the USA Personalities:Anti Semitism in the United States Henry Ford Machine builders Authors of extremist literature Members of the National Inventors Hall of Fame
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