The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia
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one thousand nine hundred five
The First Russian Revolution
Demonstration in Jakobstad.
Autumn 1905 Country Russian Empire
Date 9 (22) January 1905 — 3 (16) June 1907
The reason is the Land famine; numerous violations of workers ' rights; dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties; the activities of liberal and socialist parties;
The absolute power of the emperor, the absence of a national representative body and a constitution.
The main goal is to improve working conditions; redistribute land in favor of peasants; liberalize the country; expand civil liberties;
Result Establishment of the Parliament;
The third June coup, the reactionary policy of the authorities; the implementation of reforms; the partial elimination of the problems of the land question[1][2], the preservation of the problems of the worker [1] and national issues[3][4].
The organizers are the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, the RSDLP, the SDKPiL, the Polish Socialist Party, the General Jewish Workers 'Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, the Latvian Forest Brothers, the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, the Belarusian Socialist Community, the Finnish Active Resistance Party, Poalei Zion, "Bread and Freedom", Abreki and others
The driving forces are workers, peasants, intellectuals, individual parts of the army
The number of participants is over 2,000,000
Opponents are Army units; supporters of Emperor Nicholas II, various Black Hundred organizations.
9,000 people died
8000 people were injured
n/A arrested
Russian Russian Revolution of 1905, or the First Russian Revolution, is the name of the events that took place in the period from January 1905 to June 1907 in the Russian Empire.
The impetus for the beginning of mass demonstrations under political slogans was "Bloody Sunday" — the shooting by imperial troops in St. Petersburg of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by priest George Gapon on January 9 (22), 1905.
During this period, the strike movement took on a particularly wide scale, there were unrest and uprisings in the army and navy, which resulted in mass demonstrations against the monarchy.
The result of the speeches was the October 17, 1905 Constitution — Manifesto, which granted civil liberties on the basis of personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.
A Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma.
The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so called "Third June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907.
The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; the local authorities did not observe the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the most important agrarian issue for the majority of the country's population was not resolved.
The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; the local authorities did not observe the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the most important agrarian issue for the majority of the country's population was not resolved.
Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not completely resolved, which determined the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary action of 1917.
Content
1 The causes of the revolution 1.1 The peasantry
2 The beginning of the revolution 3 The course of the Revolution 4 Armed uprisings 5 Jewish pogroms 6 Political murders 7 Revolutionary organizations 7.1 The Party of Socialist Revolutionaries 7.2 The RSDLP 7.3 Other revolutionary organizations
8 Results of the Revolution 9 Display in Fiction 10 Monuments and Museums 11 Illustrations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Literature 15 References
The reasons for the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
The industrial downturn, the disorder of monetary circulation, the crop failure and the huge public debt that has grown since the Russian Turkish War have led to an aggravation of the need to reform the activities and authorities.
The termination of the period of significant importance of subsistence farming, the intensive form of progress of industrial methods already for the XIX century required radical innovations in administration and law.
Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power was required.
Discontent with the authorities was caused by military failures (the Russian Japanese war), and the low standard of living of most of the country, poverty, as well as dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties: there were no freedoms of speech, press, equality of all before the law, personal inviolability.
The peasantry[edit / edit wiki text]
Peasants made up the most numerous estate of the Russian Empire — about 77 % of the total population[5].
The rapid growth of the population in 1860-1900 led to the fact that the size of the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times[6][7][8], while the average yield for the specified period increased by only 1.34 times[9].
The result of this imbalance was a constant drop in the average grain harvest per capita of the agricultural population and, as a result, a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasantry as a whole.
In addition, great economic changes were taking place in Europe, caused by the appearance of cheap American grain there.
This put Russia, where grain was the main export commodity, in a very difficult situation.
The policy of actively stimulating the export of bread, taken since the end of the 1880s by the Russian government, was another factor that worsened the food situation of the peasantry.
The slogan" we will not finish, but we will take it out", put forward by the Minister of Finance Vyshnegradsky, reflected the government's desire to support the export of bread at any price, even in conditions of internal crop failure.
This was one of the reasons that led to the famine of 1891-1892.
Since the famine of 1891, the agricultural crisis has been increasingly recognized as a protracted and deep ailment of the entire economy of Central Russia[10].
The motivation of the peasants to increase their labor productivity was low.
The reasons for this were stated by Witte in his memoirs as follows:
How can a person show and develop not only his work, but the initiative in his work, when he knows that the land he cultivates can be replaced by another (community) after a while, that the fruits of his labors will be shared not on the basis of general laws and testamentary rights, but according to custom (and often custom is discretion)[11][12][13], when he can be responsible for taxes not paid by others (mutual responsibility)... when he can neither move nor leave his home, often poorer than a bird's nest, without a passport, the issuance of which depends on discretion[14], when, in a word, his life is somewhat similar to that of a pet with the difference that the owner is interested in the
life of a pet, because this is his property, and the Russian state has this property in excess at this stage of the development of statehood, and what is in excess is either little or not at all valued[15].
The constant decrease in the size of land plots ("small land") due to the demographic increase in the population led to the fact that the general slogan of the Russian peasantry in the 1905 revolution was the demand for land due to the redistribution of private (primarily landowner) land in favor of peasant communities.
The beginning of the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Events of January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg
G. A. Gapon in the "Collection of Russian factory workers"
At the end of 1904, the political struggle escalated in the country.
The policy of trust in society proclaimed by the government of P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky led to the activation of the opposition[16].
The leading role in the opposition at that time was played by the liberal "Union of Liberation" [17].
In September, representatives of the "Union of Liberation" and the revolutionary parties gathered at the Paris conference, where they discussed the issue of joint struggle against the autocracy[18].
As a result of the conference, tactical agreements were concluded, the essence of which was expressed by the formula: "to attack separately and beat together"[19].
In November, a Zemstvo Congress was held in St. Petersburg on the initiative of the Union of Liberation, which developed a resolution[20] demanding popular representation and civil liberties[21].
The Congress gave impetus to a campaign of zemstvo petitions demanding to limit the power of officials and call on the public to govern the state[21].
As a result of the government's relaxation of censorship, the texts of zemstvo petitions penetrated the press and became the subject of general discussion[22].
The revolutionary parties supported the demands of the liberals and organized student demonstrations.
At the end of 1904, the largest legal labor organization in the country, the "Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg", was involved in the events.
At the head of the organization was the priest George Gapon[23].
In November, a group of members of the "Union of Liberation" met with Gapon and the leadership circle of the "Assembly" [24] and invited them to make a political petition [21].
In November and December, the idea of making a petition was discussed in the leadership of the "Assembly"[25].
In December, an incident occurred at the Putilovsky plant with the dismissal of four workers.
The master of the woodworking workshop of the wagon shop Tetyavkin was alternately declared a settlement to four workers members of the"Assembly" [26].
The investigation of the incident showed that the actions of the master were unfair and dictated by a hostile attitude towards the organization[25].
The plant administration was required to restore the dismissed workers and dismiss master Tetyavkin.
In response to the refusal of the administration, the leadership of the "Assembly" threatened to strike[23].
On January 2, 1905, at a meeting of the leadership of the "Assembly", it was decided to start a strike at the Putilov plant, and in case of non — fulfillment of the requirements, to turn it into a general one and use it for filing a petition[27].
On January 3, 1905, the Putilovsky plant with 12,500 workers went on strike, and on January 4 and 5, several other plants joined the strikers[26].
Negotiations with the administration of the Putilov plant turned out to be fruitless[23], and on January 5, Gapon threw into the masses the idea of asking for help from the tsar himself[28].
On January 7 and 8, the strike spread to all the enterprises of the city and turned into a general one.
In total, 625 enterprises of St. Petersburg with 125,000 workers took part in the strike[29].
In the same days, Gapon and a group of workers drew up a Petition addressed to the emperor about the needs of workers, which, along with economic requirements, contained political requirements[30].
The petition demanded the convocation of the people's representation on the basis of universal, direct, secret and equal voting, the introduction of civil liberties, the responsibility of ministers to the people, guarantees of the legality of government, an 8 hour working day, universal education at public expense, and much more[31].
On January 6, 7 and 8, the petition was read out in all 11 departments of the "Assembly", tens of thousands of signatures were collected under it[22].
The workers were invited on Sunday, January 9, to come to the Winter Palace Square to present the petition to the tsar "with the whole world" [32].
On January 7, the contents of the petition became known to the tsarist government[23].
The political demands contained in it, suggesting the restriction of autocracy, turned out to be unacceptable for the ruling regime[33].
In the government message, they were regarded as "audacious" [34].
The issue of accepting the petition was not discussed in the ruling circles[35].
On January 8, at a government meeting chaired by Svyatopolk Mirsky, it was decided not to allow workers to reach the Winter Palace[36], and if necessary, stop them by force[16].
To this end, it was decided to place cordons of troops on the main highways of the city, which were supposed to block the workers ' way to the city center.
Troops totaling more than 30,000 soldiers were drawn into the city[37].
On the evening of January 8, Svyatopolk Mirsky went to Tsarskoye Selo to see Emperor Nicholas II with a report on the measures taken[38].
The tsar wrote about this in his diary [39].
The overall management of the operation was entrusted to the commander of the Guards Corps, Prince S. I. Vasilchikov[40].
V. A. Serov.
"Soldiers, brave children, where is your glory?", 1905
On the morning of January 9, columns of workers totaling up to 150,000 people moved from different districts to the city center.
At the head of one of the columns, with a cross in his hand, was the priest Gapon[41].
When the columns approached the military outposts, the officers demanded that the workers stop, but they continued to move forward[26].
Confident in the tsar's humanity, the workers stubbornly strove for the Winter Palace, ignoring warnings and even cavalry attacks[42].
To prevent the access of a crowd of 150 thousand people in the city center to the Winter Palace[38], the troops were forced to fire rifle volleys.
Volleys were fired at the Narva Gate, at the Trinity Bridge, on the Shlisselburgsky tract, on Vasilievsky Island, on Palace Square and on Nevsky Prospekt[42].
In other parts of the city, crowds of workers were dispersed with sabers, sabers and whips[37].
According to official data, just on the day of January 9, 96 people were killed and 333 wounded, and taking into account those who died from wounds, 130 were killed and 299 wounded[42].
According to the calculations of the Soviet historian V. I. Nevsky, up to 200 people were killed, up to 800 people were wounded[43].
The dispersal of the unarmed march of workers made a shocking impression on society.
Reports about the shooting of the procession, which repeatedly overestimated the number of victims[44], were distributed by illegal publications, party proclamations and passed from mouth to mouth.
The opposition blamed the entire responsibility for the incident on Emperor Nicholas II[45] and the autocratic regime[46].
The priest Gapon, who had escaped from the police, called for an armed uprising and the overthrow of the dynasty[47].
The revolutionary parties called for the overthrow of the autocracy.
A wave of strikes swept across the country, taking place under political slogans [48].
In many places, the strikes were led by party workers[43].
The traditional faith of the working masses in the tsar was shaken, and the influence of the revolutionary parties began to grow.
The number of party ranks was rapidly replenished.
The slogan "Down with the autocracy!" has gained popularity.[49]
According to many contemporaries, the tsarist government made a mistake by deciding to use force against unarmed workers[36].
The danger of a riot was averted, but the prestige of the royal power was irreparably damaged[16].
Shortly after the events of January 9, Minister Svyatopolk Mirsky was dismissed.
The course of the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov was appointed on January 10.
On January 29 (February 11), by Decree of Nicholas II, a commission was established under the chairmanship of Senator Shidlovsky with the aim of " urgently clarifying the causes of discontent among the workers of St. Petersburg and its suburbs and eliminating such in the future."
Its members were to be officials, factory owners and deputies from the St. Petersburg workers.
Political demands were declared unacceptable in advance, but it was the deputies elected from the workers who put forward them (the publicity of the commission's meetings, freedom of the press, the restoration of 11 departments of the Gapon "Assembly" closed by the government, the release of arrested comrades).
On February 20 (March 5), Shidlovsky submitted a report to Nicholas II, in which he acknowledged the failure of the commission; on the same day, by a royal decree, the Shidlovsky commission was dissolved.
Spring of 1905.
A painting by the Polish artist Stanislaw Maslowski
After January 9, a wave of strikes swept across the country.
On January 12-14, a general strike was held in Riga and Warsaw to protest against the shooting of a demonstration of workers of St. Petersburg.
The strike movement and strikes on the railways of Russia began.
The all Russian student political strikes also began.
In May 1905, a general strike of Ivanovo Voznesensky textile workers began, 70 thousand workers went on strike for more than two months.
In many industrial centers, Councils of Workers ' Deputies arose, among them the first and one of the most famous was the Ivanovo Voznesensky Council.
Social conflicts were aggravated by conflicts on national grounds.
Clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in the Caucasus, which continued in 1905-1906.
On February 18, the tsar's manifesto was published calling for the eradication of sedition in the name of strengthening the true autocracy, and a decree to the Senate allowing proposals to be submitted to the tsar to improve the "state improvement".
Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an instruction on the preparation of a law on an elected representative body — the legislative council Duma.
The published acts gave a direction to the further social movement.
Zemstvo assemblies, city dumas, professional intellectuals, who formed a number of various unions, individual public figures discussed issues of attracting the population to legislative activity, about the attitude to the work of the "Special Meeting" established under the chairmanship of Chamberlain Bulygin.
Resolutions, petitions, addresses, notes, and projects of state transformation were drawn up.
The February, April and May congresses organized by the Zemstvos, the last of which was held with the participation of city leaders, ended with the presentation to the Emperor on June 6 through a special deputation of the most authoritative address with a petition for people's representation.
On April 17, 1905, a decree was issued on strengthening the principles of religious tolerance.
He allowed "falling away" from Orthodoxy to other confessions.
Legislative restrictions on Old Believers and sectarians were lifted.
Lamaists were forbidden to be officially called idolaters and pagans from now on[50] [51].
On June 14, 1905, an event occurred that showed that the last pillars of the autocratic power were shaken: the crew of the battleship of the Black Sea Fleet "Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky"rebelled.
Seven people were killed on the spot.
A speedy sailor's court sentenced the commander and the ship's doctor to death.
Soon the battleship was blocked, but managed to break into the open sea.
Having no reserves of coal and food, he approached the shores of Romania, where the sailors surrendered to the Romanian authorities.
On June 21, 1905, the uprising in Lodz began, which became one of the main events in the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland.
On August 6, 1905, the Manifesto of Nicholas II established the State Duma as "a special legislative institution, which is provided with preliminary development and discussion of legislative assumptions and consideration of the list of state revenues and expenditures" [52].
The term of convocation was set no later than mid January 1906.
At the same time, the Regulation on Elections of August 6, 1905 was published, which established the rules for elections to the State Duma.
Of the four most well known and popular democratic norms (general, direct, equal, secret elections), only one was implemented in Russia — the secret submission of votes.
The elections were neither general, nor direct, nor equal[53].
The organization of the elections to the State Duma was entrusted to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin.
In October, a strike began in Moscow, which covered the whole country and turned into an All Russian October political strike.
On October 12-18, more than 2 million people went on strike in various industries.
On October 14, the governor General of St. Petersburg, D. F. Trepov, posted proclamations on the streets of the capital, in which, in particular, it was said that the police were ordered to resolutely suppress riots, "if there is resistance from the crowd, do not give blank volleys and do not spare cartridges"[54].
Ilya Repin.
October 17, 1905
This general strike, and, above all, the strike of the railway workers, forced the emperor to make concessions.
The Manifesto of October 17, 1905 granted civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.
Professional and professionally political unions, Soviets of Workers ' Deputies were formed, the Social Democratic Party and the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries were strengthened, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Union of October 17, the Union of the Russian People, etc. were created.
Thus, the demands of the liberals were fulfilled.
The autocracy went to the creation of parliamentary representation and the beginning of reform (see Stolypin agrarian reform).
The departure from Moscow abroad during May 1906 was so intense that up to 6,000 passports were issued.
From January 1 to June 12, almost as many foreign passports were selected as were issued for the entire year 1905[55].
By a special government circular of September 14, 1906, civil service officials were prohibited from being members of any organization opposed to the government[56]: this significantly affected the number of legal parties, especially the Cadet party[57].
The dissolution of the 2nd State Duma by P. A. Stolypin with a parallel change in the electoral law (the Third June Coup of 1907) meant the end of the revolution.
Armed uprisings[edit / edit wiki text]
This section contains a list of sources or external links, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes.
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Declared political freedom, however, did not satisfy revolutionary party that was going to power not by Parliament, but by the armed seizure of power and raised the slogan "Finish the government!"
Fermentation covered workers, the army and Navy (Sevastopol uprising, Vladivostok uprising, etc.).
In turn, the authorities saw that the way to retreat no further, and began to deal decisively with the revolution.
Participants of the Gorlovka armed uprising in prison
Conca as part of the barricade.
Odessa in December 1905
On October 13, 1905, the St. Petersburg Council of Workers ' Deputies began its work, which became the organizer of the All Russian October Political strike of 1905 and tried to disorganize the country's financial system, calling for not paying taxes and taking money from banks.
The deputies of the Council were arrested on December 3, 1905.
The riots reached their highest point in December 1905: in Moscow (December 7-18), and other major cities.
In Rostov on Don, on December 13-20, militant detachments fought with troops in the Temernik area.
In Ekaterinoslav, the skirmish that began on December 8 turned into an uprising.
The working district of the city of Chechelevka was in the hands of the rebels (the Chechen Republic) until December 27.
There were two days of fighting in Kharkiv.
The Lubotin Republic was formed in Lubotin.
In the cities of Ostrovets, Ilzha and Chmelyov — the Ostrovets Republic.
Jewish pogroms[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Jewish pogrom
After the publication of the tsarist manifesto on October 17, 1905, powerful anti government demonstrations took place in many cities of the Pale of Settlement, in which the Jewish population actively participated.
The response of the part of society loyal to the government was the demonstrations against the revolutionaries, which ended in Jewish pogroms. [58]
The largest pogroms took place in Odessa (over 400 Jews were killed), in Rostov on Don (over 150 dead)[59], Yekaterinoslav 67, Minsk 54, Simferopol over 40 and Orsha — over 100 dead.
Political murders[edit / edit wiki text]
In total, from 1901 to 1911, about 17 thousand people were killed and injured during revolutionary terrorism (9 thousand of them were directly during the revolution of 1905-1907).
In 1907, on average, up to 18 people died every day.
According to the police, only from February 1905 to May 1906, 8 governors — general, governors and mayors were killed, 5 vice — governors and advisers of provincial boards, 21 police officers, district chiefs and police officers, 8 gendarmerie officers, 4 generals (combatant), 7 officers (combatant), 79 bailiffs and their assistants, 125 district supervisors, 346 policemen, 57 constables, 257 guards, gendarmerie lower ranks — 55, security agents — 18, civil ranks — 85, clergy — 12, rural authorities — 52, landowners — 51, manufacturers and senior employees in factories — 54, bankers and large merchants — 29[60].
Famous victims of terror:
The bogeyman of the revolution.
Drawing by B. Kustodiev
Minister of Public Education N. P. Bogolepov (14.02.1901), Minister of Internal Affairs D. S. Sipyagin (2.04.1902), Ufa Governor N. M. Bogdanovich (6.05.1903), Minister of Internal Affairs V. K. Plehve (15.07.1904), Governor General of Moscow Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (4.02.1905), Moscow mayor Count P. P. Shuvalov (28.06.1905), former Minister of War Adjutant General V. V. Sakharov (22.11.1905), Tambov Vice Governor N. E. Bogdanovich (17.12.1905), head of the Penza garrison Lieutenant General V. Ya.
Lisovsky (2.01.1906), Chief of Staff of the Caucasian Military District Major General F. F. Gryaznov (16.01.1906), Tver Governor P. A. Sleptsov (25.03.1906), commander of the Black Sea Fleet Vice Admiral G. P. Chukhnin (29.06.1906), Samara Governor I. L. Blok (21.07.1906), Penza governor S. A. Khvostov (12.08.1906), commander of the l guards.
Semenovsky Regiment Major General G. A. Min (13.08.1906), Simbirsk Governor General Major General K. S. Starynkevich (23.09.1906), former Kiev Governor General member of the State Council Count A. P. Ignatiev (9.12.1906), Akmola governor Major General N. M. Litvinov (15.12.1906), St. Petersburg mayor V. F. von der Launitz (21.12.1906), chief military prosecutor V. P. Pavlov (27.12.1906), Penza governor S. V. Alexandrovsky (25.01.1907), Odessa Governor General Major General K. A. Karangozov (23.02.1907), head of the Main Prison Department A.M. Maksimovsky (15.10.1907).
On August 12, 1906, the socialist revolutionaries maximalists made an attempt on the Prime Minister of Russia P. A. Stolypin, as a result of which 30 people died and died from wounds, Stolypin himself remained alive.
To combat terror, on August 19, 1906, at the initiative of Stolypin, the "Regulation of the Council of Ministers on military field courts" was adopted to speed up the proceedings in cases of persons accused of robbery, murder, robbery, attacks on military, police and officials and other serious crimes, in cases where there is no need for additional investigation for the evidence of the crime.
Revolutionary organizations[edit / edit wiki text]
The Party of Socialist Revolutionaries[edit / edit wiki text]
The combat organization was created by the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the early 1900s to fight against the autocracy in Russia through terror.
The organization consists of 10 to 30 militants led by G. A. Gershuni, since May 1903 E. F. Azef.
She organized the murders of the Minister of Internal Affairs D. S. Sipyagin and V. K. Plehve, the governor of Kharkov, Prince I. M. Obolensky and Ufa N. M. Bogdanovich, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich; prepared attempts on Nicholas II, the Minister of Internal Affairs P. N. Durnovo, the Moscow Governor General F. V. Dubasov, the priest G. A. Gapon and others.
RSDLP[edit / edit wiki text]
The Combat Technical Group under the Central Committee of the RSDLP, headed by L. B. Krasin, was the central combat organization of the Bolsheviks.
The group carried out mass deliveries of weapons to Russia, supervised the creation, training and arming of combat squads that participated in the uprisings.
The Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP is the Moscow fighting organization of the Bolsheviks.
It included P. K. Sternberg.
The bureau led the Bolshevik combat detachments during the Moscow uprising.
Other revolutionary organizations[edit / edit wiki text]
Polish Socialist Party (PPS).
In 1906 alone, PSP militants killed and wounded about 1,000 people.
One of the major actions was the Bezdan robbery of 1908.
Finnish Active Resistance Party Jewish Social Democratic Party Poalei Zion Socialist Jewish Workers 'Party General Jewish Workers' Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Bund) Georgian National Democrats "Dashnaktsutyun" is an Armenian revolutionary nationalist party.
During the revolution, she actively participated in the Armenian Azerbaijani massacre of 1905-1906.
The Dashnaks killed a lot of officials and individuals who were objectionable to the Armenians: General Alikhanov, governors Nakashidze and Andreev, Colonels Bykov and Sakharov.
The revolutionaries accused the tsarist authorities of inflating the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
Armenian Social Democratic organization "Gnchak" Latvian Social Democratic Workers ' Party.
On February 13, 1906, its members committed a robbery of the State Bank in Helsingfors.
Latvian forest brothers.
In the Courland province in January — November 1906, up to 400 actions were committed: they killed government officials, attacked police stations, burned landowners ' estates.
Belarusian Socialist Community Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers 'Party Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party Ukrainian People's Party Federation of Anarchists" Bread and Freedom "Federation of Anarchists" Black Banner "Federation of Anarchists "Beznachalie"
The results of the revolution[edit / edit wiki text]
new state bodies were formed — the beginning of the development of parliamentarism; some restriction of autocracy; democratic freedoms were introduced, censorship was abolished, trade unions and legal political parties were allowed; the bourgeoisie was given the opportunity to participate in the political life of the country; the situation of workers improved, wages were increased, the working day was reduced to 9-10 hours; redemption payments of peasants were canceled, their freedom of movement was expanded; the power of zemstvo chiefs was limited.
Display in fiction[edit / edit wiki text]
The story of Leonid Andreev "The Story of the Seven Hanged" (1908).
The story is based on real events — the hanging on the Fox's Nose, near St. Petersburg on 17.02.1908 (art. art.) of 7 members of the Flying Combat Detachment of the Northern Region of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries[61] Leonid Andreev's story "Sashka Zhegulev" (1911).
The story is based on the story of the famous expropriator of the first Russian Revolution, Alexander Savitsky, who was killed by the police in April 1909 near Gomel.
Article by Leo Tolstoy "I canot be silent!" (1908) about the death penalty Collection of Vlas Doroshevich's stories "The Whirlwind and other recent works" Konstantin Balmont's poem "Our Tsar" (1907).
The accusatory poem that became famous.
Boris Pasternak's poem "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" (1926-27) Mikhail Osorgin's novel "Sivtsev Vrazhek" (1928) Boris Zhitkov's novel "Viktor Vavich" (1934) The story of Arkady Gaidar " Life in nothing (Lbovshchina)" (1926) Arkady Gaidar's novella "The Forest Brothers (Davydovshchina)" (1927) Valentin Kataev's novella "The Lonely Sail is White" (1936) Maxim Gorky's novels "The Life of Klim Samgin", "Mother" Boris Vasiliev's novel "There was an Evening and there was a Morning" — ISBN 978-5-17-064479-7 Yevgeny Zamyatin's stories "The Wayward" and "Three Days" Varshavyanka — a revolutionary song that became widely known in 1905 On the outskirts of the Great Empires is a historical novel by Valentin Pikul in two books.
It was first published in 1964-1966.
Autobiographical novel by Lev Uspensky "Notes of an old Petersburger" Boris Akunin's book "The Diamond Chariot" Volume 1 Alexander Stepanov's novel "The Zvonarev Family" Andrikanis E. N.
The owner of the "Devil's Nest".
- 3rd ed.
- Moscow, 1965.
Monuments and museums[edit / edit wiki text]
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Illustrations[edit / edit wiki text]
Street demonstration.
A painting by Witold Wojtkiewicz.
October 17, 1905.
A painting by Ilya Repin.
Demonstration in Jakobstad (Finland).
Autumn 1905.
Finnish activist Lennart Hohenthal kills prosecutor Soisalon Soininen at his home in Helsinki on February 6, 1905.
Monument to the 1905 Revolution in Lodz.
A basket with bombs, which was located in the Bolshevik laboratory school in the village of Haapala.
Soldiers lead a group of prisoners.
1906.
A gunman shoots a policeman.
A drawing from the Polish socialist newspaper Robotnik.
1907.
A Cossack patrol near the burned oil fields in Baku.
1905.
Deputies of the All Russian Noble Congress.
St. Petersburg, 1906.
The demands of the workers of the Hartmann plant during the first Russian Revolution.
1905.
Poster15.jpg
Soviet propaganda poster.
A street in Warsaw after a bomb explosion by a PPS militant.
1906.
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1956.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Revolutionary terrorism in the Russian Empire
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ 1 2 The results of the revolution of 1905-1905 / / World History in 10 volumes.
- Moscow: Gospolitizdat; Sotsekgiz; Thought, 1955-1965.
↑ 1.
The agrarian question in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
The policy of autocracy.
xserver.ru.
Verified on October 24, 2014.
↑ The national question in Russia at the beginning of the XX century (1900-1918).
ido.tsu.ru.
Verified on October 24, 2014.
Л Lyzlova Tatyana Sergeevna.
The national question in Russia at the beginning of the XX century and the creation of Jewish national parties.
sibac.info.
Verified on October 24, 2014.
↑ "Distribution of the population by estates and states" from the Demoscope website.
<url>: the number of peasants — 96.9 million people, the total population of the empire — 125.6 million people, the share of peasants 77 % ↑ from 4.8-5.1 dessiatines per capita of the male population to 2.6-2.8 dessiatines, Pushkarev S. G.
Russia in the XIX century (1801-1914).
- New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1956.
Fedorov V. A. History of Russia 1861-1917.
Socio economic development of post reform Russia.
Changes in land tenure and land use ↑ "The size of landholdings allotted by the commune to each member has shrunk, in comparison with 1860 (the figure fo the latter year being taken for 100), to 54.2 per cent."
Milyukov P. N.
Russia and its crisis (1905).
— Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1905.
— P. 436.
archived from the original on 29 pounds tithing in 1861-1870 to 39 — in 1891-1900.
Kondratiev N. D.
The bread market and its regulation during the war and revolution.
- Moscow: Nauka, 1991.
- 487 p .
- p.
89. Т. T. Shanin.
Revolution as a moment of truth.
Russia 1905-1907 - 1917-1922 Moscow: The Whole World, 1997.
- p. 36 — - ISBN ISBN 5-7777-0039 X.
By the reform of 1861 on the abolition of serfdom, most of the property relations of peasants were regulated by volost courts acting on the basis of customary law, that is, traditions and customs that had developed in the peasant environment.
The norms of general civil legislation, that is, regulatory law, were practically not applied to peasants.
By the end of the XIX century, the instability and uncertainty of property relations based on customary law became the object of criticism from both bourgeois liberal publications and part of the government к.
Candidate of Law Gorin A. G. Customary Law of Russia at the beginning of the XX century: Government policy // Jurisprudence.
- 1989.
- No. 1. - pp.
43-49.
"Volost courts decided cases not according to national laws, but according to peasant "customary law"; meanwhile, this law was never codified and was characterized by incompleteness, ambiguity and diversity, which opened wide doors to judicial discretion and arbitrariness.
Ignorant and illiterate judges hardly understood the cases, and the main role in the volost court was played by its clerk, the volost clerk — as a result of which cases in the volost court were often solved for a bribe (money or vodka).
It is not surprising that the authority of the township of ships sat very low and that they acquired from the peasant population into disrepute" / Pushkarev, S. G.
Russia in the nineteenth century (1801-1914).
New York: IZDATEL'stvo imeni Chekhova, 1956.
^ "In the passports of these individuals ex tax States (tradesmen, artisans and peasants) were made dependent on petty bourgeois and peasant societies.
If there were cash arrears, passport books were not issued to them in ache, as with the consent of the societies.
And the undivided members of peasant families had to enlist the consent of the owner of the peasant yard in order to obtain and renew the species" / Elistratov A. I. Administrative law.
- Moscow: Printing house of I. D. Sytin, 1911.
Witte S. Y. Memoirs.
- Moscow: Publishing House of socio economic literature, 1960.
- p. 454.
↑ 1 2 3 A. I. Spiridovich.
Notes of a gendarme.
- Kharkiv: "Proletarian", 1928 — - 205 p. ↑ R. Pipes.
Struve.
Biography.
- Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow.
polit schools.
research, 2001.
- Vol. 1, Struve: The Left Liberal.
- 549 p .
↑ D. B. Pavlov.
Russian Japanese War of 1904-1905 Secret operations on land and at sea.
- M.: "Mainland", 2004 — - 464 p .
↑ V. M. Chernov.
Before the storm.
Memories.
- Moscow: "International relations", 1993.
- 408 p. Постановление The resolution of the Zemsky Congress of 1904 / / I. P. Belokonsky.
The Zemstvo movement.
- St. Petersburg, 1914.
- pp.
221-222.
↑ 1 2 3 I. P. Belokonsky.
Zemstvo movement.
- M.: "Zadruga", 1914 — - 397 p. ↑ 1 2 L. Ya.
Gurevich.
The people's movement in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 / / Byloye.
- St. Petersburg, 1906.
- No. 1. - pp.
195-223.
↑ 1 2 3 4 G. A. Gapon.
The story of my life.
- M.: "Book", 1990.
- 64 p .
↑ A. E. Karelin.
January ninth and Gapon.
Memoirs / / Krasnaya letopis — - L., 1922.
- No. 1. - pp.
106-116.
↑ 1 2 To the history of the "Collection of Russian factory workers of St. Petersburg".
Archival documents / / Krasnaya letopis.
- L., 1922.
- No. 1. - pp.
288-329.
↑ 1 2 3 The beginning of the first Russian Revolution.
January March 1905.
Documents and materials / Edited by N. S. Trusova.
- M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1955 — - 960 p .
↑ V. V. Svyatlovsky.
Professional movement in Russia.
- St. Petersburg.: Publishing house of M. V. Pirozhkova, 1907 — - 406 p .
Сух S. Sukhonin.
January 9, 1905 // World Bulletin.
- St. Petersburg, 1905.
- No. 12. - pp.
142-169.
↑ B. A. Romanov.
The January strike of 1905 in St. Petersburg. (Materials for the calendar)
/ / Krasnaya letopis — - L., 1929.
— № 6 (33).
— P.
25-44.
↑ A. A. Shilov.
To the documentary history of the petition on January 9, 1905 / / Krasnaya letopis.
- L., 1925.
- No. 2. - pp.
19-36.
Пет Petition of workers and residents of St. Petersburg for submission to Tsar Nicholas II / / Krasnaya letopis.
- L., 1925.
- No. 2. - pp.
33-35.
↑ N. M. Varnashev.
From beginning to end with the Gapon organization // Historical and revolutionary collection.
- L., 1924.
- Vol. 1. - pp.
177-208.
↑ S. S. Oldenburg.
The Reign Of Emperor Nicholas II.
- Moscow: "Phoenix", 1992.
- Pp.
265-266.
↑ V. G. Korolenko.
A chronicle of inner life.
January 9, 1905 / / V. G. Korolenko.
Collected works in five volumes — - L., 1989.
- Vol. 3 .
Д. D. N. Lyubimov.
Gapon and January 9 // Questions of history.
- M., 1965.
- No. 8-9.
↑ 1 2 S. Yu.
Witte.
Memories.
The reign of Nicholas II.
- Berlin: "The Word", 1922.
- Vol. 2. - 571 p. ↑ 1 2 V. D. Bonch Bruevich.
The ninth of January, 1905 (According to new materials) / / Proletarian Revolution.
- M., 1929.
— № 1 (84).
— Pp.
97-152.
↑ 1 2 E. A. Svyatopolk Mirskaya.
Diary of the book by E. A. Svyatopolk Mirskaya for 1904-1905.
/ / Historical notes.
- M., 1965.
- No. 77. - pp.
273-277.
Днев Diaries of Emperor Nicholas II.
1905 ↑ S. N. Valk.
St. Petersburg city administration and January 9 / / Krasnaya letopis.
- L., 1925.
- No. 1. - pp.
37-46.
↑ A.V. Gerasimov.
On the edge with terrorists.
- Moscow: Association of Russian Artists, 1991 — - 208 p. ↑ 1 2 3 Report of the Director of the Police Department A. Lopukhin on the events of January 9, 1905 / / Krasnaya letopis — - L., 1922.
- No. 1. - pp.
330-338.
↑ 1 2 V. I. Nevsky.
January days in St. Petersburg in 1905 / / Red Chronicle.
- 1922.
- Vol. 1. ↑ A. N. Zashikhin.
About the number of victims of Bloody Sunday (about the figure 4,600) // Bulletin of the Pomeranian University.
Series: Humanities and Social Sciences.
- 2008.
- No. 3. - pp.
5-9.
↑ P. B. Struve.
The Executioner of the people / / Liberation.
- Paris, 1905.
- No. 64. - p.
1. ↑ V. I. Lenin.
Revolutionary days / / Forward.
- January 31 (18), 1905.
- No. 4 .
Г. G. A. Gapon.
The third epistle to the workers / / Priest George Gapon's appeal to the entire peasant people.
- 1905.
- p. 14-15.
↑ L. D. Trotsky.
January 9 / / L.
Trotsky.
About the ninth of January.
- M., 1925.
↑ N. E. Wrangel.
Memories.
From serfdom to the Bolsheviks.
- Moscow: New Literary Review, 2003 — - 512 p. ИМЕН THE NOMINAL SUPREME DECREE GIVEN TO THE SENATE, "ON STRENGTHENING THE PRINCIPLES OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE" ON APRIL 17, 1905 ↑ A. Medvedev.
The right to freedom of faith ↑ The Highest manifesto of August 6, 1905 Род Rodionov Yu.
P.
"The formation of Russian parliamentarism at the beginning of the XX century "Журнал Journal "Legislation", No. 47, heading "Lawyer at leisure" ↑ The first experiment on democracy (October 17, 2010).
Verified on September 15, 2016.
↑ P. A. Stolypin.
Circular of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers on September 14, 1906.
dugward.ru.
Verified on September 15, 2016.
Обзор Review of documents of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory related to the events of the first Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.
Igor Omelianchuk "Black Hundreds": Why did the Russian monarchy not support the monarchists?
Part II Еврей Jewish pogroms in Rostov on Don ↑ The epidemic of terror ↑ (Rasputina A.M., Lebedeva E. N., Lebedintsev V. V., Sinengub L. S., Sture L. A., Baranov S. G., Smirnov A. F.)
B. Rosenfeld.
"To the history of the creation of the Story of the Seven Hanged Men by Leonid Andreev" / / Terra Nova Magazine, No. 17 November, 2006
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
V. I. Lenin.
The agrarian program of social democracy in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.
- Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1967.
L. Trotsky.
Our first revolution.
Part 1.
- Moscow, Leningrad, 1925.
L. Trotsky.
Our first revolution.
Part 2.
- Moscow, Leningrad, 1925.
R. Luxemburg.
About socialism and the Russian Revolution / / Section Two.
The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia and Poland.
- Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1991.
Gavrilov B. I.
In the struggle for freedom: The Uprising on the battleship "Potemkin".
- Moscow: Mysl, 1987.
Milyukov P. N. Memoirs.
Volume 1.
- New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1955.
Milyukov P. N.
Russia and its crisis (1905).
- Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1905.
Witte S. Y. Memoirs.
- Publishing House Of Socio Economic Literature, 1960.
Nicholas II.
Diaries.
- Orbit, 1991 — - ISBN 5-85210-024-2.
Kurlov P. G.
The Death of Imperial Russia (memoirs).
- Moscow: Sovremennik, 1992.
Denikin A. I.
The Old Army.
- Moscow: Iris press, 2005.
- pp.
207-226 — - ISBN 5-8112-1411-1.
Rediger A. F.
The story of my life.
Memoirs of the Minister of War.
In two volumes.
- Moscow: Canon press; Kuchkovo Field, 1999.
T. Shanin.
Revolution as a moment of truth.
Russia 1905-1907 - 1917-1922 Moscow: The Whole World, 1997 — - ISBN ISBN 5-7777-0039 X. Anna Geifman.
Revolutionary terror in Russia.
1894-1917.
- Moscow: Kron Press, 1997.
- p. 448 — - ISBN ISBN 5-232-00608-8.
Ganelin R. S.
The Russian autocracy in 1905.
Reforms and revolution.
- St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1991.
- p. 221.
G. Golovkov.
A riot in Russian.
Executioners and victims.
Rendezvous with the Revolution of 1905-1907 Detective Press, 2005.
- p. 624 — - ISBN 5-89935-070-9.
Tsarism in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907 Collection of documents / edited by A. K. Drezen..
- Moscow: Sotsekgiz, 1936.
S. M. Pozner.
The first combat organization of the Bolsheviks 1905-1907.
Articles, memoirs and documents.
- Moscow: Stary Bolshevik, 1934.
Military uprisings in the Baltic in 1905-1906.
Collection of documents.
- Moscow: Partizdat, 1933.
Lenin V. I., About the revolution of 1905-1907, M., 1955 Pyaskovsky A.V., The Revolution of 1905 -1907 in Russia, M., 1966 The first Revolution in Russia: a look through a century.
Edited by A. P. Korelin, S. V. Tyutyukin.
- M.: Monuments of historical thought, 2005 — - 602 p.
B.
Pares.
Russia and reform.
— London: A. Constable & co., ltd., 1907.
Anthony J Heywood, Jonathan D Smele.
The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Modern European History).
— Routledge, 2005.
— ISBN 0415355680.
Abraham Ascher.
The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray.
— Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press, 1994.
— ISBN 0804723273.
Budnitsky O. V. Terrorism in the Russian liberation movement: ideology, ethics, psychology (late XIX early XX centuries).
- Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000 — - 399 p.
— ISBN 5-8243-0118-2.
Flerovsky I.
Our first workers 'and peasants' revolution of 1905 M.; L.: State Publishing House, 1925.
- 122 p.
The history of terrorism in Russia in documents, biographies, studies / Author compiled by O. V. Budnitsky..
- Rostov on Don: Phoenix, 1996.
- 576 p.
— ISBN 5-85880-137-4.
Avilov R. S.
On the way to revolution — the garrison of the Vladivostok fortress in 1905 / / Social and humanitarian sciences in the Far East.
- 2015.
- No. 2. - p. 7-16.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Petition of January 9, 1905 The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia.
Chronicle of events.
Russia in the first years of the XX century.
Chronicle of events from the website of HRONO.EN The First Russian Revolution.
Sources and literature The Black Hundred Terror of 1905-1907 Individual political terror in Russia.
XIX early XX century.
Russian Russian Revolution: Neo Malthusian perspective The First Russian Revolution and partisan actions of 1905-1908 in the Urals diary of Nicholas II for 1905 Russian Russian Revolution centennial issue dedicated to the centenary of the 1905 Russian Revolution; the magazine "Inviolable Reserve" 2005, No. 6(44) On the causes of the Russian Revolution Two economies of Russia by E. V. Demidov.
The nonviolent component of the 1905 Revolution by O. Ken.
The revolution of 1905-1907 as the revolution of modernity G. Chuwardin.
The Russian Imperial Guard in the events of the Revolution of 1905-1907.
A. Chernyak.
So who lit the flame of revolutions?
"Ufa in 1905" Video on YouTube "Reforms in Russia were given at gunpoint" / / Lenta.
<url>, 17.05.2015 (interview the historian Oleg Budnitsky)
The revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia on Wikimedia Commons?
The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia
The main events of the Russian Japanese War and the Portsmouth Peace • Bloody Sunday • The Revolution of 1905-1907 in Poland • The Manifesto of October 17 • The December Uprising in Moscow (the defeat of the Fiedler School) • The Third June coup • The electoral system of 1907
Duma, political parties
and organizations State Duma (I convocation, Vyborg Appeal, II convocation)
Left: AKP, PNS, RSDLP, PPP, SDKPiL, Bund, SICKLE
Centrists: Constitutional Democratic Party, October 17 Union, Democratic Reform Party
Russian Russian right: Union of the Russian People, Russian Monarchist Party, Union of Mikhail the Archangel
Liberation movement
and unrest in the regions of the Gurian Republic • The Gorlovka Uprising • The Zaglebyevskaya Republic • The December uprising in Nizhny Novgorod • Comrat Republic • Krasnoyarsk Republic • The uprising in Lodz • Lubotyn Republic • Markov Republic • Novorossiysk Republic • Ostrovets Republic • Rostov Uprising • Slavkuvskaya Republic • Sochi Republic • Starobuyanskaya Republic • Kharkiv Uprising • Chechelevskaya Republic • Chita Republic • Shulyava Republic • Forest Brothers
Uprisings in the army and Navy Vladivostok uprisings • The uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" • Sevastopol Uprising • Cruiser "Memory of Azov" • The Gothenburg Uprising • The Destroyer "Skoryj"
Major robberies The robbery of the State Bank in Helsingfors (1906 • * The robbery in Lantern Lane (1906) • The Tiflis expropriation (1907) • The Bezdan expropriation (1908)
Other Ivanovo Voznesensky Citywide Council of Workers 'Deputies • St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies • Great Vilnius Sejm • Steamship "John Grafton" • The Book of Russian Sorrow • The situation of enhanced (emergency) protection • Lbovtsy
The diplomacy of the Great Powers in 1871-1913
The Great Ones
powers
British Empire • German Empire • French Republic • Russian Empire • Austro Hungarian Empire • Kingdom of Italy • Japanese Empire • USA
Contracts
and agreements
Alliance of Eight Powers • Frankfurt World • Russian Russian Alliance * The Union of the Three Emperors • The Constantinople Conference • the Berlin Congress • The Dual Alliance • The Triple Alliance * the Congo Conference • The Reinsurance Treaty • the Zanzibar Treaty • The Franco Russian Alliance • The Moscow Treaty • The Austro Russian Agreement • The Anglo German Agreement • The Hague Conventions and Declarations • The Anglo Japanese Union • The Anglo French Agreement • Russian Russian Agreement * The Katsura Taft Agreement • The Treaty of Bjerk • The Algeciras Conference • The Anglo Russian Agreement • The St. Petersburg Protocol • The Russian Italian Agreement • The Annexation of Korea by Japan • The Treaty of Fez • The Potsdam Agreement • The Balkan Union • The Entente
Crises
and conflicts
The Big Game • The Colonial Division of Africa • Anglo German antagonism • Conflicts (Afghan • French German • English Portuguese) • Baghdad Railway • Crises (Bulgarian • Fashodsky • Economic • Tangier • Bosnian • Albanian • Agadirsky)
Military
conflicts
The War Alarm of 1875 • Wars (Russian Turkish • Anglo Zulu • 1st Anglo Boer • Franco Tunisian • Anglo Egyptian • 2nd Franco Vietnamese • 3rd Anglo Burmese • Franco Chinese) • Austria Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina • Battle on the Kushka • The War Alarm of 1887 • Wars (Franco Dahomey (1st • 2nd) • Japanese Chinese • 1st Italian Ethiopian • Anglo Zanzibar • Spanish American) • Ihetuan Uprising • French conquest of Chad • Wars (Anglo Boer • Philippine American
