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Biography of Empress Catherine II the Great Topic: "The Greek Project" - the utopia of Voltaire and Catherine II (2) / Reforms
09:4208.07.20137396618034 The reign of Catherine II lasted for more than three and a half decades, from 1762 to 1796.
It was filled with many events in internal and external affairs, the implementation of plans that continued what was being done under Peter the Great.
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Russian Empress Catherine II the Great was born on May 2 (old style April 21), 1729 in the city of Stettin in Prussia (now the city of Szczecin in Poland), died on November 17 (old style November 6), 1796 in St. Petersburg (Russia).
The reign of Catherine II lasted for more than three and a half decades, from 1762 to 1796.
It was filled with many events in internal and external affairs, the implementation of plans that continued what was being done under Peter the Great.
The period of her reign is often called the "golden age" of the Russian Empire.
By Catherine II's own admission, she did not have a creative mind, but she caught every good idea well and used it for her own purposes.
She skillfully selected her assistants, not being afraid of bright and talented people.
That is why Catherine's time was marked by the appearance of a whole galaxy of outstanding statesmen, generals, writers, artists, musicians.
Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian military commander Alexander Suvorov, Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev Zadunaisky, satirist writer Denis Fonvizin, outstanding Russian poet, Pushkin's predecessor Gavriil Derzhavin, Russian historian, historiographer, writer, creator of the "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Karamzin, writer, philosopher, poet Alexander Radishchev, outstanding Russian violinist and composer, founder of the Russian violin culture Ivan Khandoshkin, conductor, teacher, violinist, singer, one of the creators of the Russian national opera Vasily Pashkevich, composer of secular and church music, conductor, teacher Dmitry Bortyansky.
In her memoirs, Catherine II described the state of Russia at the beginning of her reign in this way:
Finances were depleted.
The army did not receive a salary for 3 months.
Trade was in decline, because many of its branches were given over to monopoly.
There was no proper system in the state economy.
The military department was plunged into debt; the naval department barely held on, being in extreme neglect.
The clergy were dissatisfied with the seizure of his lands.
Justice was sold at auction, and the laws were guided only in cases where they favored a strong person.
The Empress formulated the tasks facing the Russian monarch in this way:
— It is necessary to educate the nation, which should be governed.
— It is necessary to introduce a good order in the state, support society and force it to comply with the laws.
— It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police in the state.
— It is necessary to promote the flourishing of the state and make it abundant.
— It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspiring respect for its neighbors.
Based on the tasks set, Catherine II carried out active reform activities.
Her reforms affected almost all spheres of life.
Convinced of the unfit management system, Catherine II carried out a senate reform in 1763.
The Senate was divided into 6 departments, losing the importance of the body that manages the state apparatus, and became the highest administrative and judicial institution.
Faced with financial difficulties, Catherine II in 1763-1764 carried out the secularization (conversion to secular property) of church lands.
500 monasteries were abolished, 1 million peasants ' souls were transferred to the treasury.
Due to this, the state treasury was significantly replenished.
This made it possible to ease the financial crisis in the country, to pay off the army, which has not received a salary for a long time.
The influence of the Church on the life of society has significantly decreased.
From the very beginning of her reign, Catherine II began to strive to achieve the internal structure of the state.
She believed that injustices in the state can be eradicated with the help of good laws.
And she decided to adopt new legislation instead of the Cathedral Code of Alexey Mikhailovich of 1649, which would take into account the interests of all classes.
For this purpose, a Special Commission was convened in 1767.
572 deputies represented the nobility, merchants, and Cossacks.
Ekaterina tried to introduce the ideas of Western European thinkers about a fair society into the new legislation.
Having reworked their works, she compiled the famous "Order of the Empress Catherine"for the Commission.
The "Order" consisted of 20 chapters divided into 526 articles.
It is about the need for a strong autocratic power in Russia and the class structure of Russian society, about the rule of law, about the relationship between law and morality, about the dangers of torture and corporal punishment.
The commission worked for more than two years, but its work was not crowned with success, since the nobility and the deputies themselves from other estates stood guard only for their rights and privileges.
In 1775, Catherine II carried out a clearer territorial division of the empire.
The territory was divided into administrative units with a certain number of taxable (who paid taxes) population.
The country was divided into 50 provinces with a population of 300-400 thousand in each, provinces into counties of 20-30 thousand inhabitants.
The city was an independent administrative unit.
Elected courts and "judicial chambers" were introduced to deal with criminal and civil cases.
Finally, "conscientious" courts for minors and the sick.
In 1785 ,the "Charter of the Cities" was published.
It defined the rights and obligations of the urban population, the system of government in cities.
Residents of the city elected a self government body every 3 years – the General City Duma, the mayor and judges.
Since the time of Peter the Great, when all the nobility was obliged to serve the state for life, and the peasantry was obliged to serve the nobility in the same way, gradual changes have taken place.
Catherine the Great, among other reforms, also wanted to bring harmony into the life of the estates.
In 1785, the "Charter of the Nobility" was issued, which was a code, a collection of noble privileges, formalized by law.
From now on, the nobility was sharply separated from other estates.
The freedom of the nobility from paying taxes and from compulsory service was confirmed.
Nobles could only be judged by a noble court.
Only the nobles had the right to own land and serfs.
Catherine forbade subjecting nobles to corporal punishment.
She believed that this would help the Russian nobility to get rid of the servile psychology and acquire personal dignity.
These letters regulated the social structure of Russian society, divided into five estates: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the philistines ("the middle kind of people") and the serfs.
As a result of the reform of education in Russia during the reign of Catherine II, a system of secondary education was created.
In Russia, closed schools, educational homes, institutes for girls, nobles, and townspeople were created, in which experienced teachers were engaged in the education and upbringing of young men and girls.
In the province, a network of people's wordless two class schools was created in the counties and four class schools in provincial cities.
A class system was introduced in schools (uniform deadlines for the beginning and end of classes), methods of teaching disciplines and educational literature were developed, unified curricula were created.
By the end of the XVIII century, there were 550 educational institutions in Russia with a total number of 60-70 thousand people.
Under Catherine, the systematic development of women's education began, in 1764 the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens and the Educational Society of Noble Maidens were opened.
The Academy of Sciences has become one of the leading scientific bases in Europe.
An observatory, a physics room, an anatomical theater, a botanical garden, tool workshops, a printing house, a library, and an archive were founded.
In 1783, the Russian Academy was founded.
Under Catherine II, the population of Russia increased significantly, hundreds of new cities were built, the treasury increased fourfold, industry and agriculture developed rapidly – Russia began exporting bread for the first time.
Under her, paper money was introduced for the first time in Russia.
On her initiative, the first vaccination against smallpox was carried out in Russia (she herself set an example, became the first to be vaccinated).
Under Catherine II, as a result of the Russian Turkish wars (1768-1774, 1787-1791), Russia finally gained a foothold on the Black Sea, the lands that were called Novorossiya were annexed: Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, Prikubanye.
She accepted Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783).
During the reign of Catherine II, as a result of the so called partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795), Russia returned the Western Russian lands that were rejected by the Poles.
The material is prepared on the basis of information from open sources
18034
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<div style= "margin:0 !important; padding:15px !important; background:#ffffff !important; border:1px solid #ccc !important; overflow:hidden !important;" ><div style= "float:left !important; margin:3px 10px 0 0 !important;" ><a href="http://ria.ru/history spravki/20130708/948226525.html"><img src="http://cdn12.img22.ria.ru/images/93750/28/937502813.jpg" width= "120" height= " 83 "alt=" Empress Catherine the Second "title=" Empress Catherine the Second "></a>< / div><h3 style= " font:bold 14px Georgia !important; margin:5px 0 10px 0 !important;"><a href="http://ria.ru/history spravki/20130708/948226525.html" style= "color:#333 !important; text decoration:none !important; padding:0 !important;" >Biography of Empress Catherine II the Great</a>< / h3><div style= " overflow:hidden !important; zoom:1; font:11px Georgia !important; color:#333 !important;"><div style="color:#369; font:
11px Arial !important; margin bottom:4px;">09:42 08/07/2013</div>The reign of Catherine II lasted for more than three and a half decades, from 1762 to 1796.
It was filled with many events in internal and external affairs, the implementation of plans that continued what was being done under Peter the Great.
<div style="margin top:5px;"><a href="http://ria.ru/history spravki/20130708/948226525.html" style="color:#369;">Learn more "</a>< / div>< / div>< / div>
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Subject: "The Greek project" - the utopia of Voltaire and Catherine II Tags: Persons Gavriil Derzhavin Peter I Alexander Radishchev Nikolai Karamzin Catherine II Alexander Suvorov
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<div style= "margin:0 !important; padding:15px !important; background:#ffffff !important; border:1px solid #ccc !important; overflow:hidden !important;" ><div style= "float:left !important; margin:3px 10px 0 0 !important;" ><a href="http://ria.ru/history spravki/20130708/948226525.html"><img src="http://cdn12.img22.ria.ru/images/93750/28/937502813.jpg" width= "120" height= " 83 "alt=" Empress Catherine the Second "title=" Empress Catherine the Second "></a>< / div><h3 style= " font:bold 14px Georgia !important; margin:5px 0 10px 0 !important;"><a href="http://ria.ru/history spravki/20130708/948226525.html" style= "color:#333 !important; text decoration:none !important; padding:0 !important;" >Biography of Empress Catherine II the Great</a>< / h3><div style= " overflow:hidden !important; zoom:1; font:11px Georgia !important; color:#333 !important;"><div style="color:#369; font:
11px Arial !important; margin bottom:4px;">09:42 08/07/2013</div>The reign of Catherine II lasted for more than three and a half decades, from 1762 to 1796.
It was filled with many events in internal and external affairs, the implementation of plans that continued what was being done under Peter the Great.
<div style="margin top:5px;"><a href="http://ria.ru/history spravki/20130708/948226525.html" style="color:#369;">Learn more "</a>< / div>< / div>< / div>
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