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Today: 03.02.2017
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1 Life and Works 2 Citations 3 Essays 4 References 5 Literature 6 "Around the World" about Galilee 7 Notes
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Galileo, Galileo
Portrait of Galileo Galilei.
Artist Ottavio Leoni
Galileo Galilei (born February 15, 1564 in Pisa, now Tuscany, Italy; died January 8, 1642 in Arcetri[1]) was a famous Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher, philologist and poet.
The name of Galileo is associated with the heroic defense of the heliocentric system of the world and the tragic struggle against the Jesuits and the Inquisition.
Galileo is one of the pillars of the scientific revolution of the New Time.
[edit] Life and works
Galileo was born in Pisa and belonged to a noble but impoverished Florentine family.
In 1574, his family[2] moved to Florence, where Galileo was brought up at the monastery of Santa Maria in Vallombrosa until the age of 15, and on September 5, 1581, he entered the University of Pisa at the Faculty of Medicine.
During his 4 year training, Galileo got acquainted with the works of Aristotle, Euclid and Archimedes and, becoming interested in mathematics, began to study mechanics and geometry.
Due to financial difficulties, he left the university and returned to Florence in 1585.
While still in Pisa, he met the famous mathematician Ostilio Ricci and the enlightened humanist Marquis Guidobaldo del Monte [3], on whose recommendation he was able to get a position as a professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589.
It was during this period that Galileo wrote the work "On Motion" (De Motu Antiquiora Latin, 1590), where he first criticized the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies[4].
The essay expressed an opinion about the possibility of the existence of emptiness and movement in it.
After the death of his father in 1591, Galileo had to take care of his mother and younger family members.
Again, under the patronage of the Marquis del Monte, he managed to get a better paid position as a professor of mathematics at the University of Padua, where he taught from 1592 to 1610.
This was the period of the highest flowering of Galileo's scientific activity, when his main ideas were formed and resulted in the form of treatises and collections of letters, many of which, without being published, were dispersed in the lists.
In the treatise "Mechanics" (Le Meccaniche it., 1594), Galileo outlined the basics of the theory of simple mechanisms, putting forward the idea of the moment of force (which he called "vis secundum situm" lat.).
In August 1609, Galileo learned about the invention of the Dutch masters of the visual lens tube.
He made, or rather improved, using his knowledge of geometric optics, the first telescope in the world, which he demonstrated to the Council of the Doge of Venice.
From November 1609, Galileo began to observe the night sky through a telescope: he found that the Moon since ancient times was considered a perfectly smooth, in fact, like Earth, has a mountainous surface; that the milky Way consists of a "vast swarms of stars";
On 8 January 1610, Galileo saw 4 moons of Jupiter and finally found that the Sun has spots.
In 1610, Galileo was confirmed for life as a professor at the University of Pisa and moved to Florence, where he became the court "philosopher" of Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici and the "first mathematician" of the university, without the obligation to lecture.
In March 1610, Galileo published the work "The Starry Messenger" (Siderius Nuncius Latin), which contained an overview of all his astronomical discoveries.
Although Galileo's observations confirmed the research of Johannes Kepler and others, his statement about the movement of the planets around the Sun drew the attention of Dominicans and other representatives of the Catholic Church, who adhered to Aristotle's ideas about the absolute immutability of celestial bodies.5 Galileo's published treatise "Discourse on Bodies in water" (Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l'aqua, 1612) and "Letters on Sunspots" further strained relations between the scientist and the official church, and Galileo's famous letter to Abbot Castelli, in which he defended the views of Copernicus, served as an occasion for a direct denunciation to the Inquisition.
In 1616, Galileo went to Rome and there defended himself against accusations of heresy with the help of influential friends.
But the teaching of Copernicus was declared heretical and his work "On the rotation of the celestial spheres" was included in the"Index of forbidden books".
The congregation of this index did not make any claims to the writings of Galileo himself at that time.
Galileo Galilei before the court of the Inquisition in the Vatican, 1633.
Artist Joseph Nicolas Robert Fleury, 1847
In 1632, Galileo published his work "Dialogue on the two most important systems of the world — Ptolemaic and Copernican" (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ptolemaico e copernicano, etc.), where, under the guise of approving the prohibition of the Copernican doctrine, the Italian scientist managed to present evidence in favor of the theory of the movement of the Earth.
This immediately provoked the reaction of the Inquisition, and in February 1633 Galileo came to Rome, where he was convicted, and on June 22, 1633, he was forced, on his knees, to publicly renounce the teachings of Copernicus: "I, Galileo, the son of the late Vincenzo Galilei from Florence, seventy years old, appearing personally in court and kneeling before you, most reverend and venerable cardinals, general inquisitors for the heresy of the entire Christian world...
I renounce, blaspheme and curse the above mentioned errors in heresy..."
The life sentence was commuted to house arrest, and Galileo returned to his villa in Arcetri near Florence.
Here he wrote the essay "Conversations and mathematical proofs concerning two new sciences concerning mechanics and the laws of falling" (Discorsi e dimonstrazioni mathematiche intorno due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica ed movimenti locali it., published in 1638 in Protestant Holland).
In 1638, Galileo became completely blind, but continued to work surrounded by students Viviani, Evangelista Torricelli, etc.
On January 8, 1642, Galileo died and was buried in the monastic chapel of the Cathedral of Santa Croce in Florence without honors and a tombstone, since the church authorities did not allow the scientist's body to be placed in the Galilean family crypt.
Only in 1737 was the last will of Galileo fulfilled — his ashes were transferred to the place of eternal rest.
In 1979, at a solemn meeting of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences dedicated to the centenary of Einstein, Pope John Paul II officially recognized that the Inquisition in 1633 made a mistake, forcing the scientist to renounce the Copernican theory.
[edit] Quotes
In the natural sciences... we must be careful not to defend the false, because thousands of Demosthenes and thousands of Aristotle will be knocked out of the saddle by any ordinary mind that is lucky enough to find the truth
Philosophers fly, and they fly only like eagles, but not at all like jackdaws.
Eagles are extremely rare, they are not seen much, even less heard, while birds flying in flocks resound the sky with shrill cries, chatter when they sit down, and shit on the ground under them
Nothing great in the world was accomplished without passion
I prefer to find one truth, even in insignificant things, rather than argue for a long time about the greatest questions, without reaching any truth
Anyone can speak confusingly, few can speak clearly
Only with the death of dogma does science begin
Aristotle taught me to satisfy my mind only with what reasoning convinces me, and not just the authority of the teacher
Ignorance is the mother of malice, envy, greed and all other low and gross vices, as well as sins
To demand that people abandon their own judgments and submit to the judgments of others, and to appoint persons who are completely ignorant of science or art as judges over scientists — these are such innovations that can lead to destruction and destroy the state
Such is the power of truth: you try to refute it, but your very attacks elevate it and give it great value
And yet it turns!
(Eppur si muove! it.) [6]  [edit]
Essays
The Works of Galileo (digitized first editions and manuscripts of Galileo with English translation)
Le Opere.
t.
1-20.
Firenze, 1890—1909.
Selected works M. 1964
[edit] Links
Biography of Galileo and his instruments at the Museum of the History of Science, Florence
Project " Galileo "(dedicated to the life and works of the scientist)
Galileo Information Archive
Galileo is again condemned for promoting the heliocentric system
Gaidenko P. P.
On the question of the genesis of New European science (a new solution to the problem of continuity proposed by Galileo)
[edit] Literature
Fantoli A. Galilei: in Defense of the Copernican doctrine and the Dignity of the Holy Church.
Moscow, 1999 (fragments)
Vavilov S. I. Galileo in the history of optics
D. A. Bayuk.
Galileo and the Inquisition: New Historical Contexts and Interpretations (About the book by A. Fantoli "Galileo: in Defense of the Copernican Doctrine and the Dignity of the Holy Church")
Kuznetsov B. G. Galileo Galilei.
M., 1964
Millionshchikov M. D., Ishlinsky A. Yu., etc.
Galileo and modernity.
To the 400th anniversary of the birth of the great Italian scientist.
M., 1964
Schmutzer E. S. V. Galileo Galilei.
M., 1987
Sobel D. Daughter of Galileo.
St. Petersburg, 2006
[edit] "Around the World" about Galilee
Articles
October 1995 Italian Days (Galileo's life is connected with Florence)
June 2001 Troublemaker (Galileo was the first to discover spots on the Sun)
November 2001 Reflecting stars (Galileo made the world's first telescope)
January 2002 Deception of vision (Galileo managed to achieve serious success in the development of applied optical devices)
May 2005 Anatomy of the Great Spiral (Galileo was the first to see an "immense cluster of stars" in the Milky Way)
March 2008 Why do we trust science? (Galileo proposed a new methodology for scientific research)
TV programs
December 5, 2004 Italy.
Padua (Galileo taught at the University of Padua)
Materials of " Telegraph"
Anarchist, inquisitor and prisoner (Galileo eventually became an iconic figure among those who began to be called "martyrs of science")
A farewell flash of Italian science (Evangelista Torricelli, 1608-1647, became a faithful successor of the Galilean cause in Italy)
The Last Judgment at the end of evolution (Galileo used the theory of a native of Cordoba Averroes about the double truth, arguing that the Bible can not be read word for word)
News
4.3.2008 Galileo will finally be acquitted (the Catholic Church has decided to reconsider its official position in relation to former enemies: it is planned to erect a monument to Galileo right in the Vatican)
29.12.2008 The Year of Astronomy comes into its own (2009 was chosen as the International Year of Astronomy because this year marked the 400th anniversary of the astronomical discoveries of Galileo Galilei)
[edit] Notes
↑ Arcetri, Arcetri — it.)
- the area south of the center of Florence ↑ Galileo's father lived and worked permanently in Florence, and the family was reunited.
Del Monte wrote a treatise on mechanics, was interested in fortification and a wide range of scientific problems.
Galileo later rejected some of the conclusions and proofs in this work, but here, without naming Copernicus, he gave arguments that refuted Aristotle's objections to the daily rotation of the Earth At the same time, problems began in the relations between Galileo and the Jesuits.
The Jesuit Christoph Scheiner from Ingolstadt claimed the priority of discovering sunspots, which caused the quarrel.
But in 1610, everything was limited to this quarrel.
The legendary phrase of Galileo, allegedly said by a scientist after renouncing the belief that the Earth revolves around the Sun
-- Axenophontov 05:54, February 15, 2007 (MSK)
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