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"Human impact on the environment"
Project
The work of Maria Rachek is 13 years old
INTRODUCTION:
Relevance:
The influence of man on nature has always interested me.
Intelligent man appeared on Earth after all other living beings.
How did the human relationship with the environment develop?
Did we have to think about this question?
Probably not.
But after all, with the advent of man, it is he himself who begins to influence the fate of nature and many living beings of the Earth.
And this influence can be not only positive.
Man began to change natural complexes already at the primitive stage of the development of civilization, during the period of hunting and gathering, when he began to use fire.
But these classes are unlikely to be harmful to the environment.
The domestication of wild animals and the development of agriculture have expanded the territory of manifestation of the consequences of human activity.
With the development of industry and the replacement of muscle power with fuel energy, the intensity of anthropogenic influence continued to increase.
In the XX century, due to the particularly rapid growth of the population and its needs, it reached an unprecedented level and spread to the whole world.
Man began to invade the life of nature, not always thinking about the consequences.
Therefore, I decided to learn more about the anthropogenic influence of man on nature and introduce it to school students, because each of us who considers himself a part of the world humanity is obliged to know what impact human activity has on the world around us and feel a share of responsibility for certain actions.
Objectives of the work:
To learn the methods and causes of human impact on nature, to understand how to protect and preserve nature.
As part of achieving this goal, I have set the following tasks:
To trace the impact of human economic activity on the natural environment and show the real threat of human impact on nature .
Find out the main sources of environmental pollution.
To give vivid examples of human influence on the surrounding nature Recommendations for the elimination of sources of pollution and the consequences of the influence of human activity.
To identify the mistakes of humanity in order to solve them in the future.
Research methods:
The study of literature on the influence of man on nature.
My research on the influence of man on nature will consist of water pollution, the atmosphere and the soil, the influence of man on living organisms.
Atmospheric pollution
The atmosphere is the outer shell of the biosphere.
Its role in the natural processes of the biosphere is enormous: it determines the overall thermal regime of the surface of our planet, protects it from the harmful effects of cosmic and ultraviolet radiation.
The circulation of the atmosphere affects the local climatic conditions, and through them - the regime of rivers, soil and vegetation cover.
In order to live, a person needs to cook food, have a warm home, so he is forced to burn fuel.
At first, ordinary bonfires burned, but with the development of technologies and production, "scientific and technical bonfires" appeared – the furnaces of steam locomotives, steamships, metallurgical plants, power plants.
And add to this millions of internal combustion engines, jet engines, nuclear reactors.
In addition, in order for the" fire "to burn, it needs to be constantly"fed".
And such a fire" eats " just atmospheric oxygen.
The main cause of atmospheric pollution is the burning of natural fuel.
A number of pollutants enter the air from furnaces, furnaces, exhaust pipes of cars.
One of the most terrible oxygen eaters is a car.
In just one trip, it can absorb enough oxygen to last one person for a whole day.
As a result of burning various fuels, about 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere annually, so its content in the atmosphere is gradually increasing.
Over the past 100 years, it has increased by more than 10%.
Carbon dioxide prevents thermal radiation into outer space, creating a so called "greenhouse effect"there.
Because of it, the average temperature of the atmosphere increases by several degrees per year, which can cause the melting of glaciers in the polar regions, an increase in the level of the world ocean, changes in its salinity, temperature and other adverse consequences.
In the course of their activities, a person pollutes the environment.
Over cities and industrial areas, the concentration of gases released into the atmosphere by various industrial enterprises increases in the atmosphere.
Polluted air is harmful not only to human health, but also to the health of living organisms on land, water and soil.
In addition, harmful gases, combining with atmospheric moisture and falling out in the form of acid rain, worsen the quality of the soil and reduce the yield.
The destruction of the ozone layer, which has been observed in recent years, is particularly dangerous.
Most scientists associate this with human activity.
Thus, changes in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere significantly affect the Earth's climate.
In order to burn fuel, you need to get it.
To do this, forests are being cut down – the "lungs of our planet"
Before a person interfered with the atmosphere.
After a person interfered with the atmosphere.
Water pollution
Water is the basis of life processes in the biosphere.
Water is the most common inorganic compound on the planet.
Water is the basis of all life processes.
With the advent of life on Earth, the water cycle has become relatively complex, since more complex processes related to the vital activity of living organisms, especially humans, have been added to the simple phenomenon of evaporation.
The use of water resources is rapidly increasing.
This is due to the growth of the population and the improvement of sanitary and hygienic conditions of human life, the development of industry and irrigated agriculture.
The daily water consumption for household needs in rural areas is 50 liters per 1 person, in cities - 150 liters.
A huge amount of water is used in industry.
Industry absorbs 85% of all water consumed in cities, leaving about 15% for household purposes.
Even more water is needed for irrigation.
In our country, more than 150 km3 is spent annually on irrigation.
If such consumption rates are maintained and taking into account the population growth and production volumes, by 2100 humanity can exhaust all fresh water reserves.
In addition to the high level of water consumption, its growing pollution is caused by the discharge of industrial waste into rivers, especially chemical production and communication wastewater.
This leads to the necrosis of reservoirs.
Harmful substances entering the water are oil, petroleum products, toxic synthetic substances, metals.
Mineral fertilizers washed out of the soil by rains - nitrates and phosphates, which in high concentrations can dramatically change the type and composition of reservoirs, as well as various pesticides used in agriculture to control insect pests, also enter rivers and lakes.
One of the types of pollution is thermal pollution.
Power plants and industrial enterprises often dump heated water into a reservoir, which reduces the amount of oxygen, increases the toxicity of impurities, and disrupts the biological balance.
In warm water, oxygen is poorly dissolved, and its deficiency sometimes leads many organisms to death.
The waters of the seas and oceans are significantly polluted.
With river runoff, as well as from sea transport, pathogenic waste, oil products, heavy metals, poisons enter the seas.
Pollution of the seas and oceans reaches such a scale that in some cases the caught fish and shellfish are unsuitable for food.
Anthropogenic transformations of the continents ' waters have already reached global proportions, disrupting the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers of the globe.
According to the International Labor Organization, 70% of the world's population uses poor quality water.
This problem is particularly acute in developing countries.
Approximately 90% of all rural residents constantly use polluted water for drinking and bathing.
According to the World Health Organization, 80% of diseases in the world are caused by insufficient quality and unsanitary condition of water.
Because of this, diseases such as cholera, typhus, and malaria arise.
About 500 million people suffer from diseases associated with the unsanitary state of water on the globe.
What happened before the human intervention.
And what happened after that.
Soil contamination
Soil is an important component of the biosphere, one of the great wonders of the Earth.
Soil is the top layer of land formed under the influence of plants, animals, microorganisms and climate from the parent rocks on which it is located.
It is an important and complex component of the biosphere, closely related to its other parts.
Plants absorb the necessary minerals from the soil, but after the death of plant organisms, the removed elements return to the soil.
Under normal natural conditions, all processes occurring in the soil are in equilibrium.
But often a person is guilty of violating the state of the soil.
As a result of the development of human economic activity, pollution occurs, changes in the composition of the soil and even its destruction.
Mining has the greatest impact on the earth's surface and subsurface, especially with an open method of mining.
With this method, significant areas of land are seized, the environment is polluted with various heavy metals.
Anthropogenic changes in the Earth's surface are also associated with the construction of large hydraulic structures.
The destruction of forests and natural grass cover, repeated plowing of the land without observing the rules of agricultural technology leads to soil erosion - destruction and washing away of the fertile layer by water and wind.
Erosion has now become a worldwide evil.
One of the ways of intensive contamination of the soil cover are metals and their compounds, radioactive elements, as well as fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture.
The most dangerous soil pollutants include mercury and lead.
Mercury enters the environment with toxic chemicals, with industrial waste containing metallic mercury and its various compounds.
Lead contamination of soils is even more widespread and dangerous.
It is known that when one ton of lead is smelted, up to 25 kg of it is released into the environment with waste.
Lead compounds are used as additives to gasoline, so motor transport is a serious source of lead pollution.
There is especially a lot of lead in the soils along major highways.
Radioactive elements can get into the soil and accumulate in it as a result of precipitation from atomic explosions or during the disposal of liquid and solid waste from industrial enterprises, nuclear power plants or research institutions related to the study and use of atomic energy.
Radioactive substances from the soil get into plants, then into animal and human organisms, accumulate in them and lead to various diseases and even death.
Modern agriculture, which widely uses fertilizers and various chemicals to control pests, weeds and plant diseases, has a significant impact on the chemical composition of soils.
At the same time, the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture increases every year.
Inept and uncontrolled use of them leads to a violation of the circulation of substances in the biosphere.
Before human intervention in the soil.
And after it.
Human influence on living organisms
The human impact on wildlife consists of a direct impact on changes in the natural environment.
One of the forms of direct impact on plants and animals is deforestation.
Having suddenly found themselves in an open habitat, the plants of the lower tiers of the forest experience the unfavorable influence of solar radiation.
In heat loving plants of herbaceous and shrubby tiers, chlorophyll is destroyed, growth is inhibited, some species disappear.
Light loving plants that are resistant to high temperature and lack of moisture settle in the places of deforestation.
The animal world is also changing: species associated with the stand are disappearing or migrating to other places.
The felled trees are used as fuel.
The direct influence of man on the animal world consists in the extermination of species that represent food or other material benefits for him.
It is believed that since 1600, more than 160 species and subspecies of birds and at least 100 species of mammals have been exterminated by man.
Many animal species are on the verge of extinction or have been preserved only in nature reserves.
However, in recent years, the animal world has been negatively affected by the excessive use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture, pollution of the world's oceans and other anthropogenic factors.
Therefore, with an increasing anthropogenic load, many animal species need further protection and reproduction.
The disappearance of a relatively small number of animal and plant species may not seem very significant.
However, the main value of the species living today is not in their sole meaning.
Each species occupies a certain place in the biocenosis, in the food chain, and no one can replace it.
The disappearance of a particular species leads to a decrease in the stability of biocenoses.
How can we protect nature from human activity?
Protection of the atmosphere
The main ways to reduce and completely eliminate atmospheric pollution are as follows: the development and implementation of cleaning filters, the use of environmentally friendly energy sources, waste free production technology, the fight against car exhaust gases, landscaping, as well as legal protection.
Cleaning filters are the main it is a means of combating industrial pollution of the atmosphere.
Cleaning of emissions into the atmosphere is carried out by passing them through various filters (mechanical, electric, magnetic, sound, etc.), water and chemically active liquids.
All of them are designed to capture dust, vapors and gases.
Cleaning of industrial waste not only protects the atmosphere from pollution, but also gives additional raw materials and profits to enterprises up to 300 thousand dollars a year.
It is impossible to solve the problem of protecting the atmosphere only with the help of treatment facilities.
It is necessary to apply a set of measures, and first of all, the introduction of waste free technologies.
One of the ways to protect the atmosphere from pollution is the transition to the use of new environmentally friendly energy sources.
For example, the construction of stations that use the energy of tides and tides, the use of wind engines.
Waste free technology is effective if it is built by analogy with the processes occurring in the biosphere: the waste of one link in the ecosystem is used by other links.
Cyclic waste free production, comparable to cyclic processes in the biosphere — is the future of industry, an ideal way to preserve the purity of the environment.
As particular solutions for protecting air from car exhaust gases, you can specify the installation of filters, the organization of traffic, which will reduce and eliminate the frequent change of engine operating modes (road interchanges, widening of the roadway, construction of crossings, etc.).
The problem can be solved cardinally when replacing internal combustion engines with electric ones.
To reduce toxic substances in the exhaust gases of cars, it is proposed to replace gasoline with other types of fuel, for example, a mixture of various alcohols.
Gas cylinder cars are promising.
Greening of cities and industrial centers: green spaces free the air from harmful substances and enrich it with oxygen due to photosynthesis.
Up to 72% of suspended dust particles settle on the leaves of trees and shrubs.
Therefore, in parks, squares and gardens, there is ten times less dust in the air than in open streets and squares.
Many species of trees and shrubs secrete phytoncides that kill bacteria.
The adoption of laws on the protection of atmospheric air is called the legal protection of the atmosphere.
Violators are punishable by a fine.
To maintain the cleanliness of the air, the layout of the city is of great importance.
Factories and factories, transport highways should be a zone consisting of green spaces.
It is necessary to take into account the wind rose, the terrain and the presence of reservoirs, to place residential quarters on the leeward side and on elevated areas.
It is better to place industrial zones away from residential areas or outside the city.
Water protection
The main protection of reservoirs from pollution is treatment facilities.
They are intended for the removal of industrial and household effluents from the reservoir.
Improvement of water quality and restoration of its purity occurs under the influence of dilution (mixing of the polluted jet with the entire mass of water) and mineralization of organic substances with the death of foreign bacteria introduced into the river – actually self purification.
At pumping stations, grilles are installed in front of two tier installations.
It is believed that the garbage trapped on the grates should not get to the treatment facilities, since it practically does not lend itself to biological oxidation and only overloads the facilities.
Filter wells are used for wastewater treatment from small objects.
Soil protection
Ecological methods of plant protection are used to prevent soil contamination with harmful substances.
They increase the natural ability of soils to self purification, do not use particularly dangerous and resistant drugs, etc.
For example, the breeding and release of predatory insects — ladybugs, ground beetles, ants, etc. is widely used.
The withdrawal of arable land for capital construction and other purposes can occur only in exceptional cases.
In order to preserve the productivity of land, it is necessary to expand the use of land that is conditionally unsuitable for agriculture for construction, to lay communications underground, to increase the number of floors for building cities and settlements, etc.
When carrying out construction and other works related to the mechanical violation of the soil cover, it is provided for the removal, preservation and application of a fertile soil layer on the disturbed lands.
The fertile layer is exported and stored in special temporary dumps burts.
The application of a fertile soil layer to disturbed lands is carried out no later than one year from the date of completion of preparatory work on the formation of the relief.
Protection of living organisms
Nature reserves, nature reserves and national parks are created to protect living organisms from human activity.
Here the animals are safe, for animals whose species number is very small, conditions are created for increasing the population.
Nature reserves, nature reserves and national parks fight against animal cruelty in general, and conducts separate campaigns against specific types of cruel and inhumane treatment.
Here, animals, like people, acquire their rights, similar to human rights.
For example, animals have the right not to be hungry and thirsty, that animals cannot be considered as private property and used for food, clothing, entertainment and scientific experiments, and some rights, for example, the right to life and protection from suffering, must be legally assigned to animals.
Supporters of these animal rights often offer a complete rejection of the use of animal meat and fish products in food and prefer to use synthetic or made from plant materials clothing.
Conclusion
In conclusion, from the material presented, it can be concluded that human activity can lead to enormous destruction in the natural ecosystem, which will entail large costs for restoration in the future.
It turns out that a person spoils his own future: he pollutes the atmosphere, water and soil, cuts down forests and exterminates animals and birds.
However, a person tries to find a reasonable impact on the environment, which will allow achieving balance in nature and harmony, and this is what progressive humanity is striving for.
A person builds sewage treatment plants for the atmosphere and water, is engaged in landscaping, builds nature reserves and national parks.
With my work, I wanted to encourage you to protect and protect the former beauty of the surrounding nature.
List of used literature:
"Textbook on social studies 7th grade".
Edited by L. N. Bogolyubov, Yu.
Florinskaya.
"Global Environmental Problems", 1999.
Goleusov P. V., Lisetsky F. N. "Soil reproduction in anthropogenic disturbed forest steppe landscapes".
2009.
N. Aghajanyan.
"Man and the biosphere".
the year is 1987.
A. Bannikov.
"The world of animals and its protection".1978.
V. Dezhkin.
"Conversations about ecology".
the year is 1975.
