HISTORY IN THE FACES
Jeanne Dark
Jeanne Dark
Joan of Arc
Jeanne d’Arc
January 6 (?)
1412 May 30, 1431
folk heroine of france,
catholic saint
I ask to be sent to God,
The one I came from...
Joan of Arc
The life of Jeanne d'In 1920, on the 490th year after the Bonfire, the Roman Church beatified her and recognized her true mission, fulfilling which she saved France from the British and Burgundians.
Although it should be noted that she was canonized not at all as a martyr, innocently burned at the stake, because she did not suffer for her faith, but was sentenced to death for political reasons.
She was canonized for the obedience with which she fulfilled the mission received from God, and with weapons in her hands saved France...
Joan of Arc military commander After the appointment, armor, a banner and a banner are made for Joan.
The sword for her was found in the church of Saint Catherine de Fierbois according to the command of Jeanne herself.
According to legend, this sword belonged to Charlemagne...
Joan of Arc trial, conviction and execution The trial began on February 21, 1431.
Despite the fact that Jeanne was formally tried by the church on charges of heresy, she was kept in prison under the protection of the British as a prisoner of war.
The process was headed by Bishop Cauchon, an ardent supporter of English interests in France...
France in the era of Jeanne d’The Hundred Years ' War began in 1337 with an attack on France by the English King Edward III, who claimed his rights to the French throne.
Up to 1415, the war went on with varying success...
Archangel Michael and Jeanne D'Archangel Michael, along with Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret of Antioch, was the one who appeared to Jeanne d’Ark also helped her.
It was Saint Michael who commissioned Joan to carry out her mission - to crown Charles VII in Reims.
At the liberation of Orleans from the English, St. Michael...
Jeanne d'Arc (about 1412, Domremy — - 30.5.1431, Rouen), a folk heroine of France.
She led the liberation struggle of the French people against the British during the Hundred Years ' War.
Jeanne D'Ark was born into a peasant family, in a Lorraine village that suffered from the war.
Fanatically religious, Joan believed that she was destined to liberate France.
Having with great difficulty obtained an audience with the Dauphin Charles in February 1429, she managed to convince him to begin decisive military actions.
Put at the head of the army, she inspired the troops and on May 8, 1429, liberated Orleans, besieged by the English (people began to call her the Maid of Orleans).
Having won a number of victories, Jeanne d'Arc led the army to Reims, where she crowned the Dauphin Charles (Charles VII) on July 17, 1429.
The scale of the people's war, the huge popularity of Joan of Arc frightened the king and the court aristocracy.
Jeanne d'The Arc was actually removed from the leadership of military operations.
On May 23, 1430, during one of the French sorties from the besieged city of Compiegne, Jeanne d'Ark was captured by the allies of the English the Burgundians, who sold her to the British.
The ecclesiastical court in Rouen, where the British transported Jeanne d'Ark, accused her of heresy and witchcraft.
She was burned at the stake.
In 1456 in France, Jeanne d'Ark was solemnly rehabilitated by the new process.
In 1920, the Catholic Church canonized her as a saint.
Lit.: Skazkin S., Zhanna d’Ark the heroine of the French people, in the book: A book for reading on the history of the Middle Ages, part 2, Moscow, 1951; Rosenthal N. N., Joan of Arc.
Folk Heroine of France, Moscow, 1958; Raitses V. I., Jeanne d'Arc, L., 1959; Levandovsky A. P., Joan of Arc, M., 1962; Lyublinskaya A.D., Joan of Arc, in the collection: The Middle Ages, M., 1962, v. 22; Frans A., The Life of Joan of Arc, Complete collection of Op., [nep. with French], vol .
14, M.-L., 1928; Hanotaux G., Jeanne d’Arc, P., 1911; Waldman M., Joan of Arc, L., 1935; Calmette J., Jeanne d’Arc, P., 1946; Stolpe S., Das Madchen von Orleans, Fr./M., 1954.
E. V. Bernadskaya, BSE
Roerich Nikolai Konstantinovich
The Eternal Mother.
Joan of Arc
1931
Canvas, tempera
Private Collection, USA
Love for the motherland, as Joan of Arc understood it, is something much more than a simple feeling - it is passion, self forgetfulness.
She was the embodiment of the spirit of patriotism, its personification patriotism alive, in flesh and blood, tangible to the touch and visible to the eye.
Love, Mercy, Compassion, Valor, War, Peace, Poetry, Music all this can be symbolized by anything, expressed in the image of a man or a woman of any age; but a fragile, slender girl in the prime of early youth, with the crown of a martyr on her forehead and with a sword in her hand that cut the chains of foreign rule on the body of her homeland, is this not the most accurate symbol of PATRIOTISM that will live for centuries until the end of time?
Mark Twain.
Jeanne D'Arc Joan of Arc is the heroine of France
"Zashitnitsa Zemlya!"
Fyodor Konstantinov
In winter, near the shore of the Meuse,
In the small village of Domremi,
On the night before Christmas, the beautiful,
the defender of the Earth has" come"!
And she was striking with her piety,
Many words have reached us about this:
I loved listening to music in the parish
Church bells are ringing.
Knowledge of Joan - Three prayers
And the voice of his own soul.
All the maidens of Orleans battle,
We came only with God's help!
She inspired patriotism,
Into the hearts of the captured people.
Freed from the British,
But I lived so few days…
Here is death on Staroko Square,
But they didnot burn the heart with a bonfire.
By the strength of an equal lesson-
In all ages, they have not been extracted!
More than five and a half centuries have passed since the day when Joan of Arc was burned at the stake.
She was 19 years old.
Almost all her life — 17 years — she was an unknown Jeanette from Domremy.
Her neighbors will then say: "Such as everyone else", "Such as others".
One year — just one year!
- she was the famous Joan the Virgin, the savior of France.
Her colleagues will then say: "As if she was a captain who spent 20 or 30 years in the war."
And for another year — a whole year she was a prisoner of war and a defendant of the inquisition tribunal.
Her judges will then say: "A great scientist and he would hardly have answered the questions that were asked to her."
Of course, she was not like everyone else.
Of course, she wasnot the captain.
And she certainly wasnot a scientist.
And at the same time, it was all there.
"I'm not afraid of anything but betrayal.
I love my sword, but I love my banner forty times more."
Ilya Buzukashvili
Born during the Hundred Years 'War, Jeanne d'Ark felt a vocation in herself
- liberate France from the British
Placed by the Dauphin Charles at the head of the army, she inspired the troops who won a number of victories over the British, including in Orleans (hence her middle name the Maid of Orleans)
May 23, 1430 Jeanne d'Ark was captured by the English allies - the Burgundians, and Duke Philip of Burgundy handed her over to the English.
Well, they organized a church court in Rouen, accusing Jeanne d'Ark in heresy and witchcraft.
On May 29, 1431, the judges and assistants gathered in the archiepiscopal church made a final decision to transfer the condemned woman into the hands of the secular authorities, but to ask them to act with the utmost leniency.
In fact, this meant a death sentence.
May 30 at 9 am Jeanne d'Ark was taken out of prison and taken on a cart under the escort of 80 British soldiers to the Old Market Square.
Wooden platforms for judges were already put together here and scaffolds were erected.
The third scaffold was intended for Joan of Arc.
It had a plaster base, and firewood was piled around it.
And in the middle of the scaffold there was a post with a board where it was written: "Joan, who calls herself a Virgin, an apostate, a witch, a cursed blasphemer, a blood sucker, a servant of Satan, a schismatic and a heretic."
The townspeople were not allowed near the place of execution.
800 British soldiers cordoned off the scaffold.
It was even ordered to close the wooden shutters of the windows facing the square.
The convict was placed opposite the preacher doctor of theology Nikola Medi, who read a sermon on the topic:"If one member of the church is sick, then the whole church is sick."
He ended with the words: "Go in peace, Jeanne.
The church can no longer protect you... atem Bishop Cauchon announced the verdict of the ecclesiastical court: "...We declare you, Jeanne, a harmful member of the church and, as such, we excommunicate you from it: we hand you over to the secular authorities, asking them, however, to commute their sentence and save you from self mutilation and death..."
However, these words about deliverance meant nothing.
By noon, the procedure for preparing for the execution was completed.
The English sergeants climbed up to the platform and, seizing Jeanne, dragged her down to hand her over to the executioner.
The executioner tied the girl to a post on the scaffold and, going down, brought the fire to the wood laid out.
The death of Jeanne d'Ark at the stake
Hermann Stilke (1803-1860)
Such was the execution of the Maid of Orleans, according to the protocols drawn up by Bishop Cauchon.
However, there are other versions of the famous execution in Rouen.
Jean la Chapelle, a medieval chronicler, writes that the Maid of Orleans was first beheaded, and then burned.
There are also discrepancies in the date.
Some contemporaries of Jeanne d`Ark is called May 30, Others say about June 14 or July 6, in the English chronicles, a later time is indicated - February 1432.
And the most amazing version says that it was not Joan of Arc who was burned at the stake in Rouen.
They argue it like this:
1. Jeanne d'Ark was not the daughter of a simple villager, but the illegitimate daughter of Queen Isabella, the half sister of King Charles VII, so the king could not allow her execution.
2. The executioner of Rouen, Geoffrey Terrage, did not recognize Joan of Arc.
3. During the execution procedure, the convicted person's face was covered.
4. None of the inhabitants of Rouen were allowed to approach the place of execution.
The executioner extinguished the fire so that eyewitnesses could look at the executed woman only when the body was badly charred.
5. The remains of the executed woman were thrown into the river.
6. In the payment books of Rouen, there is no record of the expenses for the execution of Joan of Arc.
There is no such record in the accounts of the Archdiocese of Rouen.
7. After 25 years during the preparation of the rehabilitation of Jeanne d'Of the 12 found participants in the Rouen trial, five reported that they "saw nothing", three said that they left before the end of the trial, and two more complained of complete amnesia.
8. There were egregious violations in the execution of the sentence.
Thus, the assistant to the head of the judiciary of Rouen, Laurent Gerson, said that after the transfer of Jeanne d`Ark in the hands of a secular court, no one handed down a sentence to her - not only a death sentence, but in general - no one.
9. There is a diary of a bourgeois, a possible eyewitness to the execution, who writes that " Jeanne escaped, and someone else was burned in her place."
There is a similar record in one of the ancient manuscripts stored in the British Museum.
Supporters of the version about the burning of another woman believe that the Burgundian knights organized the escape of Joan of Arc.
Moreover, some historians claim that the Maid of Orleans was a secret agent of the Franciscan order and the whole process over her was falsified, its documents were forged, etc.
It is believed that some time after the escape of Jeanne d'Ark was hiding in Rome.
In 1907, the historian A. Baillieu announced that he had discovered the marriage contract of Joan of Arc in the archives of the town of Fresnes en Vevre, but it is impossible to verify whether this is true - during the First World War, this archive was lost.
Alexander Lavrin.
"Encyclopedia of Death.
The Chronicles of Charon"
Jeanne d'Arc - (Jeanne d'Arc) (January 6, 1412 (?)
Domremy May 30, 1431 Rouen), a folk heroine of France.
Zhanna was born in a peasant family.
Her childhood fell on a difficult period for France during the Hundred Years ' War: according to the treaty of Troyes (May 21, 1420), King Henry V of England became the heir to the French throne and ruler of France, and the legitimate heir, the Dauphin, the future King Charles VII, was removed from the succession, which actually meant the annexation of France to England.
Rumor accused the queen of France, Isabella of Bavaria, of being the initiator of this treaty; a prophecy spread throughout the country: "A woman has ruined France, a virgin will save her."
Around 1424, Joan of Arc began to have visions: Saint Michael the Archangel, Saints Catherine and Margaret appeared to her, urging Joan to go to the legitimate King Charles VII, who was not occupied by the British in the south of France, and save the country.
The Mission of Joan of Arc
On March 6, 1429, Joan arrived at the chateau of Chinon, where Charles VII was staying, and announced to him that her "voices" had told her: she was chosen by God to lift the siege of Orleans, which was blocking the English way to the south, and then bring the king to Reims, the place of the coronation of the French kings.
In the popular consciousness, the act of anointing performed there alone made the monarch a legitimate sovereign.
Joan managed to convince Charles, and he sent her with an army to Orleans.
By the time of her arrival in this city (April 29, 1429), rumor had already claimed that she was the maiden who would save France.
This inspired the army, and as a result of a series of battles in which Joan herself took part, the siege was lifted on May 8, 1429.
The lifting of the siege and the subsequent series of victories of the French troops convinced the French that God considers their cause right and helps them.
The march to Reims, undertaken after that, turned into a triumphal march of the royal army.
On July 17, Charles VII was crowned in Reims, and during the solemn act, Joan held a banner over him.
In August 1429, the French began to attack Paris occupied by the British.
The attempt to take it was unsuccessful, and despite Joan's insistence, the royal troops retreated.
In the autumn winter of 1429 and in the spring of 1430, Joan participated in a number of minor skirmishes with the enemy, and on May 23, 1430, she was captured by the English.
The Trial and Death of Joan of Arc
Joan was transported to Rouen, and on January 9, 1431, she was brought before the court of the Inquisition.
She was accused of witchcraft and heresy: the churchmen subordinate to the British proceeded from the fact that they would thereby harm Charles VII, because in this case it seems that she was crowned a heretic and a witch.
Joan defended herself with rare courage and resourcefulness, but on May 2, 1431, she was charged with witchcraft (charges of heresy disappeared) and was asked to renounce the belief in" voices " and from wearing men's clothing.
On pain of death, she agreed to abdicate and was sentenced to life imprisonment on May 28.
However, in prison, men's clothes were planted on her, which meant a relapse of the crime and automatically led to death.
Despite the obvious provocation, Zhanna said that she put on a man's dress voluntarily, that she takes the abdication back and regrets it.
Two days later, she was burned alive in the market square of Rouen.
In 1455-1456, the process of posthumous rehabilitation of Joan of Arc took place in Bourges.
On May 16, 1920, she was canonized by the Catholic Church.
Encyclopedic Dictionary
Joan of Arc (c. 1412-1431) was a French heroine of the Hundred Years ' War.
Born in der.
Domremi (East. France) on the border of Lorraine and Champagne in a peasant family.
There are others, etc. the version according to which Jeanne d'Ark was a special person of royal origin, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Isabella of Bavaria (the wife of Charles VI the Mad) and Duke Louis of Orleans (i.e., she was the sister of Charles VII).
According to this version, the newborn girl was sent to Domremi, since this village was in a feud.
depending on the lords who belonged to both warring parties – the Armagnacs and the Burgundians – and was relatively safe.
The Hundred Years ' War brought France many troubles, and among the people, engulfed by the religion.
by an impulse, all sorts of prophecies began to spread.
According to one of them, the savior of France will be a Virgin who came from the oak forest from the borders of Lorraine.
The exalted Joan of Arc, who heard the "voices", decided that it was she who was God's chosen one and would deliver France from the English, lift the siege of Orleans and restore (solemnly crowns in Reims) Charles VII on the parental throne.
She came to the commandant of Vaucouleurs Baudricourt with a request for an audience with the Dauphin.
Jeanne d'Ark was taken for a madwoman, but she managed to convince Baudricourt, and in February 1429 she arrived at the Chateau of Chinon (near Bourges) and met with Charles.
Having persuaded the Dauphin to provide her with an army for the liberation of Orleans, Jeanne d'Ark dressed in knight's armor and led the army (or rather, joined the troops with experienced military leaders).
In April, 1429 she went to Orleans, besieged by the British.
The appearance of Jeanne d'Ark at the head of the army inspired the army.
On May 8, 1429, the 209–day blockade of Orleans was lifted, Jeanne d'Ark began to be called the Maid of Orleans.
In May June 1429, the French troops led by Jeanne d'The Arc won several more victories over the British, captured the cities of Maine, Beaugency, Jargeau;
On June 18, the British were defeated at the Battle of Pat, which opened the way to Reims.
On July 17, 1429, Charles was solemnly crowned in the Cathedral of Reims.
During the coronation, Joan stood near the royal throne with a banner in her hands.
The popularity of Joan of Arc frightened the king and his entourage, and Charles VII stopped supporting her.
The first failure befell Joan on September 8 near Paris: having received no help from the king, wounded, she was forced to retreat.
After that, the influence of Jeanne d'Ark began to weaken.
On May 23, 1430, at the siege of Compiegne (Northern France), Jeanne d'Arc was captured by an English ally, the Duke of Burgundy, who on November 21, 1430, handed her over to the English for 10,000 livres.
Jeanne d'Arc was imprisoned in the Old Castle in Rouen (the main city of Normandy); with the participation of the French clergy (led by the Bishop of Beauvais, Pierre Cauchon), an ecclesiastical trial of Joan of Arc was arranged here.
She was accused of witchcraft and sentenced to be burned.
On May 30, 1431, the sentence was carried out in the town square of Rouen.
After 25 years, Jeanne's case was reviewed, and she was found not guilty.
The verdict of the Rouen court was overturned.
References: Ambelin Robert.
Dramas and secrets of history 1306-1643.
M., Levondovsky A. L. Jeanne d'Arc.
M., 1982, Lyublinskaya A.M. Jeanne d'Arc
Military Historical Dictionary
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