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Elizabeth I Tudor
1533-1603
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Elizabeth Tudor
Elizabeth I .
Reproduction from the website http://monarchy.nm.ru/
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth Tudor
Elizabeth Tudor
Years of life: September 7, 1533 March 24, 1603
Years of government: November 17, 1558 March 24, 1603
Father: Henry VIII
Mother: Anne Boleyn
Not married
+ + +
After Henry VIII declared his marriage to Anne Boleyn illegal, Elizabeth was removed from the court and exiled to the Hetfield estate.
There she received a brilliant education, studying with teachers from Cambridge.
As a child, Elizabeth was fluent in Latin, ancient Greek, French and Italian, read the original of ancient writers and translated their works into English.
Towards the end of his life, Henry restored Elizabeth to her rights and returned her to the court.
During the reign of Edward VI, Elizabeth was courted by Thomas Seymour, a relative of the king's mother, but Elizabeth refused him.
In 1549, Seymour was accused of minting a counterfeit coin and executed by court order.
Elizabeth was also under investigation, but managed to prove her innocence.
During the reign of Mary I, difficult times began for Elizabeth.
Elizabeth refused to convert to Catholicism and retired to her estate.
During the Protestant uprising of Thomas White, she was even imprisoned in the Tower for two months, but soon released.
Before her death, Mary reluctantly declared Elizabeth her heir.
Elizabeth was crowned on January 15, 1559.
Since the position of Archbishop of Canterbury was vacant, and the other hierarchs of the church refused to crown Elizabeth, since she was firstly illegitimate, and secondly a Protestant, the ceremony was conducted by Owen Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle.
After ascending to the throne, she tried to restore relations with the Pope, but he refused to recognize the legality of the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
At the insistence of Chancellor Cecil, Elizabeth began to adhere to the reformed church.
Elizabeth remained a Protestant, but there was no fanaticism inherent in Henry VIII or Edward VI in her religious beliefs.
Throughout her reign, she had to fight both Catholics and radical Protestant Puritans.
In 1562, 39 articles were adopted, which became the norm of the confession of the Anglican Church.
In 1583, a Judicial Commission was established, which began to vigorously pursue all those who did not obey the supreme authority of the queen in matters of religion.
In 1593, the Puritans were ordered to either abandon their views or leave England.
The hardships endured in her younger years developed in Elizabeth a firmness of character and judgment.
Over time, firmness developed into a desire for autocracy, but the desire to command never overshadowed the clarity of thought.
During her reign, English culture began to flourish: during her reign, William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon lived and worked in England; Sir Francis Drake sailed around the world, the English colonization of America began.
After the death of Mary I, her husband, the Spanish king Philip II, organized several plots against Elizabeth, hoping to strengthen Spanish influence in England, but unsuccessfully.
Since 1585, the Spaniards had to throw their main forces to suppress the uprising in the Netherlands.
However, the British supported the rebels with both people and money.
In 1585 and 1586, Spanish ambassadors were expelled from England.
At the same time, English pirates began to rob Spanish ships carrying gold from America at sea.
Especially famous were the pirates Francis Drake, John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher.
In July 1588, Philip II assembled a powerful fleet of more than 130 ships, which went down in history as the "Invincible Armada", and moved across the English Channel to the shores of the Netherlands, but was defeated by the English fleet under the command of Charles Howard and Francis Drake.
However, even after that, the war continued.
The Spaniards ravaged Cornwall in 1595, and Calais a year later.
In response, the British tried to attack the Azores, but failed.
Peace was concluded only in 1598.
From her mother, Elizabeth inherited greed, vanity, a passion for dresses and jewelry, while she dressed quite catchy and tasteless.
She did not have a very attractive appearance, but she used cosmetics intensively until her old age and liked to listen to compliments in her address.
The first parliament, convened by Elizabeth, appealed to her with a request to find a husband.
Elizabeth's hand was sought by many Christian sovereigns, but the queen liked only the courtship process itself.
Giving hope to many, she never chose a spouse.
Even at the very beginning of her reign, Elizabeth expressed her desire to "die a virgin", but at the same time she did not shy away from men and favourably treated courtship.
She had many favorites, but, apparently, she did not cross the last line in the relationship with any of them.
The first favorite was the young Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.
He was handsome, but he no longer had any advantages.
He was showered with favors and rewards, and besides, Elizabeth constantly supported in him a vague hope of marriage.
However, Lester died at the age of 58, without waiting for this.
After his death, 56 year old Elizabeth turned her attention to 22 year old handsome Robert Essex.
She flirted with him like a young girl, danced at balls and was jealous of young rivals.
Like Leicester, Essex flattered himself with hopes of marrying the queen, but without waiting for this, he became hot tempered and impatient.
Quarrels began to arise between him and the queen.
In 1601 Essex was involved in a plot in favor of the Scottish King James VI, but the plot was discovered, and Essex was beheaded.
After his death, Elizabeth had a clouding of her mind.
From time to time, she began to rush around the room, shouting the name of her beloved, sleeping on the floor without undressing and without taking off her crown.
Finally, she fell into oblivion for several days and regained consciousness only before her death.
When asked by the chancellor who will inherit the throne, she vaguely named the name of the Scottish King James and died soon after.
The materials of the site were used http://monarchy.nm.ru/
Elizabeth I Tudor (7 September 1533, Greenwich — 24 March 1603, Richmond), Queen of England since 1558, daughter of Henry VIII Tudor and Anne Boleyn.
Under Elizabeth I, the positions of absolutism were strengthened, the Anglican Church was restored, the Spanish Invincible Armada was defeated (1588), and the colonization of Ireland was widely carried out.
The forty five year reign of Elizabeth I is considered the heyday of English absolutism and the "golden age" of Renaissance culture in the country.
Origin
Elizabeth was born in the second marriage of Henry VIII.
He married Anne Boleyn after a divorce from the Spanish Princess Catherine of Aragon, which was not recognized by the pope and Catholics.
After the execution of Anne Boleyn declared Princess Elizabeth illegitimate, which was fixed by an act of Parliament.
However, she was later included in the list of potential heirs to the throne after her brother Edward and sister Maria.
During the reign of Mary I Tudor, who restored the Catholic Church in England, Elizabeth, raised in Protestantism, was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and she had to convert to Catholicism.
Elizabeth inherited the throne after the death of the childless Mary in 1558; the day of her accession — November 17 - eventually turned into a national holiday, celebrated until the 18th century as a triumph of Protestantism and the "birthday of the nation".
The coronation of the new queen took place in Westminster Abbey on January 16, 1559.
Having ascended to the throne, Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, becoming its head according to the "Act of Supremacy" (1559).
Under her, a new creed was developed — "39 articles".
At the beginning of her reign, she sought to preserve peace between Catholic and Protestant subjects, refusing to continue the Reformation in England in a Calvinist spirit.
However, the confrontation with the Catholic powers (Spain and France) forced her to limit the rights of Catholics.
At the same time, it strongly suppressed attempts by Puritans to criticize the official Anglican Church; the persecution of Puritans caused open protests in parliament in 1580-1590.
The confrontation with Mary Stuart
In 1560, the Protestant lords of Scotland rebelled against the ardent Catholic regent Mary of Guise (see Guise), the widow of the Scottish King James V Stuart.
Her daughter, the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart, was married to the French King Francis II of Valois and lived in France.
In addition, Mary Stuart was a direct descendant of Henry VII Tudor and could formally claim the English crown.
Elizabeth did not fail to interfere in the internal affairs of Scotland on the side of the Calvinists.
At the same time, Mary Stuart returned to her homeland after the sudden death of Francis II.
The conflict was settled by the conclusion of the Edinburgh Treaty of 1560, which was beneficial for England.
But Elizabeth failed to get the Scottish Queen to renounce her rights to the English throne, which marked the beginning of a long term conflict between the two queens.
In 1567, a new Calvinist uprising forced Mary Stuart to seek refuge in England, where she spent more than twenty years: first as an unwanted guest, and then as a prisoner in custody.
Her intrigues and participation in plots against Elizabeth led to the fact that in 1587 the Queen of England, with the approval of parliament, signed her death sentence.
The new Mistress of the seas
In the 1560s and 1570s, Elizabeth skillfully used the fact that many monarchs of Europe were looking for her hands in the hope of getting the English throne together with her.
She conducted marriage negotiations with Catholics — the Spanish king, the Austrian Archduke, the French king and princes from the House of Valois, and even with the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
At the same time, it maintained a "balance" between the rival France and Spain, so that the strengthening of one of the great powers was accompanied by an immediate rapprochement of England with the other.
In general, under Elizabeth I, England moved to commercial and colonial expansion around the world.
Conquering expeditions to Ireland were systematically carried out.
Relations between England and Spain worsened in the late 1560s and early 1570s due to attempts by English merchants to penetrate the Spanish colonies in the New World.
Elizabeth's encouragement of her subjects led to the development of officially sanctioned piracy in the Atlantic and an undeclared Anglo Spanish war on the ocean routes.
Sensitive blows were inflicted on the Spaniards by Francis Drake.
After his round the world raid in 1577-1580, Elizabeth personally visited his ship and made Drake a knight.
She was a shareholder of many anti Spanish pirate expeditions, significantly increased the number of the royal navy.
Elizabeth provided tacit support to the Protestants who rebelled against the power of Philip II of Habsburg in the Netherlands.
In the late 1580s, Spain began to prepare for an invasion of England, but Drake's counterattack at Cadiz delayed him.
In 1588, the Spanish fleet — the Invincible Armada went to the British Isles, but was defeated by the British.
Elizabeth became famous for the fact that at the moment of danger she swore to the soldiers to fall "together with them in the thick of the battle".
The victory over the Armada earned her the glory of the new mistress of the seas and the leader of all the Protestant forces in Europe.
The art of management
Elizabeth made extensive use of contacts with the people during trips around the country, parliamentary sessions, solemn processions and holidays to demonstrate her love and care for her subjects.
She repeated it many times: "You may have a more distinguished sovereign, but you will never have a more loving one."
Consciously refusing to marry, Elizabeth declared that she was " engaged to the nation."
By the end of the 1580s, the cult of the sovereign was formed: in the popular consciousness, the virgin queen was likened to the Virgin Mary and was considered the patroness of Protestant England.
In the court environment, she was glorified as Astrea, the goddess of eternal youth, love and beauty, the queen of the sun, in pastoral poetry - as Venus or Diana Cynthia; the favorite symbol of the queen herself was the pelican, tearing pieces of meat from her own breast to feed hungry chicks.
Under Elizabeth I, the royal administration was significantly strengthened, the financial department was streamlined.
The Anglican Church, as a moderate form of Protestantism, has established itself as the state religion.
It was completely subordinated to the state and became an important pillar of absolutism.
Elizabeth encouraged the development of new industries, attracted skilled craftsmen of emigrants to the country, patronized trading companies.
With her support, the Moscow company established itself on the Russian market, the Estonian company — on the Baltic, the Barbary Company — in Africa, the Levantine company — in the Middle East, the East Indies company in India; the first English colonies were founded in America: the settlement on Roanoke Island and Virginia, named after the Virgin Queen.
But in the agrarian sphere, Elizabeth's traditional Tudor policy of prohibiting fencing and supporting farming ran counter to the interests of the so called "new nobility".
Under Elizabeth I, new cruel laws were passed against vagabonds and beggars.
The conflict with Spain and defense spending led to an increase in taxes in the 1580s and 1590s.
Elizabeth made private monopolies on production and trade a means of replenishing the military budget of the states, which, like taxes, by the end of the 16th century caused discontent among trade and business circles.
Demonstrating her willingness to consult with parliament and using it to popularize official policy, Elizabeth at the same time forbade deputies to touch on issues of succession, church structure and financial policy, considering them the exclusive prerogative of the crown.
On this basis, in the 1590s, a conflict between the royal power and the parliament arose, in which demands for deepening the Reformation, abolishing monopolies and easing taxes began to be expressed.
By the end of the reign of Elizabeth I, English absolutism began to turn into a brake for the further development of the country.
The speeches that began under Elizabeth in defense of parliamentary privileges, against the absolute power of the crown, became a prologue for the subsequent struggle of the parliamentary opposition with absolutism under the first Stuarts.
The Queen's political wisdom was manifested in the successful choice of ministers, favorites and statesmen who faithfully served the crown and England (W. Burleigh, F. Walsingham, W. Raleigh, R. Devereux, Earl of Essex, W. Cecil).
She was buried in Westminster Abbey in the Chapel of Henry VII.
Copyright (c) " Cyril and Methodius"
Read more:
The Tudor Dynasty (genealogical table).
Henry VIII Tudor, Elizabeth's father (biographical article).
Historical figures of Britain (biographical directory).
England in the XVI century (chronological table).
England in the XVII century (chronological table).
Literature on the history of Great Britain (lists).
Mironov V. V.
The problem of determining the goals and strategies of Elizabeth I Tudor's foreign policy in the historical literature of 1950-1980.
(article).
The program of the course of studying the history of Great Britain (methodology).
Documents:
The message of Ivan IV the Terrible to Queen Elizabeth of England (document).
Elizabeth's Farewell Golden Speech (document).
Speech of Elizabeth I to the troops in Tilbury (document).
Elizabeth I on religion (document).
Elizabeth I to James VI, King of Scotland (document).
Elizabeth I's speech on religion, 1583 (document).
Elizabeth I to Mary, Queen of Scots, 1586 (document).
Elizabeth I's reply to Eric of Sweden in 1560 (document).
Elizabeth I. Reply to the Ambassador of Poland (document).
Cards:
Counties of England (map).
What serious problems sometimes arise due to the fact that the lack of qualified employees and the availability of vacant positions do not allow you to perform some very important work.
Take Elizabeth Tudor, for example.
When she ascended to the throne, the post of Archbishop of Canterbury was vacant, because the other hierarchs of the church refused to crown Elizabeth for the kingdom.
But she still found a way out of the situation.
After all, the queen!
And what about more mundane matters?
The best way is to fill vacancies.
The site is vacant.we are waiting for you with offers to fill various positions.
﻿
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CHRONOS has been in existence since January 20, 2000,
Editor Vyacheslav Rumyantsev
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