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"Bayt al Hikma" (House of Wisdom)
The political and socio economic changes that took place in Transoxiana in the IX XII centuries had a great impact on the cultural life of the region.
The Arab caliphate, which had seized a huge territory, was in great need of enlightened secular people necessary to strengthen the new power in the conquered countries.
Therefore, along with Islam, the Arabic language was actively spread here.
It was considered the language of the state, religion and science.
In turn, the local nobility, who sought to get as close as possible to the Arab authorities, tried hard to learn Arabic.
Over time, people who perfectly speak the official language of the Caliphate appeared among the population of Transoxiana.
At the same time, Arabic as the language of science was widely used by scientists of Transoxiana and Khorasan.
Many of them moved to the central cities of the caliphate Baghdad, Basra, Damascus, Cairo, Kufa, which became the scientific centers of the East in the first centuries of Islam.
By the middle of the VIII century, the caliphate stretched from Central Asia in the East to Spain in the West In the system of a single centralized Islamic state, there was a noticeable increase in agricultural and handicraft production International trade and navigation became more active, irrigation and hydraulic structures were built, new cities were built.
The ever increasing needs of the state and society for practical knowledge necessary for drawing up an agricultural calendar, geographical maps, developing methods for determining distances between settlements, measuring land areas, rational distribution of water between water users, urgently required the development of astronomy, mathematics and geography The ever increasing needs of the state and society for practical knowledge necessary for drawing up an agricultural calendar, geographical maps, developing methods for determining distances between settlements, measuring land areas, rational distribution of water between water users, urgently required the development of astronomy, mathematics and geography.
Islam also played a significant role in the development of these sciences, requiring its followers to strictly observe the time of rituals, which caused the need to create devices for measuring time (sundials Dairai Hindi, gnomons, clepsydra, etc.), as well as ways to determine the exact direction to Mecca from any point of the vast empire
In the territories of the states conquered by the caliphate — in Syria, Egypt, Iran and Central Asia, there were ancient centers of culture.
In Central Asia, long before Islam, astronomical observations were carried out in Zoroastrian temples.
These scientific traditions were further developed in Baghdad, where in 819, at the invitation of Caliph Ma'mun (813-833), many prominent Central Asian scientists, such as Musa al Khorezmi, Ahmad al Ferghani, Habash al Hasib, Yahya ibn Abu Mansur, Abul Abbas Jawhari and others moved.
The need for practical knowledge was so great that the Caliph launched a broad program for organizing scientific research, giving them the status of the most important state priorities.
In the capital of the caliphate, Baghdad, with the participation of Central Asian scientists, the academy "Bayt al Hikma" (House of Wisdom) was organized.
There was a rich library here, where a huge number of manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Greek, Indian languages were stored in various fields of science, culture and religion Two observatories were built in Baghdad (Shamasia quarter) and near Damascus on Mount Qasiyoun, where, along with astronomical observations, scientists studied and translated into Arabic the works of Indian, Greek and Iranian authors.
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