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Leo Tolstoy Biographies / Famous Namesakes / Names / Surnames / Patronymic names / First name and patronymic / Horoscopes / Tests / Events / Home Leo Tolstoy biography
Thought is the beginning of everything.
And thoughts can be controlled.
And therefore, the main thing for improvement is to work on thoughts Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy count, Russian writer, thinker, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9 (August 28, Old style), 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire.
"Young Leva stayed in Moscow for less than four years.
In July 1837, his father died suddenly.
(Tolstoy's mother died when he was not even two years old.)
The orphaned children moved to Kazan, where their guardian, aunt P. I. Yushkov, lived.
Tolstoy lived in Kazan for six years.
It was the time of his adolescence and youth.
For two and a half years, he was preparing to enter the university.
Having decided to become a diplomat, Tolstoy held exams for the eastern department.
He successfully passed the exams in history, geography, mathematics, statistics, Russian literature, logic, English, French, German, Latin, Arabic, Turkish and Tatar languages.
Already at that time, Leo Tolstoy showed exceptional abilities to learn foreign languages.
Later, the writer's sister told me.
That Professor Kazembek, with whom Tolstoy studied Turkish and Tatar, found his ability to learn languages extraordinary."
"It is impossible not to smile when reading in "Adolescence" about how the young philosopher taught himself to " calmly endure all the troubles of life."
For example, he warmed up his hands near the stove and then stuck them out of the window in the cold. ""
He cut and sewed a special canvas robe for himself, which he wore during the day, and at night turned it into a bed and a blanket, for which he attached loops to the robe.
He wore shoes on his bare feet.
"At this time," wrote S. A. Tolstaya, " Lev Nikolaevich tried to be like Diogenes, as he himself told it."
"When meeting a fat student at balls, Kazan young ladies liked to laugh at his shyness and absent mindedness.
Here, for example, is what one of them later wrote: "Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was always absent minded at balls, danced reluctantly and generally had the appearance of a person whose thoughts are far from the environment, and it does not occupy him much.
As a result of this absent mindedness, many young ladies even found him a boring cavalier... "
Lomunov K. Preface - in the book: Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich Selected works.
Comp., preface.
And he will explain.
Articles by K. N. Lomunov.
- M.: Det. lit., 1985, p .
7. Read more Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828, in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province.
He died on November 7 (20), 1910, Astapovo Station (now Lev Tolstoy station) of the Ryazan Ural railway; he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
Starting with the autobiographical trilogy " Childhood "(1852)," Adolescence "(1852-1854)," Youth " (1855-1857), the study of the inner world, the moral foundations of the individual became the main theme of Tolstoy's works.
The painful search for the meaning of life, the moral ideal, the hidden general laws of being, spiritual and social criticism, pass through all his work.
In the story "The Cossacks" (1863), the hero, a young nobleman, is looking for a way out in familiarizing himself with nature, with the natural and integral life of an ordinary person.
The epic "War and Peace" (1863-1869) recreates the life of various strata of Russian society in the Patriotic War of 1812, the patriotic impulse of the people, which united all classes in the war with Napoleon.
Historical events and personal interests, the ways of spiritual self determination of the individual and the element of Russian folk life with its "swarm" consciousness are shown as equivalent components of natural historical existence.
In the novel "Anna Karenina" (1873-1877) — about the tragedy of a woman in the grip of a destructive "criminal" passion — Tolstoy exposes the foundations of secular society, shows the collapse of the patriarchal way of life, the destruction of family foundations.
Leo Tolstoy opposes the self worth of life as such to the perception of the world by an individualistic and rationalistic consciousness.
Since the end of the 1870s, who was experiencing a spiritual crisis, later captured by the idea of moral improvement and "forgiveness" (which gave rise to the "Tolstoyism" movement), Tolstoy comes to an increasingly irreconcilable criticism of the social structure — bureaucratic institutions, the state, the church (in 1901 he was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church), civilization and culture, the entire way of life of the "educated classes": the novel "Resurrection" (1889-1899), the novella "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-1889), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900, published in 1911) and "The Power of Darkness" (1887).
At the same time, attention is increasing to the themes of death, sin, repentance and moral rebirth (the stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", 1884-1886, "Father Sergius", 1890-1898, published in 1912, "Hadji Murad", 1896-1904, published in 1912).
Publicistic works of a moralizing nature "Confession" (1879-1882), " What is my faith? "(1884), where the Christian teachings about love and forgiveness are transformed into a sermon of non resistance to evil by violence.
The desire to coordinate the way of thinking and life leads to Tolstoy's departure from Yasnaya Polyana; he died at the Astapovo station.
"The joyful period of childhood" Leo Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family.
His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when the lion was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members, he was well aware of "her spirit form": some traits of the mother (a brilliant education, sensitivity to art, the propensity for reflection) and even portrait likeness Tolstoy gave Duchess Marie Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and peace").
Father Tolstoy, member of the Patriotic war, remembered by the writer naturedly mocking character, love of reading, to hunting (served as a prototype of Nikolai Rostov), died too early (1837).
Raising children engaged distant relative of T. A. Engelska that had a huge impact on Tolstoy: "she taught me the spiritual ideal of love."
Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
On September 18, 1852, Lev Nikolaevich's story "Childhood" was first published in the magazine "Sovremennik".
Kazan University When L. Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of children P. I. Yushkova.
In 1844, Tolstoy entered the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy at Kazan University, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his classes did not arouse his lively interest and he passionately devoted himself to secular entertainment.
In the spring of 1847, having submitted a petition for dismissal from the university "due to disturbed health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention to study the entire course of legal sciences (to pass the exam externally), "practical medicine", languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting".
After a summer in the country, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story "The Morning of the Landowner", 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Leo Tolstoy left first for Moscow, then for St. Petersburg to hold candidate exams at the university.
His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, then passionately devoted himself to music, then intended to start an official career, then dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment.
Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, trips to the gypsies.
In his family, he was considered "the most trifling fellow", and he managed to pay off the debts made at that time only many years later.
However, it is these years that are colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life.
At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
"War and Freedom" In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer of the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go to the Caucasus together.
For almost three years, Leo Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in military operations (at first voluntarily, then he was accepted for service).
Caucasian nature and Patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, Tolstoy struck by the contrast with the life of the noble circle, and with a painful reflection of educated society, gave the material for the autobiographical novel "the Cossacks"(1852-63).
Caucasian impressions are reflected in the stories "Nabeg" (1853), "Chopping wood" (1855), as well as in the later novel "Hadji Murat" (1896-1904 published in 1912).
After returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this " wild land, in which two very opposite things are so strangely and poetically combined war and freedom."
In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the magazine" Sovremennik", without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories "Adolescence", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855-57, was a autobiographical trilogy).
His literary debut immediately brought Tolstoy real recognition.
The Crimean Campaign In 1854, Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army, in Bucharest.
The boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Nicholas).
Anna and medals).
In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a series of" Sevastopol stories", which were soon printed and had a huge success (even Alexander II read the essay" Sevastopol in December").
Tolstoy's first works impressed literary critics with the boldness of psychological analysis and the detailed picture of the "dialectics of the soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
Some ideas that appeared during these years allow us to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" — " the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
In the circle of writers and abroad In November, 1855, l.
Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of the "Contemporary" (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as "the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov).
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of a Literary fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts of writers, but he felt like a stranger in this environment, as he described in detail later in Confessions (1879-82): "These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself."
In the autumn of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 — abroad.
He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story "Lucerne"), returned to Moscow in the autumn, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to organize more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw Alexander Ivanovich Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which mostly did not satisfy the writer.
Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of teaching should be "the freedom of the student" and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as the "Abc" and "New Abc" compiled by him in the early 1870s.
In 1862, in the absence of Tolstoy, a search was conducted in Yasnaya Polyana (they were looking for a secret printing house).
In September 1862, Leo Tolstoy married the eighteen year old daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household cares.
However, since the autumn of 1863, he has been captured by a new literary idea, which for a long time was called "One Thousand eight hundred and fifth year".
The time of the novel's creation was a period of spiritual uplift, family happiness and quiet solitary work.
Tolstoy read the memoirs and correspondence of people of the Alexander era (including the materials of Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, went to the Borodino field, moving slowly through many editorial offices (his wife helped him a lot in copying manuscripts, thereby refuting the jokes of friends that she was still so young, as if playing with dolls), and only at the beginning of 1865 published the first part of War and Peace in the Russian Messenger.
The novel was read excitedly, caused a lot of responses, striking with the combination of a wide epic canvas with a subtle psychological analysis, with a vivid picture of private life, organically inscribed in history.
Heated debates provoked the subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history.
There were reproaches that the writer "entrusted" the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of the novel about the Patriotic War was really an answer to the problems that worried the Russian post reform society.
Tolstoy himself characterized his idea as an attempt to "write the history of the people" and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature ("it will not fit any form, neither a novel, nor a novella, nor a poem, nor a story").
"Anna Karenina" (1873-1877) In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Leo Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of modern society, building a composition on the opposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of a young landowner Konstantin Levin, who is close to the writer himself both in lifestyle, beliefs, and psychological drawing.
The beginning of the work coincided with a passion for Pushkin's prose: Tolstoy strove for the simplicity of the syllable, for the external lack of appreciation of the tone, paving his way to the new style of the 1880s, especially to folk stories.
Only tendentious criticism interpreted the novel as a love affair.
The meaning of the existence of the "educated class" and the deep truth of peasant life — this range of issues, close to Levin and alien to most of the characters even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, especially for Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated "Anna Karenina" in the "Writer's Diary".
"The family thought" (the main one in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin's merciless self revelations, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy himself in the 1880s, but matured during the work on the novel.
The turning point (1880s) The course of the revolution that took place in the consciousness of Leo Tolstoy was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the heroes, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These characters are Central to the novels "the Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1884-86), "the Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), "Father Sergius" (1890-98, published in 1912), the drama "the Living corpse" (1900, incomplete, published in 1911), in the story "After the ball" (1903, published in 1911).
Confessional journalism Tolstoy gives a detailed presentation about his mental drama: drawing the picture of social inequality and idleness educated, Thick in the pointed shape set before themselves and before society questions the meaning of life and faith, criticized all the state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, the achievements of civilization.
The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession" (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles "About the census in Moscow" (1882), "So what should we do?" (1882-86, published in full in 1906)
, "About the famine" (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian — in 1954), "What is art?" (1897-98)
, "The Slavery of our time" (1900, fully published in Russia in 1917), "About Shakespeare and the Drama" (1906), "I canot be silent" (1908).
Tolstoy's social Declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral teaching, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are interpreted by him in a humanistic way as the basis of the world brotherhood of people.
This complex of problems involved the analysis of the Gospel and critical studies of theological works, which are devoted to Tolstoy's religious and philosophical treatises " The Study of Dogmatic Theology "(1879-80)," The Connection and translation of the Four Gospels "(1880-81)," What is my faith "(1884)," The Kingdom of God is within you " (1893).
Leo Tolstoy and Anatoly Fedorovich Koni
A violent reaction in society was accompanied by Tolstoy's calls for direct and immediate adherence to Christian commandments.
In particular, his preaching of non resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works — the drama "The Power of Darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the Whole Bird is Lost" (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified, "artless" manner.
Along with the similar works of Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin, Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the Intermediary publishing house, founded by Vladimir Grigoryevich Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of the Intermediary as" an expression in artistic images of the teachings of Christ"," so that it would be possible to read this book to an old man, a woman, a child and so that both of them would be interested, touched and feel kinder."
Within the framework of the new worldview and ideas about Christianity, Leo Tolstoy opposed Christian dogmatics and criticized the rapprochement of the church with the state, which led him to complete separation from the Orthodox Church.
In 1901, the Synod reacted: the internationally recognized writer and preacher was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public outcry.
"Resurrection" (1889-1899) The last novel by Leo Tolstoy embodied the whole range of problems that worried him during the years of the turning point.
The main character, Dmitry Nekhludov, who is spiritually close to the author, goes through the path of moral purification, leading him to active good.
The narrative is built on a system of emphasized evaluative oppositions that expose the unreasonableness of the social structure (the beauty of nature and the falsity of the social world, the truth of peasant life and the falseness that prevails in the life of the educated strata of society).
The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy a frank, brought to the fore "tendency" (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning — were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
The departure and death of Leo Tolstoy The years of the turning point abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (Tolstoy's proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp dissatisfaction of family members, especially his wife).
Tolstoy's personal drama was reflected in his diary entries.
Late in the autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82 year old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small railway station Astapovo.
Here, in the house of the stationmaster, he spent the last seven days of his life.
The reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already gained world fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker, a preacher of the new faith, were followed by the whole of Russia.
On November 13, 1872, the first edition of the Alphabet of Leo Tolstoy was published.
The count spent all 48 years of his married life arranging psychological checks for his wife.
When they got married, Lev was 34, and Sofia was 18.
Even before his marriage, he had numerous connections.
He also met with the female servants in the house, and with peasant women from subordinate villages, and with gypsies.
Even his aunt's maid, an innocent peasant girl, was seduced by Glashu.
When the girl became pregnant, the hostess kicked her out, and the relatives did not want to accept her.
Especially long and strong was the connection of Lev Nikolaevich with the peasant Aksinya Bazykina.
Their relationship lasted three years, although Aksinya was a married woman.
When Lev Nikolayevich wooed his future wife, Sofia Bers, he still kept in touch with Aksinya, who became pregnant.
Before the marriage, Tolstoy gave the bride his diaries to read, in which he openly described all his love interests, which caused a shock to the inexperienced girl.
She dreamed of carriages, magnificent dresses and ornaments, balls, theaters and receptions - in short, all the entertainment that the light could give to a girl of her position, but she agreed to go to his estate Yasnaya Polyana.
For almost all 48 years of their life together, Sofya Andreevna was either in a position or breast feeding.
It was painful and bitter for her to watch her Levushka pinching the maids and cooks in the corners.
She cried at night, but there was nothing she could do.
Tolstoy was busy searching for the meaning of life, not noticing his wife.
He was thinking of everyone but her.
And Sofya Andreyevna not only loved, she idolized her husband, but constantly suffered and suffered from his inattention.
Leo Tolstoy's Life Manifesto L. Tolstoy formulated his life manifesto for himself at the age of 18.
These "rules for the development of will, activity, memory and mental abilities", also aimed at curbing feelings of self love and self interest, are quite universal, and therefore do not lose their relevance.
Every morning, assign yourself everything that you have to do during the day, and fulfill all the assigned tasks.
Sleep as little as possible.
Bear all bodily troubles without expressing them outwardly.
If you have started any business, then do not leave it without finishing it.
Donot worry about the approval of people you either donot know or despise.
Repeat in the evening all that you have learned during the day.
Every week, every month and every year, examine yourself in everything that you have been doing, if you find that you have forgotten, then start over.
Donot change your lifestyle, even if you become ten times richer.
Do not allow yourself to spend money for vanity.
Use every increment to your estate not for yourself, but for society.
Think of as many activities as possible for yourself.
Do not require helpers in a case that you can finish alone.
The worse the situation, the more you increase your activity.
Be content with the present.
Look for opportunities to do good.
Try to make the life of people connected with you pleasant.
20 quotes by Leo Tolstoy
The strength of the government rests on the ignorance of the people, and they know this and therefore will always fight against enlightenment.
It's time for us to understand this.
Everyone wants to change humanity, but no one thinks about how to change themselves.
Everything comes to the one who knows how to wait.
All happy families are similar to each other, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
Strong people are always simple.
Let everyone sweep before his door.
If everyone does this, the whole street will be clean.
It always seems that we are loved for being so good.
And we do not guess that they love us because those who love us are good.
It's easier to live without love.
But without it, there is no point.
I donot have everything I love.
But I love everything I have.
The world is moving forward thanks to those who are suffering.
The greatest truths are the simplest.
The point is not to know a lot, but to know the most necessary of all that can be known.
People are often proud of the purity of their conscience just because they have a short memory.
There is no scoundrel who, having searched, would not find scoundrels in some respect worse than himself, and who therefore could not find a reason to be proud and be pleased with himself.
Evil is only inside us, that is, where it can be taken out.
A person should always be happy, if happiness ends, look where he made a mistake.
I am sure that the meaning of life for each of us is simply to grow in love.
Everyone is making plans, and no one knows if he will live until the evening.
There are no conditions to which a person could not get used, especially if he sees that everyone around him lives the same way.
One of the most amazing misconceptions is that the happiness of a person is to do nothing.
Two masters: Leo Tolstoy and Ilya Repin, Yasnaya Polyana, 1908, photo:
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy died on November 20 (November 7, old style), 1910 at the Astapovo station (now Lev Tolstoy station), of the Ryazan Ural Railway.
The event of the all Russian scale was the funeral of Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana. (O. E. Mayorova)
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Astrology (from the Greek astron — star and logos word, teaching) is the teaching about the influence of heavenly bodies on the earthly world and a person (his temperament, character, actions and future), which was determined through visible movements on the celestial sphere and the mutual location of the luminaries (constellation) at a given time (see Horoscope).
Astrology originated in ancient times (Babylonian temple astrology and others), was closely connected with astral cults and astral mythology.
It became widespread in the Roman Empire (the first horoscopes — at the turn of 2-1 centuries BC).
Christianity criticized astrology as a kind of pagan fatalism.
Arab astrology, which achieved significant development in the 9th 10th centuries, penetrated into Europe from the 12th century, where astrology was influenced until the middle of the 17th century and then was replaced with the spread of the natural science picture of the world.
The revival of interest in astrology occurred after the 1st World War, the phenomena of astrology are associated with subtle cosmic and biocosmic rhythms, etc.
Since the middle of the 20th century, astrology has regained popularity.
Felix Kazimirovich Velichko.
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