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00:03 12/02/2015
Andrey Sidorchik
2 9827
"Honest Abe."
How Abraham Lincoln became the conscience of the American nation
All materials of the plot
World History with Andrey Sidorchik
On February 12, 1809, the 16th President of the United States of America, Abraham Lincoln, was born.
www.globallookpress.com
Image and reality
Russians, filled with skepticism towards their own homeland, sometimes put forward this among the numerous claims to the domestic world order in Russia, they say, it is customary to put historical figures on a pedestal and build a cult around their names, in every possible way removing inconvenient or dubious facts from their biographies.
In fact, this phenomenon is by no means only Russian — they build almost everywhere into the cult of their own heroes, crossing out their minor sins and shortcomings.
The 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, is considered one of the greatest figures in the history of the country in modern America.
Remembering the sins and shortcomings of "Honest Abe" is a sign of bad taste.
Abraham Lincoln.
Photo: www.globallookpress.com
The real Lincoln was a man far from ideal, not without flaws and criticized from all sides.
And who knows how Americans would treat him now, if not for the tragic death of the president.
A farmer's son who loved reading
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky, in a family of farmers.
The name of the newborn was given in honor of his grandfather, who once moved the family to Kentucky from Virginia.
The grandfather of the future president died in a skirmish with Indians, whom respectable farmers very civilly drove out of their native places by force of arms.
Abraham's father, Thomas Lincoln, was an uneducated man.
Perhaps that is why he could not keep a stable household.
When Abraham was born, his father was one of the richest people in the district, and seven years later he lost almost everything in lawsuits with more competent competitors.
The family moved to the free lands, to Indiana.
At the age of 9, Abraham lost his mother, who was soon replaced by his stepmother.
Her relationship with her stepson was quite warm.
Under the influence of his stepmother, Abraham, who had previously avoided all kinds of housework, became involved and began to help his relatives.
Young Lincoln most of all loved chopping firewood.
Abraham attended school for only one year — he did not have the opportunity to help his family anymore because of the need to help his family.
But this year was enough for Lincoln to learn to read and write — he became the first in the family to succeed.
Those who knew Lincoln in his youth later recalled that he spent all his free time reading.
This hobby began to distance Abraham from his father, because Thomas Lincoln saw his son as a farmer and considered reading books a waste of time.
Debts should be paid back
And Abraham did not limit himself to reading.
He honed his writing skills by helping his neighbors compose messages to his relatives, and got acquainted with oratory by listening to lawyers ' speeches in court.
In 1830, Thomas Lincoln and his family moved to a new place again, and 21 year old Abraham began an independent life.
After getting a job, he paid a business visit to New Orleans, where he first saw the slave market.
The sight seemed so disgusting to him that for the rest of his life he retained a negative attitude towards slavery.
He continued to read a lot and engage in self education.
While living in a village in Illinois, Abraham studied a lot with a local school teacher.
In 1832, he ran for the Illinois Legislature, but was defeated.
The young man who had not yet achieved anything in life looked too frivolous.
In the end, Abraham got a position as a surveyor, while studying law and dreaming of a lawyer's career.
In the village of New Salem, where he lived at that time, he was assigned, perhaps, his most famous nickname — "Honest Abe".
The fact is that Lincoln very often needed money, which he borrowed from everyone who was just ready to help him.
At the same time, Abraham always returned the borrowed money exactly on time, for which he was called "Honest Abe".
Everything is not so clear...
In 1835, 26 year old Abraham Lincoln again ran for the Illinois legislature, and this time successfully.
A year later, he successfully passes the exam for the title of lawyer and is very successful in his new profession.
In 1842, Lincoln married Mary Todd, thus arranging his personal life.
The young lawyer and politician are being talked about more and more often.
They note his honesty, outstanding oratorical skills, and willingness to help both the rich and the poor.
In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the US House of Representatives from the Whig party.
And here his contradictory character begins to manifest itself.
The war with Mexico that broke out at that time was met positively by American society, but Lincoln considered it an unjustified aggression and opposed it.
At the same time, he supported the allocation of new allocations for assistance to the troops and material support for disabled soldiers.
As already mentioned, Lincoln disliked slavery.
At the same time, he was an opponent of extreme measures and even more so of the armed struggle against slavery, considering it necessary to respect the rights of slave owners.
Such views eventually forced him to abandon his re election to Congress and focus on his law practice, which was very successful.
Abraham Lincoln.
Photo: www.globallookpress.com
A compromise figure
Lincoln returned to politics in 1856, joining the newly created Republican Party along with some of his fellow Whigs.
There was an increasingly acute debate about slavery in the country.
The industrial North of the United States spoke of the need to abolish it, the plantation South, whose economy was based on the slave labor of Negroes, was categorically opposed.
In 1858, Lincoln was nominated to the Senate from the Republican Party, and his opponent was Democrat Stephen Douglas.
Lincoln lost, but his fiery speeches, condemning slavery from the point of view of morality, denying the further possibility of the country's existence in a state of "half slavery and half freedom", thundered throughout the country.
At the same time, Lincoln remained on moderate positions — opposing slavery, he believed that its forcible abolition in the southern states was impossible, since it would violate the rights of planters and could lead to a split in the state.
By the presidential election of 1860, the confrontation between the South and the North had reached its apogee.
The stumbling block was the question of the possibility of slavery in the new territories of the United States.
The northern states were strongly opposed, the southerners threatened to withdraw from the US if they could not defend this position.
Abraham Lincoln was not the brightest and most popular politician in the United States, but the Republican Party nominated him as a presidential candidate in the hope that his moderate position would make him a compromise figure that suits the majority.
"To my former master."
A slave's letter written 150 years ago
Victory and division
From the point of view of today, Lincoln's moderate views seem to be far — right the politician, for example, was opposed to the granting of voting rights to blacks, and also opposed interracial marriage, believing that "the superiority of the white race will always be obvious."
Lincoln's trump card in the eyes of voters was his impeccable reputation and origin from the "common people".
Still, Lincoln might not have been able to tip the scales in his favor if it hadnot been for the split in the Democratic Party, which put not one, but two candidates up for election at once.
As a result, about 40 percent of voters voted for Lincoln, and 29.5 percent voted for the closest competitor, the same Stephen Douglas, to whom Lincoln lost the Senate election.
The gap in the electors was much more significant — Lincoln secured the support of 180 electoral votes out of 303, while Douglas had only 12 of them.
So 51 year old Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States.
It seemed to many at that moment — the last president.
As soon as it became known about Lincoln's victory, South Carolina announced its withdrawal from the United States, followed by six other states.
Then other southern states joined them.
In February 1861, even before the inauguration of Lincoln, the southerners proclaimed the creation of the Confederate States of America, elected Jefferson Davis as their president and declared Richmond the capital of the new country.
Good old Teddy.
Why America loves Theodore Roosevelt
On March 4, 1861, Lincoln took office, saying that he did not recognize the secession of the southern states and called for a peaceful solution to the conflict.
"If I could save the union without freeing a single slave, I would do it"
But by that time it was already clear that it would not be possible to settle the matter by peace.
Southerners have left almost all federal agencies.
The Confederacy was preparing for a military clash.
The new president, a supporter of moderation and compromise, had to make a difficult choice.
On April 12, 1861, the Southerners attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, forcing it to surrender after hours of shelling.
Lincoln declared the South in a state of mutiny, began conscripting volunteers into the army, ordered a blockade of the Confederacy from the sea.
But the southerners were much better prepared for the war in its initial stage, despite the industrial potential of the North.
The Federal army suffered a series of defeats, there were many generals inside it who avoided large scale actions and were inclined to conclude a treaty with the southerners.
The war dragged on, human casualties and economic losses grew, and fermentation began in the Republican Party.
With great difficulty, Lincoln managed to avoid a split among his colleagues.
By the summer of 1862, the issue of the abolition of slavery had not been resolved.
Lincoln told reporters that he was much more concerned about the preservation of the Union.
"If I could save the union without freeing a single slave, I would do it," the president said.
Winston Churchill needed: "Hot bath, cold champagne, fresh peas and old cognac"
Cross the Rubicon
But the longer the war went on, the more clearly Lincoln understood that it could not be won by compromises and half measures alone.
The president was able to win over the masses to his side by the Homestead Act adopted in May 1862, according to which every citizen of the United States who had reached the age of 21 and had not fought on the side of the Confederacy could receive a plot of land from the public fund of no more than 160 acres (65 hectares) after paying a registration fee of $ 10.
The law came into force on January 1, 1863.
According to the Homestead Act, Americans received 2 million land plots, which allowed them to solve the agrarian problem and settle desert lands.
The popularity of Lincoln among the people rapidly went up.
By the end of 1862, President Lincoln "crosses the Rubicon" by publishing a "Proclamation for the Emancipation of slaves".
It declared Negroes living in territories in a state of rebellion against the United States "henceforth and forever" free.
This was not yet the complete and final abolition of slavery in the United States, but the "Proclamation" correctly placed the emphasis in the war.
The North, which announced publicly that it was fighting against slavery, won over world public opinion to its side.
In addition, this decision gave an influx of black volunteers to the federal army, whose number soon exceeded 150 thousand.
He had a dream.
Martin Luther King's wishes that have become the norm
In March 1863, Abraham Lincoln introduced military duty in the country, which allowed to increase the number of the federal army.
"They donot change horses at the ferry"
Despite all this, in 1863 the war was going on with varying success.
There was growing fatigue from the conflict, even in Lincoln's entourage, they were increasingly talking about a compromise agreement.
The president, however, was determined to finish what he had started.
In December 1863, Lincoln promised amnesty to all rebels who would take the oath of allegiance to the United States and agree to the abolition of slavery.
At the beginning of 1864, the president appoints Ulysses Grant as the commander of the federal army, who is tasked with defeating the southerners with a series of blows, weakening their potential and forcing them to surrender.
Lincoln didnot have much time — the presidential election of 1864 loomed ahead, in which he was predicted to lose.
In the eyes of many southerners, and northerners, he was the main culprit of the bloody war.
Even the Republicans were ready to replace Lincoln with another figure, but the president still put up his candidacy for a second term.
His election slogan was the phrase"They donot change horses at the ferry".
Lincoln's main opponent was Democrat George McClellan, a former commander of the federal army, removed by Lincoln for indecision and inaction.
McClellan called for negotiations and an immediate end to the war.
The outcome of the election was unclear, but on September 2, 1864, General Sherman's troops took Atlanta — the food center of the Confederacy.
This success tipped the scales in favor of Lincoln, who was elected for a second term.
A redemptive sacrifice
The war was rapidly coming to an end.
On January 31, 1865, Abraham Lincoln achieved the adoption of the XIII Amendment to the US Constitution, which abolished slavery throughout the country.
In his speeches, Lincoln, who spoke about the need for the reconstruction of the South, simultaneously called for mercy, application, and the restoration of the unity of the nation.
The capital of the Confederacy — Richmond fell on April 2, 1865.
A week later, the Confederacy finally capitulated.
The war is over, but there are no fewer problems.
The Negroes were given freedom, but they were still far from being recognized as full fledged citizens.
The life of the American South was to be radically changed, and contrary to the opinion of its inhabitants.
For the supporters of the abolition of slavery and the inhabitants of the American North, Lincoln became a cult figure, but for the southerners he was a murderer, a destroyer, a monster who broke their lives.
The revenge that the second dreamed of took place five days after the fall of the Confederacy, on April 14, 1865.
Lincoln came to the Ford Theater in Washington for the play "My American Cousin".
During the performance, a supporter of the Southerners, actor John Wilkes Booth, entered his box, who fatally wounded the president with a pistol shot.
Abraham Lincoln died the next morning.
This death outweighed many things.
In the eyes of the majority, the 16th president of the United States became a man who sacrificed his life in the name of preserving the country and eliminating slavery.
Mistakes, miscalculations, weaknesses have remained in the shadows, and only specialist historians argue about them.
And for modern Americans, he is simply "Honest Abe", the conscience of the nation.
Abraham Lincolnhistory of the United States
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Yuri Starshov[vkontakte]
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21:52
12.02.2015
1
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I can only express doubt about one thing - that the murder of Lincoln is the revenge of the southerners.
There was no point in killing him after the lost war....if necessary, they would have killed him earlier.
It is more logical that this murder was organized by a number of very rich and influential people of the North, whose appetites were limited by Lincoln.
When the war was won, the North did not need a radical president...and if you remember what economic lawlessness began after Lincoln, it seems to be true....
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Fylhtq
|
Expand a comment
18:28
12.02.2015
1
+
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With all the sacrifices that have to be made to adapt to the newspaper version, everything was very interesting.
But it seems to me that there are enough different stories on the Russian land.
But just to make something happen, for some reason everything has to be brought to some kind of European like standard.
And if so, then create a story or at least write it down, and even more so let it be published or there are not many hunters.
And as before the publication, again, you need your own approach to bring it to a fashion trend first, and then to a dish necessary for a widespread need, or maybe something like spiritual food.
I didnot write enough good things, but I didnot write it even worse.
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Fylhtq
|
Expand a comment
18:28
12.02.2015
1
+
-
With all the sacrifices that have to be made to adapt to the newspaper version, everything was very interesting.
But it seems to me that there are enough different stories on the Russian land.
But just to make something happen, for some reason everything has to be brought to some kind of European like standard.
And if so, then create a story or at least write it down, and even more so let it be published or there are not many hunters.
And as before the publication, again, you need your own approach to bring it to a fashion trend first, and then to a dish necessary for a widespread need, or maybe something like spiritual food.
I didnot write enough good things, but I didnot write it even worse.
Quote
To answer
Report Link
Yuri Starshov[vkontakte]
|
Expand a comment
21:52
12.02.2015
1
+
-
I can only express doubt about one thing - that the murder of Lincoln is the revenge of the southerners.
There was no point in killing him after the lost war....if necessary, they would have killed him earlier.
It is more logical that this murder was organized by a number of very rich and influential people of the North, whose appetites were limited by Lincoln.
When the war was won, the North did not need a radical president...and if you remember what economic lawlessness began after Lincoln, it seems to be true....
Quote
To answer
Report Link
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