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Chekhov A. P.
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Biography Summary Full content Essay Characterization of the heroes
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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov -> Biography -> Full biography of Anton Chekhov
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Full biography of A. P. Chekhov
Childhood, youth and young years
On January 29, 1860, the third child Anton was born in a small house on Police Street (now Chekhov Street) in the family of Pavel Egorovich Chekhov.
Anton's early childhood was spent in endless church holidays, name days.
On weekdays after school, the brothers guarded their father's shop, and at 5 am every day they got up to sing in the church choir.
As Chekhov himself said: "As a child, I did not have a childhood."
At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog.
The Greek who kept the school forced them to memorize lessons, beat the students with a ruler, put them on their knees in a corner on coarse salt.
At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov enters the Taganrog gymnasium (now Gymnasium No. 2 named after A. P. Chekhov).
The men's classical gymnasium was the oldest educational institution in the south of Russia (founded in 1806) and gave a solid education and upbringing at that time.
After graduating from the eighth grade of the gymnasium, young people could enter any Russian university without exams or go to study abroad.
The gymnasium formed Chekhov's aversion to hypocrisy and falsehood.
His vision of the world, his love for books, knowledge and theater were formed here.
Here he received his first literary pseudonym "Chekhov", which was awarded to him by the teacher of the Law of God Fyodor Pokrovsky.
Here his first literary and stage experiments began.
Music and books aroused in the young Anton Chekhov the desire for creativity.
The Taganrog Theater, founded in 1827, played a big role in this.
Anton visited the theater for the first time at the age of 13, watched Jacques Offenbach's operetta "The Beautiful Elena" and soon became a passionate fan of the theater.
Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov will say: "The theater once gave me a lot of good things…
Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than sitting in the theater..."
It is no coincidence that the heroes of his first works, such as "Tragedian", "Comedian", "Benefit", "No wonder the chicken sang", were actors and actresses.
Anton took part in the home performances of his high school friend Andrey Drossy.
Chekhov, a high school student, published humorous magazines, invented captions for drawings, wrote humorous stories, skits.
The first drama "Fatherless" was written by 18 year old Chekhov during his studies at the gymnasium.
Chekhov's gymnasium period was an important stage in the maturation and formation of his personality, the development of its spiritual foundations.
The gymnasium years gave Chekhov a huge material for writing work.
The most typical and colorful figures will appear later on the pages of his works.
Perhaps one of these figures was his mathematics teacher Edmund Dzerzhinsky — the father of the future first chairman of the Cheka.
In 1879, he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog.
In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharin and others.
In the same year, Anton's brother Ivan got a job as a teacher in the city of Voskresensk near Moscow.
He was allocated a large apartment that could accommodate a whole family.
The Chekhov's, who lived closely in Moscow, came to Ivan in Voskresensk for the summer.
There, in 1881, Anton Chekhov met Dr. P. A. Arkhangelsky, the head of the Resurrection Hospital (Chikinskaya Hospital).
Since 1882, as a student, he has already helped the doctors of the hospital when receiving patients.
In 1884, Chekhov graduated from the university course and began working as a district doctor at the Chikinsky hospital.
Becoming
On December 24, 1879, as a first year student, Chekhov published in the magazine" Dragonfly "the story" A letter to a learned neighbor" and humorous " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc.".
This was his debut in print.
In the following years, Chekhov wrote short stories, feuilletons, humorous "trifles" under the pseudonyms "Antosha Chekhov" and "The Man without a spleen" or their variants, or completely without a signature, in the publications of the "small press", mainly humorous: the Moscow magazines "Alarm Clock", "Spectator", etc. and in the St. Petersburg humorous weekly magazines "Fragments", "Dragonfly".
Chekhov collaborated with the "Petersburg Newspaper" (from 1884, with interruptions), with the Suvorin newspaper " Novoe Vremya "(1886-1893) and with the" Russian Vedomosti " (1893-1899).
In 1882, Chekhov prepared the first collection of short stories "Prank", but it did not come out, perhaps because of censorship difficulties.
In 1884, a collection of his short stories was published- "Tales of Melpomene" (signed " A. Chehonte").
The years 1885-86 were the heyday of Chekhov as a "miniaturist fiction writer" - the author of short, mostly humorous stories.
At that time, by his own admission, he wrote a story a day.
Contemporaries believed that he would remain in this genre; but in the spring of 1886, he received a letter from the famous Russian writer Dmitry Grigorovich, where he criticized Chekhov for wasting his talent on "trifles". "
Starve better, as we once starved, save your impressions for a deliberate work.
One such work will be a hundred times more appreciated than hundreds of beautiful stories scattered at different times in the newspapers, " Grigorovich wrote.
Subsequently, Alexey Suvorin, Viktor Bilibin and Alexey Pleshcheev joined Grigorovich's councils.
Chekhov listened to these tips.
From 1887, he collaborated less and less with humorous magazines; his cooperation with The Alarm Clock was interrupted.
His stories became longer and more serious.
The important changes that took place with Chekhov at that time are also indicated by the desire to travel.
In the same year, 1887, he went on a trip to the south, to his native places; later he went to the "Gogol places", to the Crimea, to the Caucasus.
The trip to the south revived Chekhov's memories of his youth spent there and gave him material for" Steppe", his first work in a thick magazine — "Northern Bulletin".
The debut in such a magazine attracted a lot of critical attention, much more than to any previous work by Chekhov.
In the autumn of 1887, Chekhov's letters mentioned the work on the novel "in 1500 lines".
It lasted until 1889, when Chekhov, who was burdened with work of such a large size, finally abandoned his plan.
"I am glad—" he wrote to Suvorin in January— " that 2-3 years ago I did not listen to Grigorovich and did not write a novel!
I can imagine how much good I would have done if I had listened.
In addition to the abundance of material and talent, you need something else equally important.
We need maturity this is one time; secondly, we need a sense of personal freedom, and this feeling began to flare up in me only recently."
Obviously, it was the lack of these properties that Chekhov was dissatisfied with at the end of the 1880s, which prompted him to travel.
But he was still dissatisfied after these trips; he needed a new, big trip.
His options were a trip around the world, a trip to Central Asia, to Persia, to Sakhalin.
In the end, he decided on the latter option.
But despite Chekhov's own dissatisfaction with himself, his fame grew.
After the release of "Steppe" and "Boring Story", the attention of critics and readers was riveted to each of his new works.
On October 7, 1888, he received the half Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the third collection published in the previous year, 1887 — "At Dusk".
In the corresponding resolution of the academic commission, it was written that " the stories of G. Chekhov, although they do not fully meet the requirements of the highest art criticism, are nevertheless an outstanding phenomenon in our modern fiction literature."
At the end of the 1880s, a feature appeared in Chekhov's manner that some contemporaries considered an advantage, others a disadvantage — a deliberate impassiveness of description, an emphasized lack of author's assessment.
Especially this feature is distinguished by "I want to sleep", "Women" and "Princess".
Sakhalin
"Sakhalin Island" and the reaction of officials.
Russian thought, 1893, № 12, 1894, № 4.
The decision to go to Sakhalin was finally made, obviously, in the summer of 1889, after discussing this intention with the artist K. A. Karatygina, who traveled to Siberia and Sakhalin in the late 1870s.
But Chekhov hid this intention for a long time even from the closest ones; after informing Karatygina about it, he asked to keep it a secret.
He revealed this secret only in January 1890, and naturally, it made a great impression on society.
This impression was also strengthened by the "suddenness" of the decision made, because already in the spring of 1890, Chekhov went on a trip.
The journey through Siberia took 82 days, during which Chekhov wrote nine essays, united under the general title "From Siberia".
Chekhov arrived on Sakhalin on July 11.
For several months of his stay on it, Chekhov communicated with people, learned their life stories, the reasons for exile and collected rich material for his notes.
He conducted a real census of the population of Sakhalin, collecting several thousand cards about the inhabitants of the island.
The administration of the island strictly forbade communicating with political prisoners, but he violated this prohibition.
Chekhov was returning from Sakhalin by sea, on the Dobroflot steamer "Petersburg".
In Vladivostok, where the ship was standing from October 14 to 19, Chekhov worked in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Region, collecting additional materials for a book about Sakhalin.
Next — Hong Kong, Singapore, the island of Ceylon, the Suez Canal, Constantinople, Odessa.
Finally, on December 7, 1890, his family met him in Tula.
In the next 5 years, Chekhov wrote the book "Sakhalin Island".
As for artistic creativity, the trip to Sakhalin, according to Chekhov's own admission, had a huge impact on all his subsequent works.
In 2005, on Sakhalin, for the first time in Russia, the materials of the Sakhalin census by A. P. Chekhov were published in one edition "Perhaps my figures will also be useful...".
The publication published all 10 thousand survey cards filled out by Chekhov's respondents during his trip to Sakhalin Island in 1890.
Later years
From 1890 to 1892, after returning to Moscow from a trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov settled in a small two story wing on Malaya Dmitrovka.
Here he worked on the book "Sakhalin Island", the stories "Poprygunya", "Duel", "Ward No. 6" , and also met with writers V. G. Korolenko, D. V. Grigorovich, V. A. Gilyarovsky, P. D. Boborykin, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko, famous actors A. P. Lensky and A. I. Yuzhin, artist I. I. Levitan.
The wing has survived to our time and is marked by a commemorative plaque with a bas relief by A. P. Chekhov.
From 1892 to 1899, Chekhov lived in the Melikhovo estate near Moscow, where one of the main Chekhov museums now works.
During the years of "Melikhovsky sitting" 42 works were written.
Later, Chekhov traveled a lot in Europe.
In recent years, Chekhov, whose tuberculosis has worsened, has been constantly living in his house near Yalta to improve his health, only occasionally coming to Moscow, where his wife (since 1901), the artist Olga Leonardovna Knipper, occupies one of the outstanding places in the troupe of the Moscow Art Theater (Stanislavsky), formed in 1898.
In 1900, at the first election to the Pushkin branch of the Academy of Sciences, Chekhov was elected among its honorary academicians.
In 1902, Chekhov, together with V. G. Korolenko, refused the title of academician after the order of Nicholas II to annul the election of Maxim Gorky to honorary academicians.
Death
Chekhov's grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow
In the history of Chekhov's illness, which was conducted in the clinic by the writer's attending physician Maxim Maslov, it is recorded that during his gymnasium and student years, Chekhov was ill with tuberculous inflammation of the peritoneum, but he felt "tightness in the sternum" at the age of 10.
Since 1884, Chekhov suffered from bleeding from his right lung.
Some researchers believe that a fatal role in the writer's life was played by a trip to Sakhalin — there was a thaw and he had to travel thousands of kilometers on horses, in wet clothes and soaked felt boots (Chekhov himself and his relatives associated the disease with the trip).
Others called frequent moves from Yalta to Moscow at the most unfavorable time for health the reason for the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process.
In the summer of 1904, Chekhov went to a resort in Germany.
Due to a sharp exacerbation of the disease, which he could not cope with, the writer died on July 2, 1904 in Badenweiler, Germany.
The denouement came on the night of July 1 to 2, 1904.
According to the testimony of his wife Olga Leonardovna, at the beginning of the night Chekhov woke up and " for the first time in his life he asked to send for a doctor.
After that, he ordered champagne to be given.
Anton Pavlovich sat down and somehow significantly, loudly said to the doctor in German (he knew very little German): "Ich sterbe".
Then he repeated for the student or for me in Russian: "I'm dying."
Then he took a glass, turned his face to me, smiled his amazing smile, said:" I havenot drunk champagne for a long time...", calmly drank everything to the bottom, quietly lay down on his left side and soon fell silent forever."
The coffin with the body of the writer was delivered to Moscow in a car with the inscription "Oysters".
Someone took this as a mockery of the great writer, but at the beginning of the XX century, few cars were equipped with refrigeration units.
On July 9, 1904, the funeral took place.
A funeral service was held in the Assumption Church of the Novodevichy Monastery.
Chekhov was buried right behind the Assumption Church in the monastery cemetery, next to the grave of his father.
A wooden cross with an icon and a lantern for a lamp was placed on the grave.
On the anniversary of the death of A. P. Chekhov on July 2, 1908, a new marble monument was opened on the grave, made in the Art Nouveau style by the artist L. M. Brailovsky.
In 1933, after the abolition of the cemetery on the territory of the Novodevichy Monastery, at the request of O. L. Knipper, Chekhov was reburied in the cemetery behind the southern wall of the monastery.
On November 16, 1933, in the presence of a few relatives and close friends, the grave was opened and the coffin was moved to a new place.
Soon both tombstones were moved here — A. P. Chekhov and his father (while the burial of P. E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
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