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Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.
Biography of Pushkin.
The years of Pushkin's life.
The Life of Pushkin
The birth of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Date (year) of Pushkin's birth
Russian Russian writer, founder of the new Russian literature, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin [26.5(6.6).1799, Moscow, - 29.1(10.2).1837, St. Petersburg].
He was born in the family of a poor nobleman, a descendant of an old boyar family.
Great grandson (on the maternal side) of Abyssinian A. P. Hannibal, a military figure of the Peter the Great era.
The first poetic experiments of Pushkin (have not been preserved) belong to early childhood.
In 1811, Pushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; in teaching and education there were features of educational freedom of thought associated with the spread of revolutionary ideas, the patriotic upsurge of the era of the Patriotic War of 1812, the liberal tendencies of the first years of the reign of Alexander I.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin at the Lyceum
The Lyceum years are a period of intensive creative development of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
With great directness and originality of using the canons of the rationalist poetics 18th and early 19th centuries that require strong consistency between the theme, style and genre (ode, Elegy, Epistle, etc.), it creates a number of poems high perfection (including "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo", 1814; "Town", "Licinia", "rose" all - 1815).
His talent is not so much the student follows the traditions and samples (school of karasinska, French for "light poetry", K. N. Batyushkov, V. A. Zhukovsky, Voltaire), as spontaneously test their limits, feeling his own style (signs which are particularly evident in such poems as "the Dream," "Wish," "Friends," all - 1816, etc.).
G. R. Derzhavin, N. M. Karamzin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky pay attention to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Lyceum student Pushkin participates in the literary society of Karamzin "Arzamas", which is fighting against the ideological and aesthetic views of conservatives who have united in the" Conversation of lovers of the Russian Word", gets closer to representatives of the free thinking nobility, including P. Ya.
Chaadaev.
Creativity of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
In 1817, Pushkin graduated from the lyceum, received the rank of collegiate secretary and an appointment to the College of Foreign Affairs.
The poems of the 1817-1820s reflect the turbulent St. Petersburg life of the young poet, participation in the literary circle "Green Lamp" associated with the "Union of Prosperity", the heated political atmosphere.
The pathos of revolutionary love of freedom and denunciation is intertwined in them with the motives of the bacchanalian ecstasy of life, journalism - with lyricism, tradition with new, romantic trends.
Without giving up the artistic achievements of poetry of the 18th early 19th centuries, Pushkin seeks to overcome the dictate of its standards, to move away from genre and style regulation, to achieve freedom of poetic expression ("Krivtsov", "Zhukovsky", "Attendance", all - 1818, Dorida, "Revival", 1819, "I fight the sign...", 1820, etc.).
In the same direction he works on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (published 1820), where the magical story is accompanied by a lyrical reflection of the author's paintings the heroic "old" is riddled with humor, the romantic pathos; a Convention of the genre of the poem the tale is combined with the vitality of the characters, stylistic richness and linguistic freedom.
The poem caused fierce controversy and essentially marked the beginning of a turning point in Russian poetry.
Pushkin's political lyrics of 1817-20 ("Liberty", "To Chaadaev", "Village", etc.) and his epigrams differ in many copies.
Not being a member of the secret society of the Decembrists, Pushkin becomes an expression of the aspirations of a whole generation of noble revolutionaries.
In May 1820, under the guise of official relocation, he was exiled to the south of Russia.
Pushkin and the Decembrists
Having visited the Caucasus and the Crimea, Pushkin lives in Chisinau and Odessa, meets with the Decembrists V. F. Raevsky, P. I. Pestel, M. F. Orlov, etc.
The revolutionary and national liberation movements in Europe, the peasant and soldier unrest in Russia strengthen Pushkin's thirst for revolutionary actions, reflected in the "Dagger", etc. verses 1821.
The poem "Gavriiliada" (1821) is imbued with the spirit of atheistic freethinking.
The southern exile is the heyday of Pushkin's romanticism.
the most pronounced of all was in the poems created here, which firmly established his fame as the first Russian poet due to the brightness and novelty of characters and colors, virtuoso skill, consonance with the attitudes of advanced social and literary circles.
In Pushkin's work, "southern poems" played a big role: "The Caucasian Prisoner" (1820-21) largely prepared "Eugene Onegin"; an important place will be occupied in the future by the theme of rebellious "will" and moral law, stated in "The Robber Brothers" (1821-22), the comparison and opposition of harmony and the elements, meekness and passion, "angelic" and "demonic", begun in" The fountain of Bakhchisarai " (1823) by the contrast of Maria and Zarema.
In these poems, for the first time, Pushkin clearly outlines a philosophical approach to the problems of freedom, love, and personality, In these years, in the spiritual life of Pushkin in crisis (exacerbated as the amplification reaction in Europe and Russia, and the dramatic circumstances of his personal life and sense of "lesnichestva"), reflected in poems, full of gloomy skepticism ("Freedom sower desert", "Demon", 1823, etc.), meditations on the mysteries of human destiny and ways of history ("the song of the wise Oleg" 1822, "Why have you sent...", 1824, etc.).
Gaining perspective on the world as the historical integrity with its objective laws, Pushkin poetically aware of the limitations of rationalism, with its traditional understanding of the world as obedient object of human activity, and the one sidedness of romanticism, with its juxtaposition of masterful identity to the world and its laws.
The differences between Pushkin and the literary and philosophical views of the Decembrists are clarified (with the unity of the ideals of political freedom and social justice).
During this crucial period, work begins (May 1823) on the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin", where historically and socially opposite types of consciousness will be embodied - skeptical (Onegin) and dreamily romantic (Lensky), and the ideal of a harmonious worldview will appear in Tatiana.
Personality and society, the boundaries between individual freedom and its arbitrariness - the central theme of the poem "Gypsies" (1824), which reveals the hopelessness of a self willed individualistic life position, its tyrannical essence.
Being the pinnacle and the last phenomenon of Pushkin's romantic creativity, this poem sharply raised the question of happiness as a tragic philosophical problem and opened the way to further research of Pushkin's main theme - man and the world.
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