Fictional world
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A fictional world in a picture created using the Bryce 3D program
A fictional universe[1], a fictional world is a structural element of a work of art that defines its ontology[2][3].
Content
1 Classification 2 Laws 3 Notes 4 Literature 5 References
Classification[edit / edit wiki text]
The attribution of the world to the category of fictional is a subject of controversy.
The disagreements concern both the fictionality of the world as a whole and its features.
According to some scientists, worlds can be real, fictional and fictional with elements of reality (realistic — in Lem).
In contrast, Schmid, Dolezhel and others categorically deny the right of existence to a mixed world, since any real element that finds itself in a fictional environment becomes its own fictional analogue.
Assuming the existence of mixed worlds, they should include works based on actual events, but with fictional author's additions[4].
The fictionality of the world is determined either by the author (Serle), or by the reader (Genette), or by the text itself (Hamburger).
The latter objective approach received the least support from specialists who agreed that there are no objective signs of a fictional world.
To classify the world, it is proposed to use external manifestations of fiction, also different from the point of view of different groups of specialists: indication of the author (Searle); intentional omissions, destruction of orientation, as well as such contextual signs as publication within a certain series or in a certain publishing house (Martinez, Scheffel); "paratexts" — titles, dedications, prefaces (Jeanette); use of the past tense of the verb for upcoming events (Hamburger).
The most common signs of fiction are the unconditional description of someone else's consciousness, inaccessible in the real world or expressed in the form of assumptions, and the closeness of the world of the work, which does not make references to certain real elements, but uses their internal fictional analogues[4].
According to the classification of Roger Caillois, fictional worlds have the following division[5]:
a fairy tale is a world in which the impossible exists on an equal footing with the possible; horror literature is a world in which the impossible is a violation of the usual order of things; science fiction — the impossible has a rational explanation that turns it into the possible.
Stanislav Lem expands this classification, supplementing it with the concept of determinism: in his opinion, a fairy tale has a complete predestination, since good always wins over evil in it, and this is how it differs from reality; myth, as a kind of fairy tale, also has a predestination, but of a different plan: the actions of the heroes obey the will of the higher fate, and not their own desires; fantasy is a modern kind of fairy tale, in which deviation from predestination and the occurrence of random factors that prevent the triumph of good.
At the same time, the formal attribution of a work to the genre of science fiction may not really correspond to its classification: many supposedly fantastic worlds should be classified as fantasy or fairy tale [5].
Laws[edit / edit wiki text]
Robert McKee points out that the main property of the fictional world is its internal consistency: the established rules of this world should not change, and the events taking place must obey the uniform principles of cause and effect relationships[6].
Stanislav Lem notes that the fictional world cannot change its belonging to a fairy tale, horror literature or science fiction in the course of the work.
The author is obliged to explain what is happening in his world in the same way and not leave what is happening in his world without explanations.
Attempts to move from one class of the fictional world to another turns the work into a parody, since this move acts against the background of existing literary examples and is considered only in the context of opposing them[5].
Both McKee and Lem also note that the starting point for creating a fictional universe is the real world[5], while McKee also reveals the problem of creating secondary worlds — based on existing ones, and not just starting from reality[7].
Nevertheless, fictional worlds are characterized by logical inconsistencies.
For example, in the world of J. R. R. Tolkien's novels "The Lord of the Rings", there is a "Problem of Eagles" — the possibility of delivering the Ring of Omnipotence to Orodruin with the help of eagles (at the end of the book they save the heroes from Mordor), which was not even discussed[8].
Another example of inconsistencies is the universe of "Star Wars", which, as the works of different authors developed and appeared, began to accumulate internal contradictions.
To solve this problem, the Holocron Star Wars continuity database was created, containing the events of all the works of the universe ordered within the fictional time and space.
If contradictions are found, they are either given a logical explanation, or the work is taken out of the canon [9].
However, in April 2014, all works published by third party authors were recognized as non canon.
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
речи Linguistics of speech.
Media Journalism / Editorial Board: Doctor of Philology, Professor G. Ya.
Solganik, Doctor of Philology, Professor N. I. Klushina, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor V. V. Slavkin, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor N. V. Smirnova.
- 2nd, erased..
- Moscow: FLINT, 2013.
- p. 150 — - 528 p.
— ISBN 978-5-9765-1466-9.
Л Lem, Stanislav.
Structures / / Science fiction and futurology.
Л Lem, Stanislav.
Comparative ontology of science fiction / / Fiction and Futurology.
↑ 1 2 Schmid, Wolf.
Narratology.
- Liters, 2013 — - 608 p.
- ISBN 9785457068216.
↑ 1 2 3 4 Lem, 1970 Мак Mackie, 2011, pp.
78-79 ↑ Mackie, 2011, pp.
76-77 ↑ Eagles are flying!
Or how the Lord of the Rings might have ended.
The world of fiction.
↑ What is the Holocron?
(July 20, 2012).
Verified on September 28, 2014.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
McKee, Robert.
A Million Dollar Story: A master class for screenwriters, writers and not only.
- Alpina Publisher, 2011.
- 456 p.
— ISBN 9785961426977.
Thomas G. Pavel.
Fictional Worlds.
- Harvard University Press, 1986.
- 190 p.
- ISBN 0674299663.
Lem, Stanislav.
Science fiction and futurology.
— 1970.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
The section "Author's Worlds" in the magazine "World of Fiction".
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fictional world&oldid=75530794"
Category: Fictional reality
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