The unconscious
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This article is about the psychoanalytic concept.
For a concept from general psychology, see The subconscious mind.
The unconscious is a set of mental processes and phenomena that are not included in the sphere of consciousness of the subject (person), that is, in relation to which there is no control of consciousness.
The term "unconscious" is used in philosophy, psychology, psychoanalysis, psychiatry, psychophysiology, in legal sciences, art history and other disciplines.
In psychology, the unconscious is usually contrasted with the conscious, but in the framework of psychoanalysis, the unconscious (Id) and the conscious are considered as concepts of different levels: much of what belongs to the other two structures of the psyche (I and Super I) is also absent in consciousness.
Content
1 Several main classes of manifestations of the unconscious 2 History 3 The Unconscious in the works of Freud 4 The Unconscious in the works of Jung 5 The Unconscious in the works of Lacan 6 The Unconscious in the works of Roberto Assad 7 The Unconscious in the studies of the Soviet school 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Literature 11 References
Several main classes of manifestations of the unconscious[edit / edit wiki text]
Unconscious motives, the true meaning of which is not realized due to their social unacceptability or contradiction with other motives.
Behavioral automatisms and stereotypes operating in a familiar situation, the awareness of which is unnecessary due to their working out.
Subthreshold perception, which is not realized due to a large amount of information.
Supra conscious processes: intuition, creative insight, inspiration.
There is another classification of unconscious phenomena (Yu. V. Shcherbatykh), which includes six types of the unconscious:
1. Vegetative processes that cannot be realized by a person in principle (processes of hematopoiesis, digestion, the work of the endocrine glands, etc.)
2. Pre consciousness — information that has not reached the consciousness of a person, delayed at the level of thalamic filters.
3. Automated processes, which include three groups of phenomena: a) automated motor skills that have been transformed from repeatedly repeated conscious movements; b) obsessive habits (gestures, rituals associated with the individual's past psychological experience); c) unconscious complex motor acts (somnambulism, as well as posthypnotic suggestion).
4. Special mental states — mental states characterized by weakened control of consciousness (sleep, hypnosis, trance, affect).
5. Unconscious personality phenomena: a) genetic programs (some instincts, especially libido and thanatos according to Z.b) protective mechanisms of the individual (for example, negative episodes of life repressed from consciousness); c) unconscious "random" actions (typos, Freudian reservations); d) associative images that arise on certain stimuli and are associated with deep experiences or problems of a person; e) unconscious behavior programs established by other people (parental programs, suggestion and hypnosis, ideological and religious attitudes, advertising);
6. Supra conscious processes — highly effective thought processes that are completely unconscious (intuition, creative insight, "satori")[1].
History[edit / edit wiki text]
The general idea of the unconscious, which goes back to Plato's teaching about cognition and memory, remained dominant until modern times.
It received a different character after R. Descartes posed the problem of consciousness.
The ideas of Descartes, who asserted the identity of the conscious and the psychic, served as a source of ideas that only purely physiological, but not psychic, brain activity can take place outside of consciousness.
The concept of the unconscious was first clearly formulated by G. Leibniz (Monadology, 1720), who interpreted the unconscious as the lowest form of mental activity that lies beyond the threshold of conscious representations that rise like islands above the ocean of dark perceptions (perceptions).
The first attempt at a strictly materialistic explanation of the unconscious was made by D. Hartley (England), who connected the unconscious with the activity of the nervous system.
German classical philosophy dealt mainly with the epistemological aspect of the unconscious.
I. Kant connects the unconscious with the problem of intuition, the question of sensory cognition (unconscious a priori synthesis).
The unconscious acquired a different character among the Romantic poets and theorists of Romanticism, who developed, in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, a kind of cult of the unconscious as a deep source of creativity.
The irrationalist doctrine of the unconscious was put forward by A. Schopenhauer, whose successor was E. Hartmann, who elevated B. to the rank of a universal principle, the basis of being and the cause of the world process.
In the XIX century, the line of the actual psychological study of the unconscious began (I. F. Herbart, G. Fechner, V. Wundt, T. Lipps Germany).
The dynamic characteristic of the unconscious is introduced by Herbart (1824), according to which incompatible ideas can come into conflict with each other, and the weaker ones are forced out of consciousness, but continue to influence it without losing their dynamic properties.
L. Tolstoy in his youth came to the conclusion about the global role of the unconscious in the fate of mankind[2][3]:
I am convinced that infinite not only moral, but even physical infinite power is invested in a person, but at the same time a terrible brake is put on this force — self love, or rather self memory, which produces impotence.
But as soon as a person breaks out of this brake, he gets omnipotence.
I would like to say that the best way to escape is to love others, but unfortunately, this would be unfair.
Omnipotence is unconsciousness, impotence is the memory of oneself.
It is possible to escape from this memory of oneself through love for others, through sleep, drunkenness, work, etc.; but people's whole life is spent in searching for this oblivion.
Why does the power of clairvoyants, lunatics, feverish people or people under the influence of passion occur?
Mothers, people and animals protecting their children?
Why are you not able to pronounce the words correctly, if you only think about how to pronounce it correctly?
Why is the most terrible punishment that people have invented is eternal imprisonment?
(Death as a punishment was not invented by people, they are at the same time a blind instrument of providence.)
Imprisonment in which a person is deprived of everything that can make him forget himself, and remains with an eternal memory of himself.
And how does a person escape from this torment?
He forgets himself for a spider, for a hole in the wall, at least for a second.
It is true that the best, the most consistent with universal human life, salvation from the memory of oneself is salvation through love for others; but it is not easy to acquire this happiness.
A new incentive in the study of the unconscious was given by work in the field of psychopathology, where specific methods of influencing the unconscious (initially, hypnosis) were used for therapy.
Studies, especially of the French psychiatric school (J. Charcot and others), allowed us to reveal a pathogenic mental activity that is different from conscious, which is not realized by the patient.
The unconscious in the works of Freud[edit / edit wiki text]
The experimental development of the concept of the unconscious was first carried out by Sigmund Freud, who showed that many actions in the implementation of which a person is not aware of have an unconscious character.
Our secret desires and fantasies, which contradict public morality and generally accepted norms of behavior, and also disturb us too much to be conscious, are pushed into the unconscious.
He examined how this or that motivation manifests itself in dreams, neurotic symptoms and creativity.
It is known that the main regulator of human behavior is the drives and desires of the subject.
As an attending physician, he was faced with the fact that these unconscious experiences and motives can seriously burden life and even cause neuropsychiatric diseases.
This led him to search for ways to rid his analysants of conflicts between what their consciousness says and hidden, blind, unconscious motives.
Thus was born Freud's method of healing the soul, called psychoanalysis.
The unconscious in the works of Jung[edit / edit wiki text]
In the future, the concept of the unconscious was significantly expanded.
In particular, Carl Gustav Jung, within the framework of the scientific discipline created by him — analytical psychology — introduced the concept of "collective unconscious", and significantly changed its meaning in comparison with psychoanalysis.
According to Jung, there is not only an unconscious of the subject, but also a family, tribal, national, racial and collective unconscious formed by a set of archetypes.
The collective unconscious carries the information of the mental world of the whole society, while the individual carries the information of the mental world of a particular person.
Unlike psychoanalysis, Jungianism considers the unconscious as a set of patterns, patterns of behavior that are innate and only need to be updated.
The unconscious is also divided into latent, temporarily unconscious, and suppressed processes and states of the psyche that are pushed beyond the boundaries of consciousness.
The unconscious is understood in a fundamentally different way in psychoanalysis.
The unconscious in Lacan's works[edit / edit wiki text]
The French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan proposed the hypothesis that "the unconscious is structured as a language", which is why psychoanalysis — unlike psychotherapy and psychology works with the patient's speech, with his involvement in the world of meanings, with his subjective becoming in language.
One of the psychoanalytic techniques developed by Lacan was the "clinic of the signifier": at the very foundation of the subject is his encounter with the word, therefore translation is possible, rewriting inside the mental apparatus, and talking cure can act as an effective therapeutic mechanism even in the most severe psychotic cases.
At the same time, it is impossible to take Lacan's thesis literally and insist that the unconscious is language, and psychoanalysis is a kind of language game between the analyst and the analysand.
Lacan's thesis is a metaphor: the unconscious is like a language, it works according to similar rules, but it is not exhausted by the laws of linguistics, therefore, the "clinic of the signifier" is only one of the possible methods of working with the unconscious developed in modern Lacan schools.
The unconscious in the works of Roberto Assad[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Psychosynthesis
The unconscious in the studies of the Soviet school[edit / edit wiki text]
In Soviet psychology, the problem of the unconscious is being developed especially in connection with the theory of the installation of D. N. Uznadze.
The psychophysiological aspects of the unconscious, studied by I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov, are investigated in connection with the analysis of sleep and hypnotic states, cortical and subcortical formations, phenomena of automatism in labor and sports activities, etc.
Recently, the possibilities of using cybernetic representations and methods of modeling the unconscious have been discussed.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Subconscious Subconscious Subconscious Unconscious Consciousness
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Щ Shcherbatykh, 2008.
СОЗН [N. V. Gureeva CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM OF L. N. TOLSTOY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF DIARIES AND LETTERS)] ↑ Excerpt from the diary of 1857
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Freud Z.
Some remarks on the concept of the unconscious in psychoanalysis (1912) / / Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious.
- M., 2006.
- pp.
25-38.
Freud Z.
The Unconscious (1915) / / Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious.
- M., 2006.
- pp.
129-186.
Freud A.
The psychology of the " I " and defense mechanisms.
- M., 1993.
Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious: a collection of works.
- Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1989.
Lacan J. Seminar "Education of the unconscious" (1958/59).
- M.: Logos; Gnosis, 2002.
The unconscious in the organization: psychoanalysis of social systems / compiled by: I. Eisenbach Stangl, M. Ertl; trans.
from German A.V. Loginov; scientific ed. by O. B. Ketova.
- M.: Verte, 2009.
- 232 p.
— (Series " Profession: consultant").
— ISBN 978-5-903631-05-6.
Zachepitsky A., Karvasarsky B. D. Questions of the correlation of conscious and unconscious forms of mental activity in the light of the experience of pathogenetic psychotherapy of neuroses.
General psychology: studies.
for students.
ped.
in tov / A.V. Petrovsky, A.V. Brushlinsky, V. P. Zinchenko, etc.; edited by A.V. Petrovsky.
- 3rd ed., reprint.
and add.
- M., 1986.
Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis and Russian thought / comp.
V. M. Leibin.
— Moscow: Respublika, 1994.
Carroll R. T. Unconscious // Carroll R. T. the skeptic's dictionary: a collection of incredible facts, amazing discoveries and dangerous beliefs = The Skeptic''s Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions / Robert T. Carroll.
— M.: Dialectics, 2005.
— S. 67-68.
— ISBN 5-8459-0830-2..
Leont'ev A. A. Unconscious and the archetypes as the basis of intertextuality.
Shcherbatykh Yu.
V. General psychology.
- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.
- pp.
191-197.
Savelyev A.V. Aspects of the possibility of conscious modeling of the unconscious in artificial societies / / Journal "Artificial societies".
— 2009.
— Vol. 4. — No. 1-4.
- Moscow: Laboratory of Artificial Societies.
Bassin F. V.
The problem of the "unconscious" (on the unconscious forms of higher nervous activity).
- Moscow: Medicine, 1968.
- 468 p.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Zinchenko V. P., Mamardashvili M. K.
The study of higher mental functions and the category of the unconscious; Henri M.
The meaning of the concept of the unconscious for human cognition; Ivanov V. V.
The unconscious, functional asymmetry.
Language and creativity; Tsapkin V. N. Semiotic approach to the problem of the unconscious. [1]
The unconscious in psychoanalysis / / Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis (2008).
The unconscious is not what you think.
Lecture by Dmitry Olshansky at the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Social Work.
— February 26, 2009 [2]
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unconscious&oldid=82417340"
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