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Library > Culture of the twentieth Century >Modernism
Let's consider the cultural situation of the first half of the XX century, which developed under the sign of modernism.
Art historians understand it in two ways — in a broad and narrow sense.
In the first, it denotes the whole set of artistic trends, schools and trends of the early XX century, which expressed a departure from the cultural values of the XVIII—XIX centuries and proclaimed new approaches and values.
Fauvism, expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, abstractionism, Dadaism, Surrealism — this is a far incomplete list of artistic search directions at the beginning of the XX century.
In a narrow sense, Art Nouveau means only one direction in art.
In this case, its name is taken in quotation marks.
"Modern" (French moderne — the latest, modern, Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau) is a style trend in European and American art of the late XIX early XX century.
The new direction spread throughout Europe and primarily affected architecture and decorative art.
Representatives of "modern" used new technical and constructive means, a free layout, a kind of architectural decor to create unusual, emphasized individualized buildings (X. Van der Velde in Belgium, I. Olbrich in Austria, A. Gaudi in Spain, C. R. Mackintosh in Scotland, F. O. Shechtel in Russia).
In Italy, it was called the plant style, or "liberty", in the UK — the "modern" style, in Spain — modernism, in Belgium — the Velde style, in Austria secession, in Germany — Art Nouveau.
The "modern" style emerged as a reaction to eclecticism and lifeless copying of historical styles of the past.
Flexible flowing lines and a stylized floral pattern are characteristic of Art Nouveau.
The eccentric decorative style was used to decorate large stores, which at that time were beginning to be built in large cities of Europe and America, and world exhibitions, thus symbolizing the prosperity and power of trade.
When they talk about the broad meaning of modernism, they also use the term "avant gardism"In other words, the mentioned trends can be called either modernist or avant garde.
Avangardism (avangard) — a collective name for those artistic trends that are more radical than the art Nouveau style.
This term, unlike modernism, has one meaning.
Modernism (avant gardism) is associated with the departure of culture from realism, with the proclamation of the independence of art from reality.
The performances of modernist artists often took the form of an anarchic aesthetic revolt against established traditions and canons in art.
The avant garde meant those who were ahead of everyone, i.e., experimenting with artistic material, creating new, unlike anything else, style, language, content in fine art.
Revolutions and wars, in which the whole world is drawn into, do not prevent experiments and the search for new things.
There is a revision of the previous ideas about beauty, color and space.
Paris is becoming a place of pilgrimage for artists from all over the world.
The taste for sharp, destructive deformation turned out to be the banner of the new century.
Kravchenko A. I. Cultural studies: A textbook for universities.
- 3rd ed.
- Moscow: Academic project, 2001.
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