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Providing first aid to victims
FIRST AID is the simplest urgent measures necessary to save the life and health of victims of injuries, accidents and sudden illnesses.
She is at the scene of the accident before the arrival of a doctor or the delivery of the victim to the hospital.
First aid is the beginning of the treatment of injuries, because it prevents complications such as shock, bleeding, the development of infection, additional dislocations of bone fragments and injury to large nerve trunks and blood vessels.
It should be remembered that the further state of health of the victim and even his life largely depends on the timeliness and quality of first aid.
In case of some minor injuries, medical assistance to the victim may be limited only by the volume of first aid.
However, for more serious injuries (fractures, dislocations, bleeding, damage to internal organs, etc.), first aid is the initial stage, since after it is provided, the victim must be taken to a medical institution.
First aid is very important, but it will never replace qualified (specialized) medical care if the victim needs it.
You should not try to treat the victim – this is the business of a specialist doctor.
DISLOCATION
Dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of the bones, partially or completely violating their mutual contact.
SIGNS:
the appearance of intense pain in the area of the affected joint;
violation of the function of the limb, manifested in the inability to perform active movements;
forced position of the limb and deformity of the joint shape;
displacement of the articular head with desolation of the articular capsule and springy fixation of the limb in its abnormal position.
Traumatic dislocations of the joints require immediate first aid.
Timely corrected dislocation, with proper subsequent treatment, will lead to a complete restoration of the impaired function of the limb.
FIRST AID should consist, as a rule, in fixing the damaged limb, giving an analgesic drug and sending the victim to a medical institution.
Fixation of the limb is carried out by dressing or hanging it on a kerchief.
In case of dislocations of the joints of the lower limb, the victim must be taken to a medical institution in a supine position (on a stretcher), with pillows placed under the limb, its fixation and giving the victim an anesthetic.
When providing first aid in unclear cases, when it was not possible to distinguish a dislocation from a fracture, the victim should be treated as if he had a clear bone fracture.
BLEEDING
Bleeding is the outpouring of blood from damaged blood vessels.
It is one of the frequent and dangerous consequences of injuries, injuries and burns.
Depending on the type of damaged vessel, there are: arterial, capillary and venous bleeding.
ARTERIAL BLEEDING occurs when the arteries are damaged and is the most dangerous.
SIGNS: scarlet blood is pouring out of the wound in a strong pulsating stream.
FIRST AID is aimed at stopping the bleeding, which can be carried out by giving the bleeding area an elevated position, applying a pressure bandage, maximum bending of the limb in the joint and squeezing the vessels passing in this area, finger pressing, applying a tourniquet.
The vessel is pressed above the wound, at certain anatomical points, where the muscle mass is less pronounced, the vessel passes superficially and can be pressed against the underlying bone.
It is better to press not one, but several fingers of one or both hands.
When bleeding in the temple area, the artery is pressed in front of the earlobe, at the zygomatic bone.
When bleeding in the cheek area, the vessels should be pressed to the edge of the lower jaw, in front of the masticatory muscle.
When bleeding from wounds of the face, tongue, scalp, the carotid artery is subject to pressing against the transverse process of the cervical vertebra, along the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, near its middle.
When bleeding in the shoulder area, the subclavian artery is pressed under the clavicle to the rib; the axillary artery is pressed in the armpit to the head of the humerus.
When bleeding in the area of the forearm and elbow bend, the brachial artery is pressed at the inner edge of the biceps biceps muscle to the humerus.
When bleeding in the inguinal region, the abdominal aorta is pressed with a fist below and to the left of the navel to the spine.
When bleeding in the thigh area, pressing is carried out to the horizontal branch of the pubic bone at a point located below the inguinal ligament.
Finger pressure for a temporary stop of bleeding is rarely used, only in the order of emergency care.
The most reliable way to temporarily stop severe arterial bleeding on the upper and lower extremities is to apply a hemostatic tourniquet or twist, i.e. a circular tug of the limb.
There are several types of hemostatic tourniquets.
In the absence of a harness, any improvised material can be used (a rubber tube, a trouser belt, a handkerchief, a rope, etc.).
The procedure for applying a hemostatic tourniquet:
1. A tourniquet is applied when the large arteries of the extremities are damaged above the wound, so that it completely squeezes the artery.
2. A tourniquet is applied with a raised limb, placing a soft cloth (bandage, clothing, etc.) under it, make several turns until the bleeding stops completely.
The coils should lie close to each other so that the folds of clothing do not fall between them.
The ends of the harness are securely fixed (tied or fastened with a chain and a hook).
A properly tightened tourniquet should lead to a stop of bleeding and the disappearance of the peripheral pulse.
3. A note must be attached to the tourniquet indicating the time of applying the tourniquet.
4. The tourniquet is applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in the cold season, the duration of the stay of the tourniquet is reduced to 1 hour.
5. If it is absolutely necessary for a longer stay of the tourniquet on the limb, it is weakened for 5-10 minutes (until the blood supply to the limb is restored), making a finger pressing of the damaged vessel for this time.
This manipulation can be repeated several times, but each time reducing the length of time between manipulations by 1.5-2 times compared to the previous one.
The tourniquet should be placed so that it is visible.
The victim with a tourniquet is immediately sent to a medical institution for the final stop of bleeding.
VENOUS BLEEDING occurs when the walls of the veins are damaged.
SIGNS: dark blood flows out of the wound in a slow, continuous stream.
FIRST AID consists in stopping the bleeding, for which it is enough to give an elevated position of the limb, bend it as much as possible in the joint or apply a pressure bandage.
This position is given to the limb only after applying a pressure bandage.
With severe venous bleeding, they resort to pressing the vessel.
The damaged vessel is pressed against the bone below the wound.
This method is convenient because it can be performed immediately and does not require any devices.
CAPILLARY BLEEDING is a consequence of damage to the smallest blood vessels (capillaries).
SIGNS: the entire wound surface is bleeding.
FIRST AID consists in applying a pressure bandage.
A bandage (gauze) is applied to the bleeding area, you can use a clean handkerchief or a bleached cloth.
FAINTING
FAINTING is a sudden short term loss of consciousness, accompanied by a weakening of the activity of the heart and breathing.
It occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more.
SIGNS.
SIGNS.
Fainting is expressed in sudden nausea, dizziness, weakness and loss of consciousness.
Fainting is accompanied by paleness and coldness of the skin.
Breathing is slow, shallow, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).
First of all, it is necessary to lay the victim on his back so that the head is slightly lowered and the legs are raised.
To facilitate breathing, release the neck and chest from the restrictive clothing.
Cover the victim warmly, put a hot water bottle at his feet.
Rub the patient's temples with ammonia and bring a cotton wool soaked in ammonia to the nose, and spray the face with cold water.
In case of prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated.
After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.
A fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bone caused by violence or a pathological process.
Open fractures are characterized by the presence of a wound in the fracture area, and closed fractures are characterized by the absence of a violation of the integrity of the integument (skin or mucous membrane).
It should be remembered that a fracture can be accompanied by complications: damage to the sharp ends of bone fragments of large blood vessels, which leads to external bleeding (in the presence of an open wound) or interstitial hemorrhage (in the presence of a closed fracture); damage to nerve trunks, causing shock or paralysis; infection of the wound and the development of phlegmon, the occurrence of osteomyelitis or a general purulent infection; damage to internal organs (brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.).
SIGNS: severe pain, deformity and violation of the motor function of the limb, shortening of the limb, a kind of bone crunch.
With fractures of the skull, nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness, slowing of the pulse – signs of a concussion (bruise) of the brain, bleeding from the nose and ears will be observed.
Pelvic fractures are always accompanied by significant blood loss and in 30% of cases, the development of traumatic shock.
This condition occurs due to the fact that large blood vessels and nerve trunks are damaged in the pelvic region.
There are violations of urination and defecation, blood appears in the urine and feces.
Spinal fractures are one of the most serious injuries, often resulting in a fatal outcome.
Anatomically, the vertebral column consists of adjacent vertebrae that are interconnected by intervertebral discs, articular processes and ligaments.
The spinal cord is located in a special channel, which can also suffer from injury.
Injuries of the cervical spine are very dangerous, leading to serious violations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
If the spinal cord and its roots are damaged, its conductivity is disrupted.
FIRST AID consists in ensuring the immobility of bone fragments (transport immobilization) of the damaged limb with tires or sticks, planks, etc. available at hand.
If there are no objects for immobilization at hand, then the damaged arm should be bandaged to the trunk, the damaged leg to the healthy one.
In case of a spinal fracture, the victim is transported on a shield.
In case of an open fracture, accompanied by heavy bleeding, a pressure aseptic bandage is applied and, according to indications, a hemostatic tourniquet.
It should be borne in mind that the application of the tourniquet is limited to the minimum possible period.
The affected person is given painkillers: baralgin, sedelgin, analgin, amidopyrin, diphenhydramine, dosage depending on the age of the victim.
WOUNDS
One of the most frequent reasons for first aid is injuries (wounds).
A wound is a mechanical damage to the integument of the body, often accompanied by a violation of the integrity of muscles, nerves, large vessels, bones, internal organs, cavities and joints.
Depending on the nature of the damage and the type of the injuring object, there are cut, stabbed, chopped, bruised, crushed, gunshot, torn and bitten wounds.
Wounds can be superficial, deep and penetrating into the body cavity.
The causes of injury can be various physical or mechanical influences.
Depending on their strength, nature, characteristics and places of application, they can lead to various defects of the skin and mucous membranes, injuries of blood vessels, damage to internal organs, bones, nerve trunks and cause acute pain.
Incised wounds.
The incised wound usually gapes, has smooth edges and bleeds profusely.
With such a wound, the surrounding tissues are slightly damaged and are less prone to infection.
Stab wounds are the result of penetration of piercing objects into the body.
Stab wounds are often penetrating into the cavities (thoracic, abdominal and articular).
The shape of the entrance hole and wound channel depends on the type of wounding weapon and the depth of its penetration.
Stab wounds are characterized by a deep channel and often significant damage to internal organs.
Internal bleeding in the body cavity is not uncommon.
Due to the fact that the wound canal is usually tortuous due to the displacement of tissues, there may be congestion between the tissues and the development of infections.
Chopped wounds.
Such wounds are characterized by deep tissue damage, wide gaping, bruising and concussion of the surrounding tissues.
Bruised and lacerated wounds are characterized by a large number of mashed, bruised, blood soaked tissues.
The bruised blood vessels are thrombosed.
In case of a gunshot wound, the victim needs urgent qualified medical care.
FIRST AID.
A bandage should be applied to any wound, aseptic (sterile) if possible.
The means of applying an aseptic dressing in most cases is a medical dressing package, and in its absence a sterile bandage, cotton wool, lignin and, in extreme cases, a clean cloth.
If the wound is accompanied by significant bleeding, it is necessary to stop it in any suitable way.
In case of extensive soft tissue injuries, bone fractures and wounds of large blood vessels and nerve trunks, immobilization of the limb with service or improvised means is necessary.
The victim must be injected with an analgesic drug and given antibiotics.
The victim must be taken to a medical institution as soon as possible.
STRETCHING
Stretching is damage to soft tissues (ligaments, muscles, tendons, nerves) under the influence of a force that does not violate their integrity.
Most often, there is a stretching of the ligamentous apparatus of the joints with incorrect, sudden and sharp movements that go beyond the normal range of movements of this joint (when the foot is twisted, lateral turns of the leg with a fixed foot, etc.).
In more severe cases, a tear or a complete rupture of the ligaments and the joint bag may occur.
SIGNS: the appearance of sudden severe pain, swelling, impaired movement in the joints, hemorrhage in soft tissues.
When feeling the place of stretching, soreness appears.
FIRST AID provides for providing rest to the victim, tight bandaging of the damaged joint, ensuring its mobility and reducing hemorrhage.
Then you need to consult a traumatologist.
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
Artificial respiration is an urgent first aid measure in case of drowning, suffocation, electric shock, heat and sunstroke.
It is carried out until the victim's breathing is completely restored.
THE MECHANISM OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION is as follows:
put the victim on a horizontal surface;
clean the victim's mouth and throat of saliva, mucus, earth and other foreign objects, if the jaws are tightly compressed – push them apart;
tilt the victim's head back, placing one hand on the forehead and the other on the back of the head;
take a deep breath, bending down to the victim, seal the area of his mouth with his lips and exhale.
The exhalation should last about 1 second and contribute to the lifting of the victim's chest.
At the same time, the victim's nostrils should be closed, and the mouth should be covered with gauze or a handkerchief, for hygiene reasons;
the frequency of artificial respiration is 16-18 times per minute;
periodically release the victim's stomach from the air by pressing on the epigastric region.
HEART MASSAGE
Heart massage is a mechanical effect on the heart after it stops in order to restore activity and maintain continuous blood flow, until the heart resumes working.
SIGNS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST are loss of consciousness, sudden pallor, disappearance of the pulse, cessation of breathing or the appearance of rare convulsive breaths, dilation of the pupils.
The mechanism of EXTERNAL HEART MASSAGE is as follows: with a sharp push like pressure on the chest, it is displaced by 3-5 cm, this is facilitated by muscle relaxation in the victim who is in a state of agony.
This movement leads to compression of the heart and it can begin to perform its pumping function – it pushes blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery during compression, and when straightened, it sucks venous blood.
When performing an external heart massage, the victim is placed on his back, on a flat and hard surface (floor, table, ground, etc.), the belt and the collar of the clothes are unbuttoned.
The helper, standing on the left side, places the palm of the hand on the lower third of the sternum, puts the second palm crosswise on top and produces a strong dosed pressure towards the spine.
Pressure is produced in the form of shocks, at least 60 in 1 min.
When conducting a massage in an adult, a significant effort is required not only of the hands, but also of the entire body body.
In children, massage is performed with one hand, and in infants and newborns with the tips of the index and middle fingers, with a frequency of 100-110 pushes per minute.
The displacement of the sternum in children should be made within 1.5-2 cm.
The effectiveness of indirect heart massage is provided only in combination with artificial respiration.
It is more convenient to conduct them to two persons.
In this case, the first makes one injection of air into the lungs, then the second makes five pressures on the chest.
If the victim's heart activity has been restored, the pulse is determined, the face has turned pink, then the heart massage is stopped, and artificial respiration is continued in the same rhythm until independent breathing is restored.
The question of the termination of measures to provide assistance to the victim is decided by the doctor called to the scene of the incident.
POISONING WITH EMERGENCY CHEMICALLY DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES
POISONING OF PEOPLE WITH EMERGENCY CHEMICALLY DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES (AHS) in accidents and catastrophes occurs when AHS enter the body through the respiratory and digestive organs, skin and mucous membranes.
The nature and severity of the lesions are determined by the following main factors: the type and nature of the toxic effect, the degree of toxicity, the concentration of chemicals on the affected object (territory) and the duration of exposure to humans.
SIGNS.
The above factors will also determine the clinical manifestations of lesions, which in the initial period may be:
- irritation phenomena – cough, tickling and sore throat, lacrimation and pain in the eyes, chest pain, headache;
- the increase and development of phenomena from the central nervous system (CNS) – headache, dizziness, a feeling of intoxication and fear, nausea, vomiting, a state of euphoria, impaired coordination of movements, drowsiness, general lethargy, apathy, etc.
FIRST AID should be provided as soon as possible and consist of:
- putting a gas mask on the victim, carrying out partial sanitary treatment of open areas of the body and clothing adjacent to open areas of the body;
- use for respiratory protection, in the absence of a gas mask, improvised means (a piece of cloth, a towel and other materials) moistened with a solution of baking soda;
- introduction of an antipode (antidote);
- removal (removal) of the victim from the infection zone;
- in carrying out, if necessary, artificial respiration and indirect heart massage in an uninfected area;
- providing first aid in the presence of a chemical focus (see the section "Chemical burn");
- delivery of the victim to the nearest medical institution.
CHEMICAL BURN
CHEMICAL BURNS are the result of exposure to tissues (skin, mucous membranes) of substances that have a pronounced cauterizing property (strong acids, alkalis, heavy metal salts, phosphorus).
Most chemical burns of the skin are industrial, and chemical burns of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach are more often domestic.
The effect of strong acids and heavy metal salts on tissues leads to clotting, coagulation of proteins and their dehydration, therefore, coagulation necrosis of tissues occurs with the formation of a dense gray crust of dead tissues, which prevents the action of acids on underlying tissues.
Alkalis do not bind proteins, but dissolve them, saponify fats and cause deeper necrosis of tissues, which take the form of a white soft scab.
It should be noted that the definition the degree of chemical burn in the first days is difficult due to insufficient clinical manifestations.
FIRST AID consists of:
- immediate washing of the affected surface with a jet of water, thereby achieving complete removal of acid or alkali and stopping their damaging effect;
- neutralization of acid residues with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda);
- neutralization of alkali residues with a 2% solution of acetic or citric acid;
- applying an aseptic dressing to the affected surface;
- taking painkillers to the victims, if necessary.
PHOSPHORUS BURNS are usually deep, because when they get on the skin, phosphorus continues to burn.
FIRST AID for burns with phosphorus is to:
- immediate immersion of the burnt surface in water or in abundant irrigation with water;
- cleaning the surface of the burn from pieces of phosphorus with tweezers;
- applying a lotion with a 5% solution of copper sulfate to the burn surface;
- applying an aseptic dressing;
- taking painkillers to the victims.
Exclude the application of ointment dressings, which can enhance the fixation and absorption of phosphorus.
RADIATION DAMAGE
RADIATION DAMAGE occurs in accidents at nuclear installations with a violation of the integrity of technological communications and the entry of gamma - and beta - radioactive substances into the environment in a liquid, aerosol or gaseous state.
Depending on the specific conditions (the nature of the accident, the type of installation, the amount of space), a person may be exposed to:
radioactive noble gases;
penetrating radiation from radioactively contaminated objects of the external environment;
radioactive substances applied to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract;
radioactive substances that enter the body when inhaled, carried from contaminated skin, or when eating food and drinking water containing nuclides.
Combinations of individual components of the impact can be different.
In each case, the outcome of radiation damage will depend on the level and dose of general and local irradiation and, very significantly, on the size of the body surface exposed to "additional" radiation.
FIRST AID (URGENT ACTIONS).
Necessary:
- protect(s) from the effects of ionizing radiation;
- take a radioprotector and stable iodine (in case of an accident at a nuclear power plant);
- apply immediately to a medical and preventive institution of this object or near the located;
- carry out decontamination washing under the shower with hot water with soap and a brush.
If there is a mechanical injury, a thermal burn, you should additionally:
- wash the wound with a stream of water with a disinfectant;
- treat the wound with a solution of hydrogen peroxide in order to remove radionuclides;
- apply an aseptic dressing on the wound surface;
- enter (give) an analgesic;
- in case of a fracture, immobilize by applying a splint.
RADIATION BURN
RADIATION BURNS occur when exposed to ionizing radiation, give a peculiar clinical picture and need special treatment methods.
When irradiating living tissues, intercellular connections are disrupted and toxic substances are formed, which is the beginning of a complex chain reaction that spreads to all tissue and intracellular metabolic processes.
Violation of metabolic processes, exposure to toxic products and the rays themselves, first of all, affects the function of the nervous system.
SIGNS.
In the first time after irradiation, there is a sharp overexcitation of nerve cells, followed by a state of parabiosis.
After a few minutes, capillaries expand in the tissues exposed to radiation, and after a few hours, the death and decay of nerve endings and trunks occur.
FIRST AID.
Necessary:
- remove radioactive substances from the skin surface by flushing with a jet of water or special solvents;
- give radioprotective agents (radioprotector cystamine);
- apply an aseptic dressing on the affected surface;
- the victim should be taken to a medical institution as soon as possible.
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
CARBON MONOXIDE poisoning occurs when it is inhaled and refers to acute poisoning.
The formation of carbon monoxide occurs during gorenje and in production conditions.
It is contained in blast furnace, furnace, mine, tunnel, light gases.
In the chemical industry, it is formed during technical processes in which this chemical compound serves as a starting material for the synthesis of acetone, phosgene, methyl alcohol, methane, etc.
The DAMAGING EFFECT of carbon monoxide is based on the reaction of a compound with hemoglobin (a chemical compound of blood consisting of protein and iron that supplies oxygen to the tissue), resulting in the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, unable to transport oxygen to tissues, resulting in hypoxia (oxygen starvation of tissues).
This explains the earliest and most pronounced changes on the part of the central nervous system, especially sensitive to lack of oxygen.
SIGNS: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dazed state, sharp muscle weakness, darkening of consciousness, loss of consciousness, coma.
When exposed to high concentrations of carbon monoxide, severe poisoning is observed, which is characterized by loss of consciousness, a prolonged comatose state, leading to death in especially severe cases.
At the same time, there is an expansion of the pupils with a sluggish reaction to light, an attack of convulsions, a sharp tension (rigidity) of the muscles, rapid shallow breathing, rapid heartbeat.
Death occurs when breathing and cardiac activity stops.
FIRST AID.
Necessary:
- take the victim out into the fresh air;
- free the neck and chest from restrictive clothing;
- bring ammonia to your nose;
- if possible, carry out oxygen inhalation;
- if necessary, perform artificial respiration and indirect heart massage;
- urgently deliver to a medical institution.
ELECTRICAL INJURY
An electric injury occurs when a person comes into direct or indirect contact with a source of electricity.
Under the influence of heat (Joule heat), formed when an electric current passes through the tissues of the body, burns occur.
Electric current usually causes deep burns.
All pathological disorders caused by electric trauma can be explained by the direct effect of an electric current when it passes through the tissues of the body; by side effects caused by the passage of current in the environment outside the body.
As a result of the direct effect of the current on the body, general phenomena occur (disorders of the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory systems, etc.).
Side effects in the environment (heat, light, sound) can cause changes in the body (blinding and burns with a voltaic arc, damage to the hearing organs, etc.).
When providing FIRST AID to the affected, it is necessary to quickly release the affected person from the action of electric current, using improvised means (a dry stick, a rope, a board, etc., or skillfully cutting (cutting) a suitable wire with a shovel or an axe, disconnecting the network, etc.
For self defense, the helper must wrap his hands with a rubberized cloth, a dry cloth, put on rubber gloves, stand on a dry board, a wooden shield, etc.
The affected person should be taken for those parts of clothing that do not fit directly to the body (the hem of the dress, the floors of the jacket, raincoat, coat).
RESUSCITATION BENEFITS consist in: - performing artificial respiration from mouth to mouth or from mouth to nose; - the implementation of a closed heart massage.
To relieve (reduce) the pain, the victim is injected (given) an analgesic drug.
An aseptic bandage is applied to the area of electric burns.
A THERMAL BURN is one of the types of trauma that occurs when high temperature is exposed to the tissues of the body.
According to the nature of the agent that caused the burn, the latter can be obtained from exposure to light radiation, flame, boiling water, steam, hot air, electric current.
Burns can be of a wide variety of localization (face, hands, torso, limbs) and occupy a different area.
According to the depth of the lesion, burns are divided into 4 degrees: I degree is characterized by hyperemia and swelling of the skin, accompanied by burning pain; Grade II the formation of bubbles filled with a transparent yellowish liquid; grade III the spread of necrosis on the epidermis; IIIb necrosis of all skin layers; IV degree – necrosis of not only the skin, but also the underlying tissues.
FIRST AID consists in: - termination of the traumatic agent.
To do this, it is necessary to throw off the clothes that caught fire, knock down a runner in burning clothes, pour water on him, cover him with snow, cover the burning area of clothing with a greatcoat, coat, blanket, tarpaulin, etc.;
- extinguishing burning clothing or incendiary mixture.
When extinguishing napalm, raw earth, clay, sand are used; it is possible to extinguish napalm with water only when the victim is immersed in water;
- prevention of shock: the introduction (giving) of painkillers; - removal (cutting) of clothing from the affected areas of the affected person's body; - applying an aseptic dressing to the burned surfaces (using a bandage, an individual dressing bag, a clean towel, a sheet, a handkerchief, etc.); - immediate referral to a medical institution.
The effectiveness of self and mutual assistance depends on how quickly the victim or the people around him will be able to navigate the situation, use the skills and means of first aid.
RESUSCITATION BENEFITS in the lesion are reduced to a closed heart massage, ensuring the patency of the respiratory tract, artificial respiration from mouth to mouth or from mouth to nose.
If resuscitation by these methods is ineffective, it is stopped.
State institution of the Chuvash Republic "Chuvash Republican search and rescue service" GKCHS of Chuvashia 428012 Cheboksary, Kanashskoe highway, 19 Phone: (8352) 58-00-48 Fax: (8352) 66-21-05
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