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Taras G. Shevchenko
1814 - 1861
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Taras Shevchenko
Taras G. SHEVCHENKO (9.03.1814-10.03.1861), Little Russian poet and artist.
He was born in the family of a serf peasant.
In 1838, he was bought out of serfdom from the landowner Engelhardt and entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
He studied under K. P. Bryullov.
After graduating from the Academy in 1846, he worked in the Kiev Archaeological Commission.
Shevchenko gained literary fame by publishing a collection of poems “Kobzar”in 1840.
Shevchenko's literary and socio political views were formed under the influence of the works of A. S. Pushkin, M. Y. Lermontov, V. G. Belinsky.
Shevchenko's poetry reflected the moods, aspirations and thoughts of the Little Russians.
These moods were reflected in Shevchenko's poems "Katerina “(1838),” Gaydamaki “(1841),” Dream “(1844),” Naimichka" (1845).
In 1846, Shevchenko joined the Cyril and Methodius Society founded in 1845 by teachers and students of Kiev University, which pursued the goal of creating a federation of Slavic peoples.
Shevchenko joined the left wing of this society.
In April 1847, the society was discovered by the police.
Its participants were subjected to various administrative punishments without a trial.
The most severe punishment was inflicted on Shevchenko, who was exiled as an ordinary soldier to the Orenburg province with a ban on "writing and drawing".
In 1850, Shevchenko was transferred to the Novopetrovskoye fortification on the island.
Mangyshlake.
According to the amnesty of 1856, Shevchenko returned to St. Petersburg in 1858.
In 1859, Shevchenko left for Little Russia, but was arrested for revolutionary propaganda and sent to St. Petersburg under the supervision of the III department.
From the picturesque heritage of Shevchenko, his painting “Katerina” (1842), etchings “Picturesque Ukraine” (1844), a series of drawings “The Parable of the Prodigal Son” (1856-57), portraits, watercolor landscapes are well known.
L. N. Vdovina
Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko (1814-1861) - Ukrainian poet, artist, founder of the revolutionary democratic trend in Ukrainian public thought.
Born in the family of a serf.
In 1838, he was bought from a landowner and entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
He was associated with the Petrashevites.
In 1847, for participating in the" Cyril and Methodius Society", he was arrested, sentenced to exile and assigned as an ordinary to a separate Orenburg corps under the strictest supervision with a ban on writing and drawing.
After the end of exile (1857), Sh.
became close to Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, etc. employees of the magazine "Sovremennik".
Poetry (collection of poems "Kobzar", poems "Gaydamaki", "Dream", "Caucasus", etc.) and the activities of Sh.
were directed against the tsarist autocracy and serfdom, he opposed bourgeois nationalists, for the friendship of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples, fought for the development of national culture.
According to his worldview, Sh.
he was a materialist.
He claimed that the power of the spirit is unthinkable without matter.
Emphasizing the inevitability of the death of the feudal serf system, he saw in the masses of the people a decisive force for the development of society.
Sh.
sharply criticized religion and the church.
In aesthetics, he stood on the positions of realism, fought for the truthfulness of life, the nationality and the ideological nature of art.
The poet's philosophical and aesthetic views are vividly reflected in his "Diary".
Philosophical Dictionary.
Edited by I. T. Frolov.
M., 1991, p. 523.
Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko (1814-1861), Ukrainian poet.
He was born in the village of Morintsy, Kiev province, in the family of a serf peasant.
My childhood years were spent in my native village, then in the village of Kirilovka.
Orphaned early, he learned the disenfranchised share of the serf.
A village sexton taught him to read and write.
In 1828, he entered the service in the house of the landowner P.Engelhardt was born in the village of Vilshana, a year later he served in his house in Vilna, and from 1831 - in St. Petersburg.
Having discovered the boy's ability to draw, Engelhardt decided to make him a home painter and sent him to study with the artist V. Shiryaev in 1832.
In 1836, Shevchenko met the Ukrainian artist I. Soshenko, and through him with K. Bryullov, V. Grigorovich, V. Zhukovsky, who decided to release the young artist from serfdom.
In 1838, a portrait of Zhukovsky, painted by Bryullov, was drawn in a lottery, and for the received 2500 rubles.
Shevchenko was bought from Engelhardt.
In the same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts, where he became a student and comrade of Bryullov.
He studied greedily, read a lot, studied art, mastered the skill of drawing and painting.
He knew the works of Ukrainian and Russian writers well.
In 1840, the first Ukrainian collection of Shevchenko's poems was published in St. Petersburg - "Kobzar", which began a new era in the history of Ukrainian literature.
Shevchenko's early works were written in the genre of ballads, poems,"dumkas".
Significant works of this period are the poems "Katerina" (1838) and "Gaydamaki" (1841).
In Russian, he wrote the poems "Blind" (1842), "Untalented" (1844), the drama "Nazar Stodolya" (1843).
In 1843, he returned to Ukraine, traveled for a year, visited relatives, observed the life of the people, painted a lot.
He released the album "Picturesque Ukraine".
In 1844, Shevchenko graduated from the Academy of Arts, receiving the title of "non class (free) artist", and again goes to Ukraine, deciding to settle in Kiev.
By this time, his revolutionary democratic views were determined (he got acquainted with some of the Petrashevites), plans for large works of an accusatory nature were born: the poem (comedy) "Dream" (1844);
"The Caucasus" (1845); "Heretic".
In the 1840s, he wrote many beautiful poems that were included in the collection "Three Years", which ended with the poem "As I die, bury..." (1845).
In 1846, he joined a secret political society the "Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood", whose members were arrested on the denunciation of the provocateur.
Shevchenko was arrested in 1847 and, having passed the casemate of the Third Department, for revolutionary poems in the collection "Three Years", found during the arrest, he was exiled as a soldier to the Orsk fortress with the sentence of Nicholas 1: "Under the strictest supervision, with the prohibition to write and draw".
But Shevchenko continued to secretly write poems, hiding them: the poems "Varnak" and " Marina "(1848), the cycle" Tsars " and a whole series of lyrical poems expressing a fervent love for Ukraine were written in the fortress.
In 1848, as an artist, Shevchenko was included in the expedition to survey the Aral Sea, where he painted a lot and created 350 watercolor landscapes and portraits.
In 1850, on the denunciation of one of the officers, the poet was arrested in Orenburg, sent to the Orsk Fortress and imprisoned in a casemate.
Soon he was transferred to the Mangyshlak peninsula of the Caspian Sea, to the Novopetrovskoye fortification.
In 1851, despite the increased supervision, Shevchenko was again included as an artist in the geological expedition in the Karatau mountains.
Russian Russian novels were written by the poet in Novopetrovsk with the permission of the commandant of the fortification in his spare hours, hoping to publish them under a pseudonym in Russian magazines.
So the stories "The Princess" (1853), "The Musician" (1854), "The Unfortunate" (1855), etc. were written.
Many landscapes, portraits, genre drawings were also created here.
After the death of Mykola 1, Shevchenko was released under an amnesty, but not immediately, but only after the persistent efforts of friends.
On the way to St. Petersburg, he was forced to stay in Nizhny Novgorod, as he was banned from entering both capitals.
The poem "Neophytes" (1857), the triptych "Share", "Muse", "Glory"were written here.
Shevchenko's friends obtained permission for him to live in St. Petersburg, and upon arrival there, he found himself in the center of attention.
He became close to the circle of "Sovremennik", "Iskra", with many Russian and Polish revolutionary democrats (Chernyshevsky, Kurochkin, etc.).
In 1860, the Council of the Academy of Arts awarded him the title of academician in the class of engraving.
During the years of the revolutionary situation in Russia, Shevchenko used biblical and gospel stories to embody revolutionary ideas: "Imitation of Psalm II", " Imitation of Ezekiel.
Chapter 19" (1859), the poem "Maria", etc.
In 1860, he wrote a bold and strong poem " Quiet Light!
The light is clear!.."
In 1861, Shevchenko met his birthday seriously ill (liver, heart disorder, dropsy).
In the morning, he died.
It happened on February 26 (March 10, n.s.) in St. Petersburg.
The materials of the book: Russian writers and poets are used.
A short biographical dictionary.
Moscow, 2000.
In the footsteps of Pushkin and Pugachev
Taras Grigoryevich SHEVCHENKO (1814-1861) was a Ukrainian folk poet, artist, thinker.
From the very beginning of his creative life, he showed great interest in the poetry of A. S. Pushkin and his prose works.
There are many confirmations of this in the entries of the "Diary" and the stories of the period of captivity ("The Artist", "Gemini").
Like Pushkin, Shevchenko was deeply interested in events
The Peasant War of 1773-1775 under the leadership of Em.
Pugacheva.
In 1847-1850.
he visited many places of rebel fighting those where once "pugav Pugach over the Urals" ("Moskaleva krinitsa").
In the story "Gemini" there are such lines:"...
And admiring this majestic horizon, I quietly drove into the Tatishchev fortress.
I gave the road sign to the caretaker, but I stayed on the street, and while the horses were being changed, I remembered the "Captain's Daughter", and I saw as if alive a formidable Pugach in a black sheep's cap and a red epanche, on a white horse..."
The diary of T. Shevchenko (entries on July 19, December 8 and 13, 1857) captured the idea of his poem "The Satrap and the Dervish" (as he himself wrote, "like" Angelo "Pushkin").
The most widely described theme is in the book by F. Ya.
Priymy "Shevchenko and Russian literature of the XIX century" (M.-L., 1961).The biographical information is reprinted from the website
http://www.orenburg.ru/culture/encyclop/tom2/tom2 fr.html
I. N. Kramskoy.
Portrait of the Ukrainian writer and artist T. G. Shevchenko.
1871.
Taras G. Shevchenko (25.02[9.03].1814-26.02 [10.03].1861), Little Russian poet, artist, thinker.
Born in c. Morintsy of the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region in the family of a serf peasant.
He was orphaned early; he was a shepherd, a farmhand, from the age of 14 he was a "Cossack" for his landowner P. V. Engelhardt.
He learned to read and write from a rural sexton.
Since 1829, he lived with a landowner in Vilnius, and with his move to St. Petersburg (n. 1831) , he was sent (in 1833) to study with the "various pictorial affairs of the guild master" Shiryaev.
In the spring of 1838, Shevchenko was bought out of serfdom.
The first of Shevchenko's extant works — the ballad "Spoiled", the poem "Dumka" ("Water flows in the blue sea"), "The Eternal Memory of Kotlyarevsky" and the poem "Katerina" — date from 1837-38.
In 1840, a collection of Shevchenko's poetic works "Kobzar" was published, where the poems "My Thoughts", "Perebendya", "Dumka" ("My chorni eyebrows..."), "To Osnovyanenko", "Ivan Horseshoe", the ballad "Poplar", the poems "Katerina" and "Tarasov's Night"were first published.
Shevchenko's early work, the results of which were summed up by the appearance of "Kobzar", developed in the direction of romanticism.
In ballads and poems, reality is closely intertwined with the fiction of folk legends and legends; the plots are based on an unhappy, tragically doomed love.
However, already in the early works of Shevchenko, a powerful stream of realism is noticeable: his heroines are full of genuinely truthful feelings, specific life circumstances are seen behind their suffering.
"Katerina", for example, is a completely realistic poem about the bitter fate, despair and suicide of a simple peasant girl who was deceived by an officer and abandoned by him with a child in her arms.
Over time, the theme of love and the female share becomes more and more historical certainty in Shevchenko's work.
The merciless revenge on the oppressors for the violated human dignity is justified and sanctified (the poems "The Blind Woman", 1842," The Princess", 1847," Marina", 1848).
The same movement towards realism is also in the historical theme.
From the early works "Tarasov's Night" (1838), "Ivan the Horseshoe" (1839), imbued with the romance of ancient legends, the poet is getting closer to the theme of the national liberation struggle.
The largest of his historical poems, "Haidamaki "(1841), depicts the events of the great popular uprising of 1768, known as the" Koliivshchyna", against the Polish gentry oppression.
This poetic epic is historically true and, moreover, it is all turned to the present: with memories of the glory of Shevchenko's ancestors, he sought to appeal to the oppressed Little Russian people to fight for their liberation from the Polish invaders.
In May 1843, Shevchenko went to Little Russia, intending to settle in Kiev.
Impressions from trips to the Kiev, Poltava, Chernihiv and Volyn provinces (as an artist of the Kiev Archeographic Commission), especially from the difficult situation of the enslaved peasantry, noticeably strengthened Shevchenko's liberation aspirations.
During his trips, he wrote anti serf poems, putting them in an album ("Three years"), read them to friends, gave them to rewrite.
In 1846, Shevchenko joined the secret Cyril and Methodius society, where he occupied the most left wing positions; in April 1847, he was arrested and then sent as a soldier to the Orel Fortress (in the Orenburg province, and in 1850 - to the Novopetrov fortification on the Mangyshlak peninsula, now Fort Shevchenko) for, as stated in the sentence, "composing poems in the Little Russian language, the most outrageous content."
During the years of exile, realistic stories were written in Russian: "The Princess" (1853), "The Musician" (1854-55), "The Unfortunate", "The Captain", " The Twins "(all — 1855)," The Artist "(1856); previously, the stories" Naimichka "(1844) and" Varnak "(1845) were written; after the exile," A Walk with pleasure and not without morality " (1856-58); all of them are imbued with anti — serf sentiments.
In the center of the stories "Varnak", "Musician", "Artist", "Walk..." is the personality of a serf intellectual, whose fate has many autobiographical features.
The author's voice sounds in the hero's views on art a staunch supporter of realism, close to the theory and practice of the" natural school " in Russian literature.
In 1860, a new (the most complete of the three lifetime) edition of "Kobzar" appeared (however, the poems "Dream", "Caucasus", "Heretic", the poem "Testament" and similar works could not be included in it).
A number of poems that were not included in the "Kobzar" under censorship conditions were published by the poet's friends in 1859 in Leipzig (the collection "New Poems of Pushkin and Shevchenko").
The works of 1857-61 are the pinnacle of Shevchenko's poetry, now even richer and more diverse in themes (socio political, philosophical), moods, a palette of colors in poems about nature, deep wisdom of reflections on poetry (triptych "Share", "Muse", "Glory", 1858, etc.), in rhythm and high culture of expressive means and skill of artistic imagery.
The greatest achievements of this period include the poems "Neophyte", "The Fool" (both 1857), "Maria" (1859) and the lyrics of the 50s n. 60s.
Imitations of psalms and biblical motifs ("Imitation of Psalm 11", "Hosea, chapter XIV", the poem "Mary") were used by Shevchenko to express liberating ideas.
Shevchenko's poetics, close to the folk tradition, evolved (without breaking with it) to an ever greater and unique originality.
The rhythmic and intonational structure of Shevchenko's poetry is based on the Little Russian folk verse, but it is characterized by a rich variety of forms and variants, rhythms and stanzas of syllabic (12-11 - and 14 complex) and syllabic tonic versifications (for example, 28 types of stanzas only in poems written in iambic tetrameter).
Shevchenko brought an unprecedented wealth of themes to the Little Russian poetry, radically expanded its cultural and intellectual horizons, including historical and modern motifs from the life of many European peoples, ideas and images of European literatures.
Many of Shevchenko's works are set to music by N. V. Lysenko (see his collection "Music to Shevchenko's Kobzar") and other Little Russian (K. G. Steshenko, Ya.S. Stepovy, S. F. Lyudkevich, etc.) and Great Russian (M. P. Mussorgsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov) composers.
The poems "My Thoughts, my thoughts", "Testament", the beginning of the ballad "Spoiled" ("Reve ta stogne Dnipr shiroky") became folk songs; "Testament" was included in the circle of folk songs.
Shevchenko's death was perceived as a great loss for Russian literature.
At his funeral, the presence of many literary and public figures wrote ovals, among them M. E. Saltykov Shchedrin, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. S. Leskov and others .
N. A. Nekrasov wrote a poem "On the death of Shevchenko".
The materials of the website The Great Encyclopedia of the Russian People are used - http://www.rusinst.ru
Essays:
Complete zibrannya creativ.
Vol. 1-10.
Kiev, 1939-64;
Povne zibrannya creativ.
Vol. 1-6.
Kiev, 1963-64; in Rus.
trans.
- Sobr.
soch .
T. 1-5.
M., 1964-65.
Read more:
Vladimir SIROTENKO.
Unknown Taras Shevchenko.
Chapter 1.
Childhood.
Historical persons of Ukraine (biographical directory).
SLAVYANISM (A special project of CHRONOS within the framework of the Forum of Slavic Cultures program).
﻿
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