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The God of Egypt Osiris
Osiris is an anthropomorphic god, that is, a god with the appearance of a person
Osiris is the son of the earth god Heb and the sky goddess Nut.
The image of Osiris is extremely complex and multifaceted.
This was noted by the ancient Egyptians themselves.
One of the ancient Egyptian hymns dedicated to Osiris says: "Your nature, O Osiris, is darker than that of other gods."
First of all, Osiris is the patron and protector of people.
He became the first king of Egypt, taught the Egyptians to cultivate the land and bake bread, grow grapes and make wine, extract ore from the ground, build cities, treat diseases, play musical instruments, worship the gods.
But, in addition, Osiris was revered as the god of vegetation, the productive forces of nature.
In the temples dedicated to him, a wooden frame was installed that repeated the contours of his body, covered with fertile land and sown with grain.
In the spring ,the" body of Osiris " sprouted young shoots.
Osiris was also the ruler of the afterlife, a fair and impartial judge of the dead.
The myth of Osiris, his faithful wife Isis and the evil brother Seth is one of the most interesting and plot developed in Egyptian mythology.
The famous Russian orientalist B. A. Turaev (1868-1920) called it "the main myth of the Egyptian religion, which occupies a central place in the entire culture of the Egyptians."
Statue of the God Osiris
The Legend of Osiris
Osiris had a brother, the evil and treacherous Set.
who was jealous of Osiris and decided to destroy him.
Secretly, he measured the height of Osiris and ordered a box to be made according to the measure with a beautiful finish.
Then he invited Osiris to his feast.
All the guests at the feast, being accomplices of Seth, began to loudly admire the box.
Seth said that he would give the box to someone who would have it in height.
Everyone in turn began to lie down in the box, but it did not fit anyone except Osiris.
When Osiris lay down in the box, Seth slammed the lid, locked the lock, and his accomplices took the box to the Nile and threw it into the water.
The wife of Osiris, Isis, having learned about the death of her husband, went in search of his body in order to bury him in a worthy way.
The waves carried the box with the body of Osiris to the shore near the city of Byblos.
A mighty tree grew above him, hiding inside its trunk.
The local king ordered to cut down a tree and make a column out of it to decorate his palace.
Isis reached the city of Byblos, extracted the body of Osiris from the column and took it on a pubis to the Nile Delta.
There, in solitude, among the swamps, she began to mourn her husband.
..
Darkness is all around us, although Ra is in the heavens, the sky has mixed with the earth, a shadow has fallen on the earth.
My heart is burning from an evil separation, My heart is burning, because you have fenced yourself off from me with a wall... (Translated by Anna Akhmatova)
At night, when Isis fell asleep, the evil Seth went hunting in the moonlight.
And it so happened that on the deserted shore he saw the body of his hated brother.
Seth cut the body of Osiris into fourteen parts and scattered it all over the world.
The sorrowful Isis again went in search of her husband's body.
In her wanderings, she was helped by people and animals, snakes and birds, and even crocodiles did not harm her when she sailed through the swamps on a papyrus boat.
The Egyptians believed that in memory of the great goddess, crocodiles would never touch anyone who sails on a boat made of papyrus.
In one version of the myth, Isis buried the found parts of the body of Osiris in different places.
This explains the fact that there were several tombs of Osiris in Egypt.
In another , she put his body together and said: "O bright Osiris!
Your bones are collected, your body is collected, your heart is given to your body!"
The god Anubis embalmed the body of Osiris and made the world's first mummy.
Since then, the Egyptians have had the custom of mummifying the dead.
Isis miraculously conceived a son from the deceased Osiris - Horus.
Having matured, Horus avenged his father, defeated Seth and became king of Egypt.
And Osiris went to the afterlife, becoming its ruler and judge over the dead.
Seth killed his brother Osiris, the god of the earth and vegetation.
But he was resurrected and reigned in the afterlife, becoming the lord of the tombs and the dead, the lord of the other world and the harbinger of the resurrection of the entire human race.
As the dead king and the king of the dead, Osiris was especially revered in ancient Egypt.
The love of Isis, his sister paredra, saved Osiris, and he came to life.
Thanks to him, every person who has passed the last judgment will find a new life.
And before the names of those who will be declared "justified" at this trial, the name "Osiris"will appear.
Osiris is the god of Salvation, so it is people who need him most of all!
Images of Osiris
Osiris is an anthropomorphic god, that is, a god with the appearance of a person.
In addition, the white shroud in which he is wrapped, likens him to a mummy.
This is a sign of the afterlife, which is ruled by Osiris.
This god has always been depicted in a static pose: most often standing, less often sitting, and never walking.
Sometimes his sisters, Isis and Nephthys, appear next to him.
Sometimes there are also images of the lying Osiris.
This is a reference to the myth of Osiris the fruit bearing, about which we will tell in more detail in the next article.
Often an animal sacrificed to him was depicted in front of Osiris.
Osiris is always crowned with a crown.
Myths say that he was the first king of Egypt.
In his hands he holds the symbols of power - a whip and a scepter.
Osiris, his sister and wife Isis and his son Horus make up the main sacred family of the Egyptian pantheon: god, goddess and divine infant.
God of Renewal
The skin of Osiris is green or black.
Black in Egypt was not considered a sign of mourning.
This is the color of rebirth, the color of new life, just like green.
And since death is the way to a new world, Osiris is always accompanied by plants.
This is a lotus, a vine or a tree.
The crown of Osiris is a sheaf of wheat, the rook is made of papyrus, and the jed is made of bundles of reeds.
Myths about Osiris
The story of Osiris is the story of a god, but at the same time it is very human.
It is full of promises for people who are doomed to death.
This is also a love story, in the center of which is the wife of God, Isis.
And although the myths about Osiris tell mainly about the afterlife, of which he is the king, this god embodies life and rebirth.
The myth of Osiris begins with the story of the god Ra, who gave birth to the divine couple, Shu and Tefnut.
From their union were born Geb, the embodiment of the earth, and Nut, the embodiment of heaven.
They became so attached to each other that it seemed impossible to separate them.
Nothing separated heaven and earth anymore, and Ra (the sun) could no longer travel across the firmament.
This is a revolt against the power of the god of gods!
Shu managed to tear his daughter away from her husband, and air, water and the sun penetrated into the freed space.
But Ra decided to punish the lovers for their carelessness.
Knowing that Nut had borne five babies in her womb, Ra decreed that children could not be born in any of the twelve months of the year!
Difficult birth
That God rebelled against the cruel decision.
He went to the moon and won five additional days from her, which were added to the calendar by the end of the year (these were epagomena, "additional" days).
Osiris was born the very first of five babies, so the first of these days is dedicated to him.
Then his brothers and sisters were born: Horus, Set (the future killer of god), Nephthys and Isis (his future wife).
Soon Osiris gained royal power over the world and the pharaohs of the first dynasties dedicated a cult to him.
"As soon as he became king of the world, he immediately brought the Egyptians out of the state of wild animals and helped them in their needs, showing them how to cultivate the land, giving them laws and teaching them to honor the gods.
And then he went around the whole world to introduce him to culture."
This is how ancient texts describe the beginning of the reign of this king of God.
The Family of Osiris
The myth of the creation of the world, spread in Heliopolis, the city of the god Ra, says that Osiris is the son of Geb (Earth) and Nut (Heaven).
He was born through the intervention of Thoth, the god of time and counting, along with Set, Isis, Nephthys and Horus.
But everything was not all right in the divine family.
Osiris openly feuded with his brother Seth.
The relationship with Isis was also difficult: God wanted to be not only her brother, but also her husband.
Seth, the jealous brother
But the love and honors that people paid to Osiris for his benefits caused the envy and jealousy of other gods, and first of all his brother Seth.
To get rid of Osiris, Seth conceived an insidious plan.
Legend has it that god secretly measured his brother's height.
Then, by these standards, he made a magnificent, richly decorated wooden chest.
In the evening, Seth brought it to the feast and jokingly promised that he would give the chest to someone who would fit it.
At first, everyone present tried... when it was Osiris ' turn, he easily lay down inside.
And then Seth's assistants ran up, quickly boarded up the chest and threw it into the Nile.
It is at this moment that Isis, the sister and wife of Osiris, comes into action.
And the search for Osiris begins.
Dismemberment of Osiris
A variant of the myth of the murder of Osiris, committed by his brother Set, "The Dismemberment of Osiris" became the basis of the cult of this god.
Seth, who discovered the hiding place where Isis hid the body of her late brother and husband, immediately cut Osiris into 14 pieces, which he scattered in 4 parts of Egypt.
The search for Isis was long, she decided that each piece would be buried in the place where it was found.
This legend explains that the relics of Osiris were kept in different temples.
So, in his main sanctuary, in Abydos, the head of the god was kept.
The Search for Osiris
The myth of the search for Osiris has several variants.
One of them says that Isis and Nephthys went to get the body of Osiris and soon found it on the bank of the Nile.
In another, which is usually called the "Dismemberment of Osiris", Isis discovered the body of her husband much further away, in the Phoenician city of Byblos (in modern Lebanon).
She brought it back to Egypt and hid it.
But Seth, having learned about this hiding place, dismembered the body and scattered its parts in different directions.
Then the two sisters called out to the gods in a memorial cry, imploring Ra, Thoth and Anubis to heed their requests and revive the god.
Isis miraculously conceived a son from the deceased Osiris — Horus.
When little Horus was born, he did not fail to take revenge on Seth for his father.
And Osiris, resurrected by the boundless love of his wife, became the lord of the night and everything beyond, reigning in the afterlife.
He left the power over the day and the world of the living to the god Ra.
The Cult of Osiris
As often happens in ancient beliefs, the image of Osiris appeared as a result of the merger of the cults of local deities.
Researchers believe that one of them was Anjeti from Busiris, and the other was Hentamentiou from Abydos.
It was in these two cities that Osiris was most revered.
From Anjenti probably comes the royal power of Osiris (which he will never lose).
And from the second deity, he received the title of "lord of the West", that is, the lord of the dead.
Osiris, as the god of funeral rituals and the lord of the afterlife, was unanimously worshipped by all Egyptians.
The enthusiasm with which he was glorified is explained by the fact that it was Osiris who was presented as the last judge of people.
This new friend of god is undoubtedly worth two old ones, because it is with him that you will meet on the threshold of a new life!
Abydos: the City of Osiris
The pharaohs of all dynasties, including the very first, favourably treated Abydos, because it was the city of Khentamentiu, the predecessor of Osiris.
Representatives of the I and II dynasties were buried here.
By the reign of the V and VI dynasties, Hentamentiu was gradually identified with the Osiris of Lower Egypt.
It was then that the cult acquired an impressive scale.
During the Middle Kingdom, Abydos became a very popular place of worship.
Pilgrims from all over Egypt came here, and the priests announced that the head of the god was kept in the city.
Many Egyptians sought to propitiate Osiris, especially at the onset of old age.
They erected small brick cenotaphs (funerary monuments) and stone steles between the temple of Osiris and traditional necropolises.
Originally this temple was dedicated to Khentamentiu, but since the XII dynasty it has become a sanctuary of Osiris.
This ancient building is built of bricks.
Only the frames of the window and door openings were made of stone.
This explains the almost complete disappearance of the ruins of the sanctuary.
Because of the belief in the mystical presence of God, many pharaohs built their funeral temples in Abydos.
The first of them was the temple of Sesostris III.
God Osiris Painting, VIII century BC
Any burial is part of the cult of Osiris
Isis conceived Horus, who was born after the death of Osiris and became his heir.
Horus fought tirelessly against his uncle Seth to restore his rights to the throne.
But the heavenly court intervened in their struggle, and the gods accepted Horus into their circle.
By analogy, every reigning pharaoh during his lifetime is identified with Horus.
When he dies, he becomes Osiris.
However, ordinary mortals found hope for a new life only in the era of the Middle Kingdom, as the Egyptologist Serge Soneron (IFAO) writes: "On the eve of the Middle Kingdom, all the dead began to be considered Osiris, and thus humanity, which once could participate in the conquest of heaven only indirectly, through the deceased lord, who embodied a vague and faceless collective image of his people, was able to follow Osiris to the other world, democratically opened for everyone."
What does it mean to be Osiris?
His life path and the love of his wife, Isis, make this god close and understandable to every Egyptian.
Having opened the way to a new life, Osiris gave people the key to a new kingdom - the afterlife.
Therefore, Osiris is addressed during various stages of the burial ritual: during embalming, the ceremonial opening of the mouth (which returns the breath to the deceased), during the procession, etc.
All the deceased and embalmed pharaohs depict Osiris: they are wrapped in a white shroud, crowned with the crown of atef, holding in their hands the divine symbols of power.
The paintings in their tombs also inform about the new role of the pharaoh.
Attributes of Osiris
The symbols of power that Osiris holds in his hands, first of all, remind that this god is the founder of the Egyptian kingdom, but the origin of their meaning is clear to the common people.
Bent at the end of the scepter of hake, a magic wand (the word hake means "magic"), is similar in shape to a shepherd's staff.
Aflagellum (or neheh) resembles a whip used to collect incense.
The crown of Atef symbolizes the fertility of the lands of Egypt.
Its outlines are similar to the ears of a sheaf of wheat pulled together at the top.
This indicates that Osiris, according to legend, taught people to cultivate the land.
Two feathers (probably ostrich feathers) on the sides of the headdress indicate the highest rank of god.
Osiris is a deity who embodies agriculture and cattle breeding, which were the basis of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
Memphis Festivities
In Memphis, a unique holiday was celebrated in honor of Osiris: "the construction of the jed column".
This ritual connected Osiris with the royal power, which he endowed with divine power.
On the eve of the coronation and on the days of anniversaries, the Pharaoh himself supervised the installation of the monumental jed column, symbolizing the constancy and longevity that Osiris embodied.
Holidays and ceremonies
The main holidays of the cult of Osiris are celebrated in the month of khoyak (October - November), between the decline of the waters of the Nile and the beginning of sowing.
The soil, fertilized by silt brought during floods, can soon be sown.
This earthly symbolism of rebirth, which the entire human race dreams of, is the basis of the rites of worship of Osiris.
The festivities begin with public rituals taking place outside the temple (closed to ordinary mortals).
The God is carried out to the people in the boat nekhmet, with a statue of Upuaut.
This god jackal, the" discoverer of paths", plays the role of a psychopomp (conductor of souls).
He accompanies the deceased to the grave and helps them to be reborn.
The victory of Upuaut over the evil demons is also the victory of Osiris, who fights with the mummers throughout the festive procession.
Then there is the "Big Exit", a realistic and sometimes somewhat cruel performance that recreates the battle between the companions and enemies of Osiris.
Of course, the god comes out of the fight victorious and returns to his temple, accompanied by a cheering crowd.
The Jed Column
The Jed column is one of the most common symbols of ancient Egypt.
She was painted on the walls of tombs, her image was worn around the neck as an amulet for both living and mummies.
Its outlines are reflected in hieroglyphic writing: the hieroglyph "column" means "constancy" and "longevity".
This fetish has a very ancient origin.
Some scientists believe that the jed was originally a tree.
Chapter 155 of the Book of the Dead connects it with the spine of Osiris and, therefore, with death.
Therefore, this sign was often depicted inside sarcophagi.
Others see it as a nilometer, a pillar that measured the level of the Nile floods.
Too much or too little water rise had a bad effect on crops, and the measuring column allowed you to know what to be ready for.
Fruitful Osiris
Other ceremonies are performed secretly, in temples, away from crowds, in the circle of high ranking priests and sometimes in the presence of the Pharaoh himself.
Their goal is to ensure the mystical resurrection of Osiris.
How did this ritual take place?
At first, the image of Osiris was painted in the mud brought from the river.
While it was still wet, it was sown with grain, which was watered over the next nine days.
When the shoots appeared on the surface, this "fruitful Osiris" was solemnly transferred to the boat, accompanied by a procession with 365 torches.
The boat, sailing through the sacred waters of the temple lake, reached the island, symbolizing the mound where the god was buried.
When it docked, the sprouted Osiris was carried out of it.
The dried up image of last year was removed and a green god was placed in the same place.
Thus, the annual update cycle was closed.
The life giving forces of nature were restored, and a new cycle could begin.
Nine days of watering, silt in which grains germinate... the connection with bearing and the birth of a new life is obvious.
This is the life of Osiris in the other world!
It is no accident that the Egyptian god was later identified with the ancient Greek Dionysus, the god of winemaking, the productive forces of nature, and Priapus, the god of fertility, fields and gardens.
The Names of Osiris
The inhabitants of ancient Egypt believed that one name was not enough for a divine being, whether it was a pharaoh or a god.
So Osiris received many titles.
He is the lord of the West: to the west of the Nile, the desert began, over which the sun set every evening.
And the sunset is a very symbolic image of death.
The Egyptians believed that in the west, under the earth, there is an afterlife (duat) and the sun has to cross it every night.
Osiris, who managed to be reborn after death, was perceived as the ruler of this world, the lord of the West, in other words, the king of the dead!
He is the "Lord of Maat": the word Maat means "truth and justice".
These virtues are embodied by the goddess Maat.
People who lived "according to Maat" could hope that they would be acquitted at the last trial.
This judgment is made by Osiris himself, and when the heart of the deceased (the receptacle of the soul) is weighed, Maat appears in the form of a weight on another scale.
If the weight of the maat outweighs, it means that the load of errors is not too great.
And then the deceased finds a new life in the kingdom of Osiris.
He is the "Lord of Eternity".
This seems natural, because the power of Osiris extends over the afterlife.
And eternity is promised to every deceased person admitted to it.
Whether a person is worthy or not is, as we have already told, determined by the court of Osiris.
He is a "Good Being" (unefer).
This name reminds us of the enlightenment that Osiris gave to the first people.
And that it was he who made the first plow and taught people agriculture and gardening.
More material on this topic
The heyday under Amenhotep III The art of working with wood in Egypt The famous necropolis The Valley of the Queens Luxor Temple School and training in ancient Egypt Pepi II: the longest reign
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