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Cubism
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Cubism (French Cubisme) - a modernist trend in the visual arts, primarily in painting, which originated in France at the beginning of the XX century and is characterized by the use of emphatically geometrized conditional forms, the desire to "split" real objects into stereometric primitives.
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1 The emergence of Cubism 2 The greatest achievements 3 Cubism in Russia 4 Notes 5 Literature
The emergence of Cubism[edit / edit wiki text]
The English art critic Ernst Gombrich deduces the origins of Cubism from the work of the French artist Paul Cezanne, citing as an example his works "Mount Saint Victoire from Bellevue" and "Mountains in Provence" , as well as his response to a letter from a young Pablo Picasso: "In one of the letters, Cezanne recommends that the young artist consider nature as a set of simple forms — spheres, cones, cylinders.
He meant that these basic forms must be kept in mind as the organizing principle of the picture.
However, Picasso and his friends took the advice literally."
The emergence of Cubism is traditionally dated to 1906-1907 and is associated with the work of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.
The term "cubism" appeared in 1908, after the art critic Louis Voxel called the new paintings of Braque "cubic quirks".
(fr.bizarreries cubiques).
Since 1912, a new branch has been emerging in Cubism, which art critics have called "synthetic cubism".
It is quite difficult to give a simple formulation of the main goals and principles of Cubism; in painting, one can distinguish three phases of this trend, reflecting different aesthetic concepts, and consider each separately: Cezanne (1907-1909), analytical (1909-1912) and synthetic (1913-1914).
The biggest achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
The most famous Cubist works of the early XX century were Picasso's paintings "The Maidens of Avignon", "Guitar", works by such artists as Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Marcel Duchamp, sculptures by Alexander Arkhipenko, etc.
Cubism also developed outside of France; especially fruitfully — in Czechoslovakia.
Juan Gris The Man in the cafe, 1914
L. Popova.
Portrait of a philosopher.
1915
B. Kubishta.
Pierrot.
1911
Cubism in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
In Russia, cubism was combined with elements of Italian futurism (cubofuturism).
In the" crystal " manner of M. A. Vrubel's writing, presentiments of Cubism are often found.
The true discoverer of Cubism is the entrepreneur and collector S. I. Shchukin, who brought Picasso's early Cubist experiments to Moscow.
In general, Russian cubism was a purely transitional phenomenon, a kind of"school of the avant garde".
Most of the masters who formed the core of the" Jack of Diamonds "(including P. P. Konchalovsky, A.V. Kuprin, I. I. Mashkov, R. R. Falk) did not go beyond the early," Cezannist " stage, enriching it in an original and colorful way.
Artists who were more radical (K. S. Malevich, V. E. Tatlin, etc.) quickly switched to cubo futurism, ambitious to put it forward in contrast to Cubism as a more advanced and already free from French influences method.
However, even later, in his Vitebsk period (1919-1922), Malevich argued: "If you want to study art, then study Cubism."
The artist Natalia Goncharova noted in 1912 that " Cubism is a good thing, but not completely new."
According to her, Scythian stone women and painted wooden dolls sold at fairs are made in the same style[1].
The sculptor A. Arkhipenko also joined the Cubists of the late period for some time.
He tried, and sometimes quite successfully, to solve the problems set by Cubist painters in plastic.
At the same time, the volume and other material texture, the use of real light and shadow on sculptural volumes, spaces, shifts of planes, shapes, volumes, varying voids and fullness opened up new, purely plastic perspectives for him, as a result of which he soon moved away from cubism and moved his own way in art.
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Поля Polyakov V. Books of Russian cubo futurism.
Moscow: Gileya, 1998
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Gombrich Ernst.
History of Art , Moscow, 1995.
Mikhail Lifshits, Ed Reinhardt "From Cubism to abstraction" Kryuchkova V. A. Cubism.
Orphism.
Purism.
- Moscow: OLMA Press.
- 2000.
Cottington D. Kubismus.
— Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern Ruit.
— 2002.
ISBN 3-7757-1151-1 Düchting H. Die Kunst und der Kubismus.
— Belser, Stuttgart.
— 2007.
ISBN 978-3-7630-2477 Rykov A.V. Picasso and Politics.
Problems of philosophical interpretation of Cubism / / Studia Culturae.
Issue 1 (23).
2015.
pp.
74-84.
[hide] Post Impressionism at the end of the XIX century.
Neo Impressionism · Intimacy · Pointillism · Cloisonism · Synthetism · "Nabi" · Art Nouveau The beginning of the XX century.
Fauvism · "Blue Rider" · "Bridge" · Expressionism · Cubism · Activism
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