The water cycle in nature
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Ecology and Conservation > Essay Size: 248.19 kb.
Language: russian Author: Student Of Group No. 15
19.07.2011
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Ministry of Education and Science Federal State Educational Institution
Secondary vocational education
"Chernushinsky Polytechnic College" Specialty: 130503 "Development and operation of oil and gas fields" Abstract
The water cycle in nature was performed by: Student
Groups # 15
Samiev Vlas
Checked by: Teacher
Gorbunova L. M.
CONTENTS Introduction.
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1.
Water conditions..
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2.
The water cycle in nature.
3
3.
The circulation of other substances.
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Conclusion.
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References..
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Introduction It is known that the human body consists of almost 65% water.
Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc.
The loss of a large amount of water by the body is dangerous for human life.
In hot areas without water, a person can die in 5-7 days, and without food, if there is water, a person can live for a long time.
Even in cold zones, a person needs about 1.5-2.5 liters of water per day to maintain normal working capacity.
If the amount of water that a person loses reaches 10% of body weight per day, there is a significant decrease in efficiency, and if it increases to 25%, it usually leads to death.
However, even with a large loss of water, all the disturbed processes in the body are quickly restored if the body is replenished with water to the norm.
Use in everyday life.
Food and drinks: Water used for drinking, cooking, ice, beverages, canned food, and many other food products is only a small part of its extensive range of applications.
However, this requires compliance with the quality standard for drinking water
Industrial application.
The use of water in industry depends on the nature and volume of industry in a particular region.
These can be cooling and heating systems, food production, processing of industrial waste, etc.
The lack of moisture serves as a limiting factor that determines the boundaries of life and its zonal distribution.
When there is a lack of water, animals and plants develop adaptations for its extraction and preservation.
1. Water conditions Water in nature can occur in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.
Water is able to pass from one state to another - from solid to liquid, from liquid to solid, from liquid to gaseous, from gaseous to liquid, turning into water droplets.
Figure 1.
Water states: solid, liquid, gaseous.
Liquid water on the surface of the planet is of two types: salty and fresh.
Salt water is found in the seas and oceans, fresh water - in rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, swamps.
Underground water can be both fresh and salty.
In this case, the latter are called mineral waters.
The area of the seas and oceans on Earth is many times larger than the area of all rivers, lakes,swamps and reservoirs combined.
Therefore, there is many times more salt water on our planet than fresh water.
Water in a solid state can be represented in the form of snow and ice.
The ice on Earth is located in glaciers.
Glaciers can be mountainous and covered.
Mountain glaciers are located on the highest mountain peaks, where due to low temperatures throughout the year, the snow that has fallen does not have time to melt.
Mountain glaciers are located on the highest mountain peaks, where due to low temperatures throughout the year, the snow that has fallen does not have time to melt.
The largest glaciers are located in the mountains of the Caucasus, the Himalayas, the Tien Shan, and the Pamirs.
Gaseous water is water vapor in the atmosphere, which we see from the earth in the form of clouds.
Clouds are formed at different heights, and therefore have a different appearance and shape.
Depending on this, clouds are divided into layered, cirrus, cumulus, etc.
The water cycle in nature
The water cycle in nature.
The water is in constant motion.
Evaporating from the surface of reservoirs, soil, plants, water accumulates in the atmosphere and, sooner or later, falls out in the form of precipitation, replenishing reserves in oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
Thus, the amount of water on Earth does not change, it only changes its forms - this is the water cycle in nature.
Of all the precipitation, 80% falls directly into the ocean.
For us, the remaining 20% falling on land is of the greatest interest, since most of the water sources used by humans are replenished precisely due to this type of precipitation.
Simply put, there are two ways for water that has fallen on land.
Or it, gathering in streams, rivulets and rivers, ends up in lakes and reservoirs the so called open (or surface) sources of water intake.
Or water, seeping through the soil and subsurface layers, replenishes groundwater reserves.
Surface and ground water are the two main sources of water supply.
Both of these water resources are interconnected and have both advantages and disadvantages as a source of drinking water.
The water cycle is one of the grandiose processes on the surface of the globe.
It plays a major role in linking the geological and biotic cycles.
In the biosphere, water, continuously passing from one state to another, makes small and large cycles.
Evaporation of water from the ocean surface, condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere and precipitation on the ocean surface form a small cycle.
If water vapor is transferred by air currents to land, the circulation becomes much more complicated.
In this case, part of the precipitation evaporates and enters back into the atmosphere, the other feeds rivers and reservoirs, but eventually returns to the ocean by river and underground runoff, thereby completing a large cycle.
An important property of the water cycle is that it, interacting with the lithosphere, atmosphere and living matter, binds together all parts of the hydrosphere: the ocean, rivers, soil moisture, groundwater and atmospheric moisture.
Water is the most important component of all living things.
Ground water, penetrating through the plant tissues during transpiration, introduces mineral salts necessary for the vital activity of the plants themselves[2].
The slowest part of the water cycle is the activity of polar glaciers, which reflects the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
The greatest activity of exchange after atmospheric moisture is characterized by river waters, which change on average every 11 days.
The extremely rapid renewability of the main sources of fresh water and the desalination of water during the cycle are a reflection of the global process of water dynamics on the globe.
The water cycle on the Earth's surface consists of 520 thousand km of falling and the same mass of evaporating water.
At the same time, 109,000 km falls on the continents per year , and 72000km evaporates .
The difference of 37,000 km is the digital value of the total river flow.
More water evaporates from the surface of the World Ocean (448,000 km) than precipitation falls (441,000 km).
The difference is covered by the flow of river water.
A huge water cycle accompanies the process of creating organic matter.
The oxygen released by plants is formed during the photosynthesis reaction due to the splitting of water.
However, photosynthesis consumes only about 1% of the water passing from the soil through the plants into the atmosphere.
To grow 1 c of wheat, plants must pass through at least 10,000 kg of water.
According to calculations, during the formation of the planetary biomass of all currently existing living organisms, as a result of photosynthesis, such an amount of water was split, which is 3.5 times more than the amount found in all the rivers of the world.
The time required for the passage of all the water of our planet through the system of the biological cycle can be determined as follows.
The total mass of water in the outer shells of the Earth - the Earth's crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere is 160,000,000 billion tons .
The mass of water captured by the annual production of photosynthetic organisms is about 800 billion tons/g.
The period of complete turnover of all water during the formation of living matter is about 2 million years.
Thus, the entire huge mass of the Earth's hydrosphere passes through plant organisms for 2 million years, the mass of which is negligible compared to the water shell.
Circular movements of water are not limited to the Earth's surface.
A significant amount of water is present in rocks in the form of film and pore waters, and it is even more part of the minerals formed in the hypergenesis zone.
All clay minerals, iron oxides and other compounds common in this zone contain water in their composition.
It is estimated that the 16 kilometer layer of the Earth's crust contains about 200 million km of water.
Entering the deep zones of the Earth's crust, the bound forms of water are gradually released and included in metamorphic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes.
With volcanic gases and hot springs, deep water flows to the surface.
3. The circulation of other substances
Carbon cycle
Carbon in the biosphere is often represented by the most mobile form - carbon dioxide.
The source of primary carbon dioxide of the biosphere is volcanic activity associated with the age old degassing of the mantle and the lower horizons of the Earth's crust.
The migration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's biosphere proceeds in two ways.
The first way is to absorb it in the process of photosynthesis with the formation of organic substances and then bury them in the lithosphere in the form of peat, coal, rock shale, scattered organic matter, sedimentary rocks.
So, in the distant geological epochs hundreds of millions of years ago, a significant part of the photosynthesized organic matter was not used by either experiments or reducers, but accumulated and gradually buried under various mineral sediments.
Being in the rocks for millions of years, this detritus under the influence of high temperatures and pressure (the process of metamorphization) turned into oil, natural gas and coal, which exactly depended on the source material, duration and conditions of stay in the rocks.
Now we extract these fossil fuels in huge quantities to meet our energy needs, and by burning them, in a certain sense, we complete the carbon cycle.
If not for this process in the history of the planet, probably, humanity would now have completely different sources of energy, and maybe a completely different direction of development of civilization[3].
In the second way, carbon migration is carried out by creating a carbonate system in various reservoirs, where CO2 passes into H2CO3, HCO31-, CO32-.
Then, with the help of calcium dissolved in water (less often magnesium), CaCO3 carbonates are deposited by biogenic and abiogenic ways.
There are powerful layers of limestone.
Along with this large carbon cycle, there are also a number of small carbon cycles on the land surface and in the ocean.
Within the land, where there is vegetation, atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed during photosynthesis during the daytime.
At night, some of it is released by plants into the external environment.
With the death of plants and animals on the surface, organic substances are oxidized to form CO2.
A special place in the modern cycle of substances is occupied by the mass combustion of organic substances and the gradual increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, associated with the growth of industrial production and transport.
Figure 3.
The carbon cycle.
Oxygen cycle
Oxygen is the most active gas.
Within the biosphere, there is a rapid exchange of oxygen from the environment with living organisms or their remnants after death.
In the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, oxygen occupies the second place after nitrogen.
The dominant form of oxygen in the atmosphere is the O2 molecule.
The oxygen cycle in the biosphere is very complex, since it enters into many chemical compounds of the mineral and organic worlds.
The free oxygen of the modern Earth's atmosphere is a by product of the photosynthesis process of green plants and its total amount reflects the balance between the production of oxygen and the processes of oxidation and decay of various substances.
In the history of the Earth's biosphere, there came a time when the amount of free oxygen reached a certain level and turned out to be balanced in such a way that the amount of oxygen released became equal to the amount of oxygen absorbed[4].
Nitrogen cycle
When organic substances rot, a significant part of the nitrogen contained in them is converted into ammonia, which, under the influence of trifecting bacteria living in the soil, is then oxidized into nitrogen acid.
The latter, reacting with carbonates found in the soil, for example with calcium carbonate SaSOz, forms nitrates:
2HN0z + SaSOz = Ca (NOz)2 + SOS + H0H
Some of the nitrogen is always released during rotting in a free form into the atmosphere.
Free nitrogen is also released during gorenje organic substances, during the burning of firewood, coal, peat.
In addition, there are bacteria that when .insufficient air access can take away oxygen from nitrates, destroying them with the release of free nitrogen.
The activity of these disinfecting bacteria leads to the fact that part of the nitrogen from the form available to green plants (nitrates) passes into the inaccessible form (free nitrogen).
Thus, not all of a zot, which was part of the dead plants, returns back to the soil; part of it is gradually released in a free form.
The continuous loss of mineral nitrogen compounds should have led to the complete cessation of life on Earth long ago, if there were no processes in nature that compensate for nitrogen losses.
Such processes include, first of all, electric discharges originating in the atmosphere, at which a certain amount of nitrogen oxides is always formed; the latter with water give nitric acid, which turns into waste in the soil.
Another source of replenishment of nitrogen compounds of the soil is the vital activity of the so called azotobacteria, which are able to absorb atmospheric nitrogen.
Some of these bacteria settle on the roots of plants from the legume family, causing the formation of characteristic swellings — "nodules", which is why they were called nodule bacteria.
Assimilating atmospheric nitrogen, nodule bacteria process it into nitrogen compounds, and plants, in turn, turn the latter into proteins and other complex substances.
Thus, there is a continuous nitrogen cycle in nature.
However, every year with the harvest, the most protein rich parts of plants, such as grain, are removed from the fields.
Therefore, it is necessary to introduce fertilizers into the soil that compensate for the loss of the most important elements of plant nutrition in it.
Figure 4.
The nitrogen cycle.
Phosphorus and sulfur cycle
Phosphorus is a part of genes and molecules that transfer energy inside cells.
In various minerals, phosphorus is contained in the form of inorganic phosphation (PO43 -).
Phosphates are soluble in water, but not volatile.
Plants absorb PO43 - from an aqueous solution and include phosphorus in the composition of various organic compounds, where it appears in the form of so called organic phosphate.
Through the food chains, phosphorus passes from plants to all other organisms of the ecosystem.
At each transition, there is a high probability of oxidation of the phosphorus containing compound in the process of cellular respiration to obtain energy by the body.
When this happens, the phosphate in the urine or its analog re enters the environment, after which it can again be absorbed by plants and start a new cycle.
Unlike, for example, carbon dioxide, which, wherever it is released into the atmosphere, is freely transported in it by air currents until it is again absorbed by plants, phosphorus has no gas phase and, therefore, there is no "free return" to the atmosphere.
Getting into reservoirs, phosphorus saturates, and sometimes oversaturates ecosystems.
There is, in fact, no way back.
Something can return to land with the help of fish eating birds, but this is a very small part of the total number, which also turns out to be near the coast.
Oceanic phosphate deposits eventually rise above the water surface as a result of geological processes, but this happens over millions of years.
Consequently, phosphate and other mineral biogens of the soil circulate in the ecosystem only if the "waste" of vital activity containing them is deposited in the places of absorption of this element.
This is basically what happens in natural ecosystems.
When a person intervenes in their functioning, he disrupts the natural cycle, transporting, for example, crops together with biogens accumulated from the soil over long distances to consumers.
Figure 5.
The phosphorus cycle.
Sulfur occurs in nature both in the free state (native sulfur) and in various compounds.
Sulfur compounds with various metals are very common.
Sulfates, mainly of calcium and magnesium, are also common among sulfur compounds in nature.
Finally, sulfur compounds are contained in plant and animal organisms.
Sulfur is widely used in the national economy.
In the form of sulfur color, sulfur is used to destroy some plant pests.
It is also used for the preparation of matches, ultramarine (blue paint), carbon disulfide and a number of other substances.
The sulfur cycle occurs in the atmosphere and the lithosphere.
Sulfur enters the atmosphere in the form of sulfates, sulfur anhydride and sulfur from the lithosphere during volcanic eruptions, in the form of hydrogen sulfide due to the decomposition of pyrite (FeS2 ) and organic compounds.
The anthropogenic source of sulfur entering the atmosphere is thermal power plants and other facilities where coal, oil and other hydrocarbons are burned, and sulfur entering the lithosphere, in particular into the soil, occurs with fertilizers and organic compounds[5].
The transport of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere is carried out by air flows, and precipitation on the Earth's surface is either in the form of dust or with atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain (acid rain) and snow.
On the Earth's surface, in soil and water bodies, sulfate and sulfite sulfur compounds are bound by calcium to form gypsum (CaSO4).
In addition, sulfur is buried in sedimentary rocks with organic residues of plant and animal origin, from which coal and oil are subsequently formed.
In the soil, the change of sulfur compounds occurs with the participation of sulfobacteria using sulfate compounds and releasing hydrogen sulfide, which enters the atmosphere and oxidizes again into sulfates.
In addition, hydrogen sulfide in the soil can be reduced to sulfur, which is oxidized to sulfates by denitrifying bacteria.
Conclusion
One of the remarkable discoveries of geochemistry is the establishment that the movement of many chemical elements is carried out in the form of circular processes - cycles.
It is these elements that make up the Earth's crust, the liquid and gas shells of our planet.
Their cycles can occur in a limited space and for small periods of time, or they can cover the entire outer part of the planet and huge periods.
At the same time, small cycles are included in larger ones, which together form colossal biogeochemical cycles.
They are closely related to the environment.
In the biosphere, as in every ecosystem, there is a constant cycle of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and other chemical elements.
Energy enters ecosystems during photosynthesis, and is dissipated mainly in the form of heat when organisms use it for their vital functions.
Due to the continuously occurring energy losses, it is necessary that it is also continuously supplied to ecosystems in the form of sunlight energy.
In contrast, water and batteries make a continuous cycle.
The topic I have considered is very relevant in the light of the current environmental situation.
Water is the source of life on earth.
But, as it turns out, it is not infinite.
The fact is that the pollution of the earth's water resources is currently global in nature.
It is very important to provide "nature" with the normal functioning of its basic metabolic cycles.
References 1.
Zakharov E. I., Kachurin N. M., Panferova I. V. Fundamentals of general ecology: Textbook.
- Tula: TulSTU, 2002.
2. Mirasov O. B. Physics around us.
- M., 2006.
3. Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
- Moscow: Mir, 2006.
4. Odum Yu.
Ecology: In 2 vols .
- Moscow: Mir, 2003.
5. Reimers N. F. Protection of nature and the human environment.
- M., 2004.
6. Semenov V. P. Kashina O. M. Physical processes in nature.
- M., 2006.
7. Stadnitsky G. V., Rodionov A. I. Ecology.
- M.: Higher School, 2006.
8. Fazilov N. R. Physics of nature.
- M., 2000.
[1] Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
- Moscow: Mir, 2006.
[2] Semenov V. P. Kashina O. M. Physical processes in nature.
- M., 2006.
[3] Stadnitsky G. V., Rodionov A. I. Ecology.
- M.: Higher School, 2006.
[4] Stadnitsky G. V., Rodionov A. I. Ecology.
- M.: Higher School, 2003.
[5] Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
- Moscow: Mir, 2006.
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