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From the first railway to high speed highways
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History of railways, XIX century
History of railways, XX century
History of railways, XXI century
The beginning of the construction of rail roads in Russia dates back to the end of the XVIII century, when the first lezhnev roads were laid at ironworks, mines and mines.
The first cast iron rail road was built in the Altai in 1808-10 by the mining master P. K. Frolov (Zmeinogorskaya road).
In 1834, in Nizhny Tagil, at the Demidov E. A. and M. E. Cherepanov factory, the construction of the first Russian steam locomotive was completed, which could carry a train weighing 3.3 tons along a specially built road, developing a speed of up to 15 versts per hour.
The Tsarskoye Selo Railway marked the beginning of the construction of the Russian railway network.
On the thirtieth day, at 12: 30 in October 1837, the first train set off on the St. Petersburg – Tsarskoye Selo public railway.
The length of the road was 25 versts (26.3 km).
A number of artificial structures were built on the Tsarskoye Selo Railway, including bridges, among which the largest – through the Obvodny Canal – had a length of 25.6 m. 7 locomotives and various carriages for trains were purchased abroad: closed stagecoaches for 40 seats, open charabans, lines with soft seats, coaches ("berlins").
In 1838, a steam locomotive "Agile"was created at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology for the Tsarskoye Selo Railway.
From 1837 to 1841, 2.5 million passengers were transported.
During this period, the Tsarskoye Selo Railway gave the treasury a net income of 360 thousand rubles.
The significance of the Tsarskoye Selo railway was that the experience of its construction and operation practically proved the possibility of uninterrupted operation of railway transport in the climatic conditions of Russia at all times of the year.
The commercial operation of the road has also actually shown the profitability and feasibility of a new type of transport.
Being the first experience in the organization of railway traffic in Russia, the road gave a significant impetus to the development and broad formulation of railway business in the country.
In the 30-40 years of the XIX century, the issue of connecting St. Petersburg with the central regions of Russia by a reliable road required an urgent solution.
On February 1, 1842, Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the first Russian railway line St. Petersburg - Moscow.
In the summer of 1843, construction work began.
The road was built according to engineering based parameters that provide, along with economic feasibility, the required capacity, taking into account the perspective.
At the insistence of P. P. Melnikov, the track width was set to 5 feet or 1524 mm.
It has become standard for all railways in Russia.
Russian engineers already in the first years of the development of railways chose a wide footed rail.
On the Petersburg – Moscow line, such rails were laid, made at the Lyudinovsky plant.
Subsequently, this rail profile spread to all the railways of the world.
The first rails were made mainly of cast iron.
However, it was found that steel rails wear out less and more evenly than cast iron ones.
The latter very soon ceased to be used on railways.
The profile of the rail has changed little over the past 140 years, but its mass has increased from 20-24 to 75-77 kg/m.
It should be noted that already during the construction of the St. Petersburg – Moscow road, the sleepers were impregnated under pressure.
On most of the first railways, unpowered sleepers were laid, the wood of which failed after 8-12 years.
The foundations of the organization of the traction economy and the operation of locomotives on the railways of Russia were laid in 1851, that is, with the opening of the Nikolaev (now Oktyabrskaya) railway for general use.
The road from St. Petersburg to Moscow was divided into eight traction sections (traction shoulders).
For the length of each section, the distance between the "large locomotive parking lots" was taken, which were later renamed the "main" or "root" depots.
Freight and passenger locomotives were assigned to the depot for repair and maintenance.
In the intervals between the " large locomotive parking lots "there were" small parking lots", where there were reserve locomotives in case of damage to locomotives from passing trains.
The first traction arms for freight traffic had a length of about 80 km, and for passenger traffic – 160 km.
With the development of railways, the length of the traction arms was increased.
By the beginning of the 80s of the last century, it had increased for freight locomotives to 120 km or more, reaching up to 260 km on some roads.
On November 1, 1851, the official opening of traffic on the St. Petersburg Moscow Railway took place.
Trains ran along it, driven by steam locomotives built at the Alexander Plant in St. Petersburg.
The size of traffic grew rapidly.
Already in 1852, the road carried 719 thousand passengers and 164 thousand tons of cargo.
The distance from St. Petersburg to Moscow - 650 kilometers - the fast train overcame in 12 hours.
In 1850-54, the first domestic passenger cars were built at the Alexander Plant in St. Petersburg.
The first mass produced freight cars in Russia began to be produced in 1846.
They were four axle on two two axle bogies.
However, due to the fact that the frame and body of the first cars were wooden, their load capacity was small.
Only in 1965, two axle cars were excluded from circulation on the railways of the USSR.
By 1860, the Russian railway network had a length of about 1590 km.
After the land reform of 1861 and the abolition of serfdom, changes occurred in the country's economy, which contributed to the development of a system of financial and administrative measures that were the basis of the new railway policy.
In particular, the "railway fund", formally separated from the state budget, was established, which contributed to the development of railway construction.
The periods of the construction boom occurred in the late 60s – early 70s of the 19th century (on average, more than 1.5 thousand km were commissioned per year) and in the 90s (more than 2.5 thousand km per year).
By 1875, more than 20 thousand km of railways were laid, and by the end of the 19th century, the length of the Russian railway network was 53.2 thousand km.
In the early 1900s, another 22.6 thousand km were built.
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