Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904), Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900-02).
He started as an author of feuilletons and
short humorous stories (pseudonym of Antosha Chekhov, etc.).
The main themes of creativity are the ideological searches of the intelligentsia, dissatisfaction with the philistine existence of some, spiritual "humility" before the vulgarity of the life of others ("Boring
history", 1889;
"The Duel", 1891; "House with a mezzanine", 1896; "Ionich", 1898;
"The Lady with the Dog", 1899).
In the stories "Babye Tsardom" (1894), "Men" (1897), "In the ravine" (1900)
he showed the savagery and cruelty of village life.
Chekhov achieved great power of social and artistic generalization in the stories "Ward No. 6" (1892), "The Man in the Case" (1898).
In the plays "The Seagull" (1896), " Uncle Vanya"
(1897), "Three Sisters" (1901), "The Cherry Orchard" (1904), this is the famous Chekhov garden staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater, created a special,
an anxious emotional atmosphere of anticipation of the future.
The main character of Chekhov is an ordinary person with his daily affairs and worries.
A subtle psychologist, a master
a subtext that combined humor and lyricism in a peculiar way.
We have stories by A. P. Chekhov that you can read on our website.
To the list of Chekhov's works
Full biography of A. P. Chekhov from Wikipedia (wikipedia)
Date of birth: January 17 (29) (1860-01-29)
Place of birth: Taganrog,
Ekaterinoslav province,
Russian Empire Date of death: July 2 (15), 1904 (1904-07-15) (44 years old) Place of death: Badenweiler,
German Empire Citizenship: Russian Empire Occupation: Doctor, writer, playwright Years of creativity: 1878-1904 Genre: Humorous, lyrical story, drama Debut: "Fatherlessness"; in print — "A letter to a learned neighbor" and " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc."
Awards: Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences, 1888
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (January 17 (29), 1860, Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province (now Rostov Region) — July 2 (15), 1904, Badenweiler) —
an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, doctor by profession.
Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the Category of Fine Literature (1900-1902).
Is
a universally recognized classic of world literature.
His plays, especially "The Cherry Orchard", have been staged in many theaters around the world for a hundred years.
One of the most famous
world playwrights.
For 26 years of creativity, Chekhov has created about 900 different works (short humorous stories, serious novels, plays), many of them
which have become classics of world literature.
Special attention was paid to "Steppe", "Boring story", "Duel", "Ward No. 6", "The Story of an unknown person",
"Men" (1897), "The Man in the case" (1898), "In the ravine", "Children", "Drama on the hunt"; from the plays: "Ivanov", "The Seagull", "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters","Cherry Orchard".
Biography
Childhood, youth and young years
On January 29, 1860, the third child, Anton, was born in a small house on Police Street(now Chekhov) in the family of Pavel Egorovich Chekhov.
Anton's early childhood
it took place in endless church holidays, name days.
On weekdays after school, the brothers guarded their father's shop, and at 5 am every day they got up to sing in the church choir.
As Chekhov himself said: "As a child, I did not have a childhood."
At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog.
The Greek who kept the school forced them to memorize lessons, beat the students with a ruler, put them on their knees in a corner on coarse salt.
At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov enters the Taganrog gymnasium (now Gymnasium No. 2 named after A. P. Chekhov).
The men's classical gymnasium was the oldest educational institution in the south of Russia (founded in 1806) and gave a solid education and upbringing at that time.
After graduating from the eighth grade of the gymnasium, young people could enter any Russian university without exams or go to study abroad.
The gymnasium formed Chekhov's aversion to hypocrisy and falsehood.
His vision of the world, his love for books, knowledge and theater were formed here.
Here he received his first literary pseudonym "Chekhov", which was awarded to him by the teacher of the Law of God Fyodor Pokrovsky.
Here his first literary and stage experiments began.
The writer's father's house in Taganrog
Music and books aroused in the young Anton Chekhov the desire for creativity.
The Taganrog Theater, founded in 1827, played a big role in this.
For the first time in the Anton theater
he visited at the age of 13, watched the operetta by Jacques Offenbach"The Beautiful Elena" and soon became a passionate fan of the theater.
Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov will say: "The theater
he once gave me a lot of good things…
Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than sitting in the theater...
"It is not by chance that the heroes of his first works, such as "The Tragedian",
"Comedian", "Benefit", "No wonder the chicken sang", were actors and actresses.
Chekhov, a high school student, published humorous magazines, invented captions for drawings, wrote
humorous stories, skits.
The first drama "Fatherless" was written by 18 year old Chekhov during his studies at the gymnasium.
Chekhov's gymnasium period was an important period
maturation and formation of his personality, the development of its spiritual foundations.
The gymnasium years gave Chekhov a huge material for writing work.
The most typical and
colorful figures will appear later on the pages of his works.
Perhaps one of these figures was his mathematics teacher Edmund Dzerzhinsky — the father of the future first
chairman of the Cheka.
In 1879, he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog.
In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical Faculty of Moscow University, where
he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others.
In the same year, Anton's brother Ivan got a job as a teacher in a city near Moscow
Voskresensk.
He was allocated a large apartment that could accommodate a whole family.
The Chekhov's, who lived closely in Moscow, came to Ivan in Voskresensk for the summer.
There, in 1881, Anton Chekhov met Dr. P. A. Arkhangelsky, the head of the Resurrection Hospital (Chikinsky Hospital).
Since 1882, as a student, he has already
he helped the doctors of the hospital when receiving patients.
In 1884, Chekhov graduated from the university course and began working as a district doctor at the Chikinsky hospital.
According to the memoirs of P. A.
Arkhangelsk:
Anton Pavlovich carried out the work slowly, sometimes his actions expressed as if uncertainty; but he did everything with attention and apparent love for the work, especially with
love for the patient who passed through his hands.
The mental state of the patient has always attracted the special attention of Anton Pavlovich, and along with the usual
with medicines, he attached great importance to the impact on the patient's psyche from the doctor and the environment..
Then he worked in Zvenigorod, where he was in charge of a hospital for some time.
Becoming
In In 1880, as a first year student, Chekhov published in the magazine" Dragonfly "the story" Letter to a learned neighbor" and humorous " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc.".
In the following years, Chekhov wrote short stories, feuilletons, humorous "trifles" under the pseudonyms "Antosha Chekhov" and "The Man without a spleen" or their variants, or completely without a signature, in the publications of the "small press", mainly humorous: the Moscow magazines "Alarm Clock", "Spectator", etc. and in the St. Petersburg humorous weekly magazines "Fragments", "Dragonfly".
Chekhov collaborated with the "Petersburg Newspaper" (from 1884, with interruptions), with the Suvorin newspaper " Novoe Vremya "(1886-1893) and with the" Russian Vedomosti "(1893-1899).
In 1882, Chekhov prepared the first collection of short stories" Prank", but it did not come out, perhaps because of censorship difficulties.
In 1884, a collection of his short stories was published- "Tales of Melpomene" (signed " A.
1885-86 - the period of Chekhov's heyday as a "miniaturist fiction writer" - the author of short, mostly humorous stories.
At that time, by his own admission, he wrote a story a day.
Contemporaries believed that he would remain in this genre; but in the spring of 1886, he received a letter from the famous Russian writer Dmitry Grigorovich, where he criticized Chekhov for wasting his talent on "little things".
"Starve better, as we once starved, save your impressions for a deliberate work, One such work will be a hundred times more appreciated by hundreds of beautiful stories scattered at different times in the newspapers," Grigorovich wrote.
Subsequently, Alexey Suvorin, Viktor Bilibin and Alexey Pleshcheev joined Grigorovich's councils.
From 1887, he collaborated less and less with humorous magazines; his cooperation with The Alarm Clock was interrupted.
His stories became longer and more serious.
The important changes that took place with Chekhov at that time are also indicated by the desire to travel.
In the same year, 1887, he went on a trip to the south, to his native places; later he went to the "Gogol places", to the Crimea, to the Caucasus.
The trip to the south revived Chekhov's memories of his youth spent there and gave him material for" Steppe", his first work in a thick magazine — "Northern Bulletin".
The debut in such a magazine attracted a lot of critical attention, much more than to any previous work of Chekhov.
In the autumn of 1887, Chekhov's letters mentioned the work on the novel "in 1500 lines".
It lasted until 1889, when Chekhov, who was burdened with a work of such a large size, finally abandoned his plan.
"I am glad—" he wrote to Suvorin in January— " that 2-3 years ago I did not listen to Grigorovich and did not write a novel!
I imagine how much good I would have ruined if I had listened, In addition to an abundance of material and talent, I need something equally important.
We need maturity this is one time; secondly, we need a sense of personal freedom, and this feeling began to flare up in me only recently."
Obviously, it was the lack of these properties that Chekhov was dissatisfied with at the end of the 1880s, which prompted him to travel.
But he was still dissatisfied after these trips; he needed a new, big trip.
His options were a trip around the world, a trip to Central Asia, to Persia, to Sakhalin.
In the end, he decided on the latter option.
But despite Chekhov's own dissatisfaction with himself, his fame grew.
After the release of "Steppe" and "Boring Story", the attention of critics and readers was riveted to each of his new works.
On October 7 (19), 1888, he received the half Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the third collection published in the previous year, 1887 — "At Dusk".
In the corresponding resolution of the academic commission, it was written that " the stories of G. Chekhov, although they do not fully meet the requirements of the highest art criticism, are nevertheless an outstanding phenomenon in our modern fiction literature."
At the end of the 1880s, a feature appeared in Chekhov's manner that some contemporaries considered an advantage, others a disadvantage — a deliberate dispassion of description, an accentuated lack of author's assessment.
Especially this feature is distinguished by "I want to sleep", "Women" and "Princess".
Sakhalin
The decision to go to Sakhalin was finally made, obviously, in the summer of 1889, after discussing this intention with the artist K. A. Karatygina,
traveled to Siberia and Sakhalin in the late 1870s.
But Chekhov hid this intention for a long time even from the closest ones; after informing Karatygina about it, he asked her to keep
it's a secret.
He revealed this secret only in January 1890, and naturally, it made a great impression on society.
This impression was also strengthened by
the" suddenness " of the decision made, because already in the spring of 1890, Chekhov went on a trip.
The journey through Siberia took several months, during which Chekhov wrote nine
essays, united under the general title "From Siberia".
Chekhov arrived on Sakhalin on July 11(23).
For several months of his stay on it, Chekhov communicated with people, learned
the stories of their lives, the reasons for the link and collected a rich material for their notes.
He conducted a real census of the population of Sakhalin, collecting several thousand cards about
the inhabitants of the island.
The administration of the island strictly forbade communicating with political prisoners, but he violated this prohibition.
Chekhov returned in the autumn and winter of 1890, according to
To the Indian Ocean via the Suez Canal, visiting the island of Ceylon on the way.
On December 7(19), his relatives met him in Tula.
In the next 5 years, Chekhov wrote the book "The Island
Sakhalin".
As for artistic creativity, the trip to Sakhalin, according to Chekhov's own admission, had a huge impact on all his subsequent
works of art.
In 2005, on Sakhalin, for the first time in Russia, the materials of the Sakhalin census by A. P. Chekhov were published in one edition "Perhaps my figures will also be useful...".
The publication contains all 10 thousand survey cards filled out by Chekhov's respondents during his trip to Sakhalin Island in 1890.
Later years
"Chekhov's House" on Malaya Dmitrovka, 2008
From 1890 to 1892, after returning to Moscow from a trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov settled in a small two story wing on Malaya Dmitrovka.
Here he worked on a book
"Sakhalin Island", the stories "Poprygunya", "Duel", "Ward No. 6", and also met with writers V. G. Korolenko, D. V. Grigorovich, V. A. Gilyarovsky, P. D.
Boborykin, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko, famous actors A. P. Lensky and A. I. Yuzhin, artist I. I. Levitan.
The wing has been preserved to our
it is marked by a commemorative plaque with a bas relief by A. P. Chekhov.
From 1892 to 1899, Chekhov lived in the Melikhovo estate near Moscow, where one of the main
chekhov museums.
During the years of "Melikhovsky sitting" 42 works were written.
Later, Chekhov traveled a lot in Europe.
The last years of Chekhov, who has
tuberculosis has worsened, for health improvement, he constantly lives in his house near Yalta, only occasionally coming to Moscow, where his wife (since 1901), the artist Olga
Leonardovna Knipper, occupies one of the outstanding places in the famous troupe of the Moscow "Literary and Artistic Circle" (Stanislavsky).
In 1900, at the first
in the election to the Pushkin branch of the Academy of Sciences, Chekhov was elected among its honorary academicians.
In 1902, Chekhov, together with V. G. Korolenko, refused the title of academician
after the order of Nicholas II to annul the election of Maxim Gorky to honorary academicians.
Death
In the history of Chekhov's illness, which was conducted in the clinic by the writer's attending physician Maxim Maslov, it is recorded that during his high school and student years, Chekhov was ill with tuberculosis
inflammation of the peritoneum, but I felt "tightness in the sternum" even at the age of 10.
Since 1884, Chekhov has been suffering from bleeding from his right lung.
Some researchers
they believe that a fatal role in the life of the writer was played by a trip to Sakhalin — there was a thaw and I had to go thousands of kilometers on horses, in wet clothes and through
soaked felt boots (Chekhov himself and his relatives associated the disease with the trip).
Others called the reason for the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process frequent moves from
Yalta to Moscow at the most unfavorable time for health.
Third biographers noted that Chekhov started the disease and went to the doctor only at the age of 37.
In the summer of 1904, Chekhov went to a resort in Germany.
Due to a sharp exacerbation of the disease, which he could not cope with, the writer died on July 2 (15), 1904 in
Badenweiler, Germany.
The denouement came on the night of July 1 to 2, 1904.
According to the testimony of his wife Olga Leonardovna, at the beginning of the night Chekhov woke up and "for the first time in his life
he asked me to send for a doctor.
After that, he ordered champagne to be given.
Anton Pavlovich sat down and somehow significantly, loudly said to the doctor in German (he knew very little about-
in German): "Ich sterbe".
Then he repeated for the student or for me in Russian: "I'm dying."
Then he took the glass, turned his face to me, smiled his amazing smile,
he said:" I havenot drunk champagne for a long time...", calmly drank everything to the bottom, quietly lay down on his left side and soon fell silent forever."
The coffin with the body of the writer was delivered to Moscow, where
On July 9 (22), 1904, the funeral took place.
A funeral service was held in the Assumption Church of the Novodevichy Monastery.
Chekhov was buried right there behind the Assumption Church on the
the monastery cemetery, next to the grave of his father.
A wooden cross with an icon and a lantern for a lamp was placed on the grave.
On the anniversary of the death of A. P. Chekhov 2 (15)
on July, 1908, a new marble monument was opened on the grave, made in the Art Nouveau style according to the project of the artist L. M. Brailovsky.
In 1933, after the abolition of
the cemetery on the territory of the Novodevichy Monastery, at the request of O. L. Knipper, Chekhov was reburied in the cemetery behind the southern wall of the monastery.
November 16, 1933 in
in the presence of a few relatives and close friends, the grave was opened and the coffin was moved to a new place.
Soon both were moved here
tombstones — A. P. Chekhov and his father (at the same time, the burial of P. E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
Creation
Features of drama
The originality of Chekhov's plays was noticed by his contemporaries at the first productions.
At first, it was perceived as Chekhov's inability to cope with the task of consistent
dramatic movement.
Reviewers spoke about the lack of "scenic", about "stretching", about "lack of action", about "disorderly dialogue", about " scattering
compositions" and the weaknesses of the plot.
Theater critics increasingly reproached Chekhov for
that he introduces unnecessary details of everyday life into his plays and thereby violates all the laws of stage action.
However, for Anton Pavlovich himself, the reproduction
the sphere of everyday life was an indispensable condition otherwise the meaning of the whole plan was lost for him.
Chekhov said: They demand that there be a hero, a heroine who is spectacular on stage.
But after all, in life, they donot shoot themselves every minute, hang themselves, explain themselves
in love.
And they donot say smart things every minute.
They eat more, drink more, drag around, say stupid things.
And now it is necessary that this be seen on the stage.
We need to create such a
a play where people would come, go, have lunch, talk about the weather, play screw, but not because the author needs it, but because it happens in the
real life.
Let everything be as difficult on stage and at the same time as simple as in life.
People are having lunch, just having lunch, and at this time
time composes their happiness and their lives are broken.
In Chekhov's drama, contrary to all traditions, events are relegated to the periphery as a short term particularity, and the usual, even, daily recurring, for everyone
the familiar makes up the main array of the entire content of the play.
Almost all of Chekhov's plays are based on a detailed description of everyday life, through which readers can
the peculiarities of the feelings, moods, characters and relationships of the characters are heard.
The selection of household lines is carried out according to the principle of their significance in the general emotional
the content of life.
Chekhov often uses the so called "random" replicas of characters.
At the same time, the dialog continuously breaks, breaks and
he gets confused in some completely extraneous and unnecessary trifles.
However, such dialogues and replicas in the general stage context in Chekhov do not fulfill their purpose
the direct objective meaning of its content, and the vital well being that is manifested in them.
K. S. Stanislavsky and V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko noticed the most essential principle in the dramatic movement of Chekhov's plays, the so called "undercurrent".
It was they who for the first time revealed the presence of a continuous internal intimate lyrical flow behind seemingly everyday episodes and details and made every effort to
to convey a new interpretation of Chekhov's drama to the viewer.
Thanks to Stanislavsky and Nemirovich Danchenko, the infecting power of Chekhov's plays became obvious.
Aliases
Chekhov
Like any humorist writer, Chekhov used dozens of various pseudonyms.
So far, they have not been fully disclosed, since Chekhov himself was preparing
collections of works for A. F. Marx could not remember the ownership of all his early stories.
The function of the humorist's pseudonym was not so much to conceal the real
authorship, how much is in the reader's amusement, the desire to intrigue him (hence the variability, deliberate confusion — the reader had to try to guess for himself
authorship of the story).
Often a pseudonym is a necessary element of the composition of a particular story, part of a literary farce and cannot be properly disclosed outside of it
the context.
In rare cases, the background of a particular pseudonym of Chekhov could be known only to a narrow circle of his acquaintances and trebo there is no additional decryption.
Below
the list of 42 pseudonyms of the writer, known to Czech Studies by the end of the last century, is given:
A. P., A. P. Ch v, Antosha, Antosha Ch., Antosha Ch.
***, Antosha Chehonte, A n Ch te, An.
Ch., An.
H e, Anche, An.
Th in,
A. Ch., A. Ch.
v., A. Che v., A Chehonte, G. Baldastov, Makar Baldastov, My brother's brother, A doctor without patients, A hot tempered person, Nut No. 6, Nut No. 9,
Grach, Don Antonio Chehonte, Uncle, Kislyaev, M. Kovrov, Nettle, Laertes, Prose poet, Ruver, Ruver and Revur, Ulysses,
Ts., Ch.
B. S., Ch.
without S., A man without a spleen, Ch.
Ch.
Honte, A., Champagne, ... v, Z
At the insistence of A. S. Suvorin, Chekhov begins to publish his "serious" works in the "New Time" under his full name, continuing at the same time the tradition
a literary pseudonym in humorous journalism.
No one understood so clearly and subtly as Anton Chekhov, the tragedy of the little things of life, no one before him was able to so mercilessly, truthfully
to draw people a shameful and dreary picture of their life in the dull chaos of petty bourgeois everyday life.
His enemy was vulgarity; he fought against it all his life, he ridiculed it and it
he portrayed it with an impassive, sharp pen, knowing how to find the charm of vulgarity even where at first glance everything seemed to be arranged very well, conveniently, even with brilliance…
Film adaptations of works
The leader in the number of Western adaptations of Russian classics is still A. P. Chekhov — his works have become the basis for film/TV versions about 200 times.
1909 — Surgery 1926 — Kashtanka 1929 — ranking Officials and people of 1938 — 1938 Mask — Bear 1939 — the Man in a case 1939 — 1941 Surgery — Anniversary 1944 — the Wedding 1952 — Kashtanka 1954 — Anna on the neck 1954 — 1955 Swedish match — Grasshopper 1957 — Boots 1958 — 1960 Witch — drama 1960 — the lady with the dog 1960 — house with a mezzanine 1964 — Chemist 1964 — 1965 Three sisters — the Swan song of 1966, In the city of s (Dir. I. Heyfits, The Thumbnail).
1966 Darling 1966 — Joke 1969 The main witness 1969 Family happiness 1969 Belated Flowers 1970 Uncle Vanya
1970 Carousel 1970 Chaika 1971 — At the dacha 1971 These different, different, different faces 1972 — My life 1973 A Bad good man 1975 — Kashtanka 1977 Steppe (Dir. S. Bondarchuk, Mosfilm).
1977 Unfinished Piece for mechanical piano (Directed by N. Mikhalkov, Mosfilm, Inter Alliance (Germany)).
1977 Funny people!
1977 Chekhov's Pages 1978 My affectionate and gentle Beast (Directed by E. Lotyanu, Mosfilm, Inter Alliance (Germany)).
1980 Three years 1982 A boring story 1983 — Something from provincial life 1983 — A man in a case 1984 — An incredible bet, or a true incident that ended safely a hundred years ago 1987 — Black eyes 1988 — A black monk
1993 If I knew 1994 Vanya on 42nd street 1994 — A golden ring, a bouquet of scarlet roses 1994 Village life 1996 August 1998 Chekhov and Co 2002 — Chekhov's motives 2003 About love 2003 Baby Lily (La petite Lili) 2004 Ragin (according to the story of Ward No. 6) 2005 Chaika 2008 Pari 2008 Garden 2008 Shoot immediately!
2009 Chamber No. 6 (Directed by K. Shakhnazarov, A. Gornovsky, Mosfilm).
2009 - "Lawlessness" (cartoon, directed by Natalia Malgina) 2009 — "Ivanov" (film, directed by Vadim Dubrovitsky) 2010 — "White browed" (cartoon, directed by Sergey Seregin)
Family, relatives
Pedigree
On the father's side
My great grandfather, Mikhail Chekhov (1762-1849), was a serf all his life.
He had five sons, whom he raised in strictness.
The writer's grandfather — Yegor Mikhailovich, the first in the Chekhov family to learn to read and write, managed to redeem himself for freedom.
For thirty years he worked hard he cooked sugar from
beetroot and, fattening the cattle of his owner, Count D. Chertkov, received his share of the profit from the sale of animals.
He managed to save 875 rubles, and in 1841 he bought
himself, his wife and three sons.
The count released his daughter Alexandra out of mercy.
After being released, the Chekhov family went to the Strong settlement the estate of Count Platov near Taganrog.
E. M. Chekhov arranged for his sons to become apprentices and later they became merchants.
The father of the family himself worked as a clerk for the rest of his life, but he was not
we love him for his sharp character, both among the peasants and among the princes, who exiled him even further, to the Knyazhaya settlement.
Yegor Mikhailovich also showed his talent as a writer, before us
his words reached me: "I was deeply envious of bars, not only their freedom, but also that they can read."
Yegor Mikhailovich had a cool temper, liked to let his hands go.
From his
both the peasants, who called him "the asp", and the family suffered from the temper.
Grandmother Efrosinya Yemelyanovna, was a Ukrainian, nee Shimko.
Having lived with Yegor Mikhailovich for 58 years, she had a noticeable influence on the worldview and
Chekhov's early work, up to the point that in the population census he wrote "nationality Little Russian"
On the mother's side
My great great grandfather, Nikita Morozov,was a serf.
He lived in the middle of the XVIII century in the village of Fofanovo (today the Ivanovo region).
My great grandfather, Gerasim Morozov, drove barges with grain and timber along the Volga and Oka.
In 1817.
Was married
he married a serf peasant Tatyana Leontieva, with whom he had five children: Alexey, Vasily, Maria, Fyodor and Yakov.
At the age of 53, he bought himself and his son off
Yakov.
Grandfather, Yakov Gerasimovich (c. 1800-1847), was born in the village of Fofanovo.
He helped his father, looked after the trade in Morshansk.
In 1820, he married Kochmakova
To Alexandra Ivanovna.
In 1833, Yakov Gerasimovich went bankrupt and had to find a job — he was arranged by General Popkov in Taganrog.
Becoming a commission agent
at the same time, he opened a dried fish trade in Rostov.
He had three children: Ivan, Fedosya, Yevgenia (later the mother of A. P. Chekhov).
Grandmother, Alexandra Ivanovna Kokhmakova (1804—1868
Parents
In 1841, when Chekhov's future mother was only six years old, Pavel settled in Rostov with Yakov Morozov (Yevgenia's father).
Six years later, when Yakov died, the connection between the families was cut off, but six years later it was restored again - it turned out that Yevgenia Morozova's brother Ivan (1825-1867) was working under Mitrofan Chekhov (1836-1894) - Pavel Yegorovich's own brother.
Thanks to this, Pavel and Yevgenia met, and in 1854 they were married.
Mother
The writer's mother, Yevgenia Yakovlevna Chekhov (1835-1919), was a quiet woman who stoically endured her husband's despotism and years of need.
She did not like to read and write, she lived all her life
the interests of the family, worrying, first of all, for their children.
She survived four of her seven children — the very first daughter, Yevgenia (1869-1871), died at the age of two
years.
Anton Chekhov said that " The talent in us is from the father's side, and the soul is from the mother's side."
Father
There are: Ivan, Anton, Nikolai, Alexander and Mitrofan Yegorovich.
Sitting: Mikhail, Maria, Pavel Egorovich, Evgenia Yakovlevna, Lyudmila Pavlovna and her son George.
1874.
His father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov (1825-1898), inherited from his father a despotic character and, although he showed care and compassion in letters to the family, in life he often
he resorted to physical abuse and swearing.
He forced his children to work in the shop from morning to night, and also to sing in the choir at many hours of church services.
About Pavel's childhood
Yegorovich can be judged from the memories that he wrote down in the family chronicle at the end of his life: 1830.
I remember that my mother came from Kiev and I saw her.
1831.
I remember a strong cholera, they gave me tar to drink.
1832.
He studied literacy in c.
school, taught by A. B. in civil.
1833.
I remember a bad harvest of bread, hunger, we ate quinoa and oak bark.
By the age of sixteen, he had already managed to work at a sugar factory; then he worked as a cattle drover, and in Taganrog he was accepted into a merchant's shop.
In 1856, Pavel Egorovich
he managed to save 2500 rubles, joined the third merchant guild.
In 1857, he opened a trade, writing on the sign of his shop "Tea, sugar, coffee and other colonial
products".
The older generation of the Chekhov's were extremely devout people who observed all fasts and holidays.
Chekhov diligently attended the service and made pilgrimages.
In the church,
a familiar singer taught Pavel Egorovich to read music and even play the violin.
Pavel became interested in choral singing and in 1864 became the regent of the cathedral.
Because of
addicted to the" long drawn out " style of singing psalms, practiced by monks from Mount Athos, his services dragged on for too long, and in 1867 he was dismissed.
Then Paul
Yegorovich moved to a Greek monastery, where he gathered a choir in which Alexander, Nikolai and Anton sang.
Pavel Yegorovich's trading business, which began relatively successfully, soon began to decline.
The shop was dirty, it was selling substandard goods and besides
the serving boys cheated.
There they could sell drunk tea collected in taverns by Jews, dried and tinted, or a medicine against pregnancy "nest",
which included: oil, mercury, nitric acid, strychnine, etc.
"This" nest" probably sent a lot of people to the next world, " Anton Chekhov recalled, already
having received a medical education.
In 1874, things went very badly and Pavel Egorovich began to fall into debt, two years later he was forced to secretly leave Taganrog, on April 25, 1876, he
he arrived in Moscow, where the entire Chekhov family was already waiting for him, with the exception of Anton, who remained to finish his studies at the gymnasium.
He lived at that time with people who got
a family home, engaged in tutoring with the son of the new owner, "paying" for this accommodation.
Over time, Anton became friends with his ward.
After a year and a half of wandering and a miserable life in debt, Pavel finally found a job.
On November 10, 1877, he got a job as a junior clerk in the barn to I. Gavrilov for
30 rubles a month, a table and an apartment at the store.
For 14 years, Pavel worked in the barn, working from morning to night and rarely seeing his family.
April 30, 1892 Pavel
he retired from the barn, and on March 1, 1892, he arrived in Melikhovo, where he lived, doing farming, until his death, on October 24, 1898.
From above: Ivan, Alexander, Pavel Yegorovich.
Second row: M. Korneeva, Lika Mizinova, Maria, Evgenia Yakovlevna, Seryozha Kiselyov.
From below: Mikhail, Anton.
1890.
Works written by Chekhov :
The Cherry Orchard 1903
Three
sisters 1901
Ivanov
one thousand eight hundred eighty nine
Seagull
one thousand eight hundred ninety six
Uncle Vanya
one thousand eight hundred seventy eight
Bezopsovschina 1903
Leshiy
one thousand nine hundred three
Lady with
the dog 1898-1903
Collection of short stories
"Although the date took place, but ..."
1901
Anna on
neck
Lady
A restless guest
Grateful
Brother
In the car
Meeting
spring (reasoning)
Stupid
french
To speak or to be silent
The Sinner from Toledo
Summer residents
Two
the scandal
The twenty ninth
June's
The Businessman
Day for
a city
A good friend
Playwright
Darling
Duel
The only means
Groom
Women's happiness
Wives of artists (translation...from Portuguese)
Lively
chronology
Live product
Life in questions and exclamations
The tenant
Everyday adversities
You will chase two hares, you will not catch one
Behind
apples
I forgot!!
The tasks of a crazy mathematician
Green
braid
And then and
se
Idyll alas and ah!
From the memoirs of an idealist
Name days
The Cossack
The calendar of the "Alarm Clock" for 1882.
March - April
Vacation work of the institute Nadenka
Kashtanka
Slander
The Princess
The advertising office of Antosha Ch.
Comic ads and ads
Double bass and flute
Correspondent
Which one of the three?
Beauties
Cross
Fist Nest
Flying Islands
Extra
people
Horse name
Marya
Ivanovna
Revenge
Dreams
My
anniversary
The Avenger
On the wolf
sadke
On
the nail
On Holy Week
Ran into
Freeloaders
From nothing to do
Ward
No 6
Bet
A kiss
Stories
Student
Reading
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