Lincoln, Abraham
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
The 16th President of the United States
March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865 Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin (1861-1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865) Predecessor: James Buchanan Successor: Andrew Johnson
Member of the House of Representatives from the 7th Congressional District of Illinois
March 4, 1847 March 3, 1849 Predecessor: John Henry Successor: Thomas Harris
Religion: Baptist (formally, there are different opinions (see more details)) Birth: February 12, 1809(1809-02-12) [1]
Hodgenville, Kentucky, USA Death: April 15, 1865 (1865-04-15) [2] (56 years old)
Washington, USA Place of burial: Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield Father: Thomas Lincoln Mother: Nancy Hanks Spouse: Mary Todd (married Lincoln) Children: Sons: Robert, Edward, William and Thomas Party: Republican Party
Autograph:
Abraham Lincoln on Wikimedia Commons
There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809, Hodgenville, Kentucky, - April 15, 1865, Washington) was an American statesman, the 16th president of the United States (1861-1865) and the first from the Republican Party, the liberator of American slaves, the national hero of the American people.
He is included in the list of the 100 most studied personalities in history.
I grew up in a poor farmer's family.
From an early age, he was engaged in physical labor.
Due to the difficult financial situation of the family, he attended school for no more than a year, but managed to learn to read and write and fell in love with books.
When he became an adult, he began an independent life, engaged in self education, passed exams and received permission to practice law.
During the Indian uprising in Illinois, he joined the militia, was elected a captain, but did not participate in hostilities.
He was also a member of the Illinois Legislature, the House of Representatives of the United States Congress, in which he opposed the Mexican American war.
In 1858, he became a candidate for U.S. Senator, but lost the election.
As an opponent of the expansion of slavery into new territories, he was one of the initiators of the creation of the Republican Party, was chosen as its presidential candidate and won the election of 1860.
His election served as a signal for the secession of the southern states and the emergence of the Confederation.
In his inaugural speech, he called for the reunification of the country, but could not prevent the conflict.
Lincoln personally directed the military actions that led to the victory over the Confederacy during the Civil War of 1861-1865.
His presidential activity led to the strengthening of the executive power and the abolition of slavery in the United States.
Lincoln included his opponents in the government and was able to attract them to work on a common goal.
The president kept Great Britain and other European countries from intervening throughout the war.
During his presidency, the transcontinental railway was built, the Homestead Act was adopted, which solved the agrarian issue.
Lincoln was an outstanding orator, his speeches inspired northerners and are a vivid legacy to this day. [3] [4]
At the end of the war, he proposed a plan for moderate Reconstruction, associated with national harmony and the rejection of revenge.
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was fatally wounded in a theater, becoming the first US president to be assassinated.
According to the generally accepted point of view and social polls, he still remains one of the best and most beloved presidents of America[5][6][7], although he was severely criticized during his presidency[8][9][10].
Content
1 Childhood 2 Youth 3 The beginning of a career as a politician and lawyer 4 Family 5 Political career before the presidency 6 Presidential elections and inauguration 6.1 Elections 6.2 The Division of the Union and the inauguration of Lincoln
7 The American Civil War 7.1 The Beginning of the War (1861-1862) 7.2 The Political Process 7.3 Homestead 7.4 The Liberation of Slaves 7.5 The turning point in the Civil War.
Battle of Gettysburg
8 Re election, the end of the war 9 The assassination of Lincoln 10 The results of the presidency and the historical significance of Abraham Lincoln 11 The Lincoln Memorial 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 References
Childhood[edit / edit wiki text]
Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in the family of uneducated farmers Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, who lived in a small log cabin on the farm Sinking Spring (English)Russian.
in Gardin County, Kentucky[11].
His paternal grandfather Abraham, after whom the boy was later named, moved his family from Virginia to Kentucky[12][13], where he was ambushed and killed during a raid against the Indians in 1786[13].
Lincoln's mother, Nancy, was born in West Virginia.
Together with her mother, she moved to Kentucky, where she met Thomas Lincoln, a respected and wealthy citizen of the state of Kentucky[14].
By the time Abraham was born to them, Thomas owned two farms with a total area of about 500 hectares, several buildings in the city, a large number of livestock and horses.
He was one of the richest people in the district[12][15].
However, in 1816, Thomas loses all his lands in court cases due to a legal error in property rights[16].
The family moves to the north, to Indiana, to develop new vacant lands.
Lincoln later noted that this move was mainly due to legal problems with the land, but partly due to the situation with slavery in the south[16].
At the age of nine, Abraham lost his mother[17], then his older sister, Sarah, took over the responsibility of caring for him until their father remarried in 1819 to the widow Sarah Bush Johnston[18].
The cabin where Lincoln was born
The stepmother, who had three children from her first marriage, quickly became close to the young Lincoln, as a result, he even began to call her "mom"[19].
Until the age of ten, Abraham did not like the housework that accompanies a borderline lifestyle.
Some in his family, as well as among the neighbors, even considered him lazy for a while[20][21].
Later, he became willing to do everything that was required of him.
Young Lincoln participated in field work, and, becoming older, he worked in various ways — at the post office, as a logger, a surveyor and a boatman.
He was especially good at chopping wood.
Lincoln avoided hunting and fishing because of his moral beliefs[21].
Lincoln also agreed to the son's usual obligation to give his father all income from working outside the home until the age of 21[17].
At the same time, Lincoln was increasingly distancing himself from his father, in particular, due to the latter's lack of education.
Abraham was the first in the family to learn to write and count, although, according to his own confessions, he attended school for no more than a year because of the need to help the family.
Since childhood, he became addicted to books, carried the love for them through his entire life.
22].
Dennis, a friend of his childhood, later wrote:
"After Abe turned 12, there was no case when I saw him without a book in his hands…
At night, in the hut, he knocked over a chair, blocked the light with it, sat on a rib and read.
It was just strange that a guy could read so much"[23].
As a child, Lincoln read the Bible, "Robinson Crusoe", "The Story of George Washington", the fables of Aesop[23][22].
In addition, he helped his neighbors write letters, thus honing grammar and style.
Sometimes he even went 30 miles to the court in order to listen to the speeches of lawyers[24].
Youth[edit / edit wiki text]
Abraham Lincoln as a young man
In 1830, the family of Abraham Lincoln moved again.
Lincoln, having become an adult, decides to start an independent life.
He found a temporary job, during which he sailed down the Mississippi River and visited New Orleans, where Lincoln visited a slave market and retained a lifelong dislike of slavery.
Soon he settled in the village of New Salem, in the state of Illinois.
There, he devoted all his free hours to self education and classes with a local school teacher[25].
At night, the future president read books by the light of a splinter.
In 1832, Lincoln ran for a seat in the Illinois Legislature, but was defeated.
After that, he began to systematically study the sciences.
Initially, Lincoln wanted to become a blacksmith, but after meeting a justice of the peace, he began to study law.
At the same time, he and his partner tried to earn money in a retail store, but things were going badly.
Sandberg, the author of a popular biography of the president, writes:
"...Lincoln was engaged in what he read and dreamed.
He had nothing to do, and he could sit for days with his thoughts, no one interrupted him.
Under this external immobility, mental and moral maturation took place, slowly and steadily"[26].
In 1832, an Indian uprising broke out in Illinois, who did not want to leave their native places and move west, across the Mississippi River.
Lincoln joined the militia, was elected a captain, but did not participate in the fighting.
In 1833, Lincoln was appointed postmaster of New Salem.
Thanks to this, he got more free time, which he devoted to classes.
The new position allowed him to read political newspapers before sending them.
At the end of 1833, Lincoln received the position of surveyor.
Having accepted this job, he spent six weeks intensively studying Gibson's "Theory and Practice of Topography "and Flint's" Course in Geometry, Trigonometry and Topography".
During his years in New Salem, Lincoln often had to borrow money.
His habit of paying off his debts in full earned him one of his most famous nicknames — "Honest Abe".
The beginning of a career as a politician and lawyer[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1835 (at the age of 26) Lincoln was elected to the Illinois Legislature, where he joined the Whigs.
When Lincoln entered the political arena, Andrew Jackson was the president of the United States.
Lincoln welcomed his reliance on the people in political actions, but did not approve of the policy of the federal center's refusal to regulate the economic life of the states.
After the session of the Assembly, he took up the study of law even more resolutely than before.
Having studied independently, in 1836, Lincoln passed the exam for the title of lawyer.
In the same year, in the Legislative Assembly, Lincoln managed to achieve the transfer of the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield, where he moved in 1837.
There, together with William Butler, he joined the firm of Stewart and Lincoln.
The young legislator and lawyer quickly gained credibility thanks to his oratorical abilities and impeccable reputation.
He often refused to take fees from insolvent citizens whom he defended in court; he traveled to different parts of the state to help people with litigation.
After the assassination of the publisher of an abolitionist newspaper in 1837, Lincoln gave the first principled speech at the Lyceum of "Young People "in Springfield, in which he emphasized the values of democracy, the constitution and the legacy of the"founding fathers".
Family[edit / edit wiki text]
Mary Todd, the wife of Abraham Lincoln.
In 1840, Lincoln met Mary Todd, a girl from Kentucky (eng. Mary Todd, 1818-1882) and on November 4, 1842, they were married.
Mary gave birth to four sons, of whom only the eldest, Robert Lincoln, lived long enough.
Edward Lincoln was born on March 10, 1846 and died on February 1, 1850 in Springfield.
William Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850 and died on February 20, 1862 in Washington, during his father's presidency.
Thomas Lincoln was born on April 4, 1853, died on July 16, 1871 in Chicago[28][29][30][31].
Political career before the presidency[edit / edit wiki text]
Abraham Lincoln in 1857
In 1846, Lincoln was elected a member of the House of Representatives in Congress (1847-1849) from the Whig party.
In Washington, not being a particularly influential figure, he, however, actively opposed the actions of President Polk in the Mexican American war, considering it an unjustified aggression on the part of the United States.
Nevertheless, Lincoln voted for the allocation of funds by Congress for the army, for the material support of disabled soldiers, wives who lost their husbands, in addition, he supported the demand to grant voting rights to women.
Lincoln sympathized with the abolitionists and was an opponent of slavery, but did not recognize extreme measures, advocated the gradual emancipation of slaves, since he put the integrity of the Union above their freedom[4].
The rejection of the popular Mexican American War damaged Lincoln's reputation in his home state and he decided to refuse re election to the House of Representatives.
In 1849, Lincoln was informed that he had been appointed secretary of the then Oregon Territory.
Accepting the offer would have meant the end of a career in a rapidly developing Illinois, so he declined the appointment.
Lincoln retired from political activity and in the following years practiced law, became one of the leading lawyers in the state, was a legal adviser to the Illinois Central Railroad.
During the 23 years of his legal career, Lincoln participated in 5,100 cases (excluding unregistered ones), together with partners, he appeared before the state Supreme Court more than 400 times[33].
In 1856, he, like many former Whigs, joined the anti slavery Republican Party created in 1854, and in 1858 was nominated as a candidate for a seat in the US Senate.
His opponent in the election was Democrat Stephen Douglas.
The debate between Lincoln and Douglas, during which the issue of slavery was discussed, became widely known (some called this debate the dispute between the "little giant" (S. Douglas) and the "big sucker" (A. Lincoln)).
Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but opposed slavery on moral grounds.
He considered slavery an inevitable evil in the conditions of the agrarian economy of the South.
Trying to challenge the arguments of Douglas, who accused his opponent of radicalism, Lincoln assured that he was not in favor of granting blacks political and civil rights and interracial marriages, since in his opinion the physical difference between the white and black races and the superiority of the former would never allow "them to coexist in conditions of social and political equality" [34].
The issue of slavery, in his opinion, was within the competence of individual states and the federal government has no constitutional right to interfere in this problem.
At the same time, Lincoln firmly opposed the spread of slavery to new territories, which undermined the foundations of slavery, because its extensive nature required moving to the undeveloped lands of the West.
Stephen Douglas won the election, but Lincoln's anti slavery speech "A divided House", in which he justified the impossibility of the country's continued existence in a state of "semi slavery and semi freedom", was widely spread in the United States, creating its author a reputation as an anti slavery fighter.
In October 1859, an uprising broke out in the south by John Brown, who seized the government arsenal and planned to start a slave uprising in the south.
The detachment was blocked by the troops and destroyed.
Lincoln denounced Brown's actions as an attempt to solve the issue of slavery by force.
Presidential election and inauguration[edit / edit wiki text]
Elections[edit / edit wiki text]
Presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln, 1860.
Main article: US Presidential Elections (1860)
Moderate positions on the issue of slavery determined the election of Lincoln as a compromise candidate for president from the Republican Party in the election of 1860.
The southern states threatened to secede from the Union if the Republicans won.
Both parties, Democratic and Republican, fought for the values that the candidates embodied.
Americans associated the personality of Lincoln with hard work, honesty, and social mobility.
A native of the people, he was a man who "made himself".
On November 6, 1860, participation in the elections for the first time exceeded 80% of the population.
Lincoln, largely due to the split in the Democratic Party, which nominated two candidates, managed to get ahead of his rivals in the elections and become the president of the United States and the first from his new party.
Lincoln won the election, mainly due to the support of the North.
In nine southern states, Lincoln's name was not on the ballot at all and he managed to win only 2 out of 996 districts.
The division of the Union and the inauguration of Lincoln[edit / edit wiki text]
Lincoln was opposed to the spread of slavery, and his election victory further divided the American people.
Even before his inauguration, 7 southern states, on the initiative of South Carolina, announced their withdrawal from the United States.
The Upper South (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri and Arkansas) initially rejected the appeal of the separatists, but soon joined the rebellion.
Incumbent President James Buchanan and President elect Lincoln refused to recognize the secession.
In February 1861, the constitutional Congress in Montgomery (Alabama) proclaimed the creation of the Confederate States of America, and Jefferson Davis was elected president, who took the oath of office in the same month.
The capital of the state was Richmond.
Lincoln evaded possible assassins in Baltimore and arrived in Washington on February 23, 1861 in a special train.
During his inauguration on March 4, the capital was filled with troops who ensured order.
In his speech, Lincoln said:
I believe that from the point of view of universal law and the Constitution, the union of these states is eternal.
Eternity, even if it is not directly expressed, is implied in the Basic Law of all state Forms of Government.
It can be confidently stated that no system of government as such has ever had a provision in its Basic Law on the termination of its own existence…
And again, if the United States is not a system of government in the proper sense of the word, but an association of states based simply on a treaty, can it, as a treaty, be peacefully terminated by fewer parties than it was when it was created?
One party participating in the contract can violate it, that is, break it, but does not everyone's consent be required to legally cancel it?
Based on these general principles, we come to the statement that from a legal point of view, the Union is eternal, and this is confirmed by the history of the Union itself. ...
It follows from this that none of the states has the right to withdraw from the Union purely on its own initiative, that decisions and resolutions adopted for this purpose have no legal force and acts of violence committed within any state (or states) directed against the Government of the United States acquire, depending on the circumstances, an insurrectionary or revolutionary character.[35]
In his speech, Lincoln also stated that he "has no intention, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the functioning of the institution of slavery in those states where it exists": "I believe that I have no legal right to do this, and I am not inclined to do it."
Lincoln called for a peaceful solution to the conflict and the restoration of the unity of the United States.
However, the exit had already been carried out and the Confederation was intensively preparing for military operations.
The overwhelming majority of representatives of the southern states in the US Congress left it and went over to the side of the South.
After taking office, Lincoln took advantage of the protectionist system of distributing posts.
Already in the spring of 1861, 80% of the posts controlled by Democrats were occupied by Republicans.
When forming the government, Lincoln included his opponents in it: the post of US Secretary of State was given to William Seward, the Minister of Justice — Edward Bates, the Minister of Finance — Salmon Chase.
The Civil War in the United States[edit / edit wiki text]
Main articles: The American Civil War, the Lincoln Presidency
The beginning of the war (1861-1862)[edit / edit wiki text]
The fighting began on April 12, 1861, with an attack by the southerners on Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, which was forced to surrender after 34 hours of shelling.
In response, Lincoln declared the southern states in a state of rebellion, ordered a blockade of the Confederacy from the sea, called up 75,000 volunteers in the army, and later introduced conscription.
Even before the inauguration of Lincoln, a lot of weapons and ammunition were brought to the south, seizures of federal arsenals and warehouses were organized[36].
The most combat ready units were located here, which were replenished by hundreds of officers who had left the federal army.
The beginning of the Civil War was unsuccessful for the North.
The Southerners, prepared for combat operations, were in a hurry to defeat the Union troops before the North mobilizes its superior military and economic potential.
Subjected to sharp criticism for military defeats and economic difficulties, Lincoln, despite his lack of military experience, took decisive steps to form a combat ready army, not even stopping at restrictions on civil liberties or spending funds not yet approved in the Congressional estimates[37].
In the first major battle in Virginia at the Manassas railway station on July 21, 1861, the federal army was defeated.
On November 1, Lincoln appointed J. B. McLellan, who avoided active actions, as commander in chief.
On October 21, its units were broken up near Washington.
On November 8, 1861, the British steamer Trent was captured, on board of which there were southern ambassadors.
This provoked the "Trent affair" and almost led to a war against Great Britain.
In February and March 1862, General Ulysses Grant managed to oust the Southerners from Tennessee and Kentucky.
By the summer, the state of Missouri was liberated, and Grant's troops entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama.
As a result of an amphibious operation, New Orleans was captured on April 25, 1862.
McLellan was removed by Lincoln from the post of commander in chief and put at the head of one of the armies whose task was to capture Richmond.
McLellan preferred defensive actions instead of offensive.
On August 29-30, the northerners were defeated at the second Battle of Bull Run, after which Lincoln called for 500,000 men.
On September 7, at Antietam Creek, the 40,000 army of the South was attacked by McClellan's 70,000 army, which defeated the Confederates.
The flood of the Potomac River cut off Lee's retreat, but McLellan, despite Lincoln's orders, refused to advance and missed the opportunity to complete the rout of the southerners.
After the Battle of Antietam, Great Britain and France refused to join the war and recognize the Confederation.
During the war, Russia maintained friendly relations with the United States.
The Russian squadron paid a visit to San Francisco and New York in 1863-1864.
The year 1862 was also marked by the first battle of ironclad ships in history, which took place on March 9 off the coast of Virginia.
The campaign of 1862 ended with the defeat of the northerners at Frederiksberg on December 13.
Lincoln and General George McLellan March 10, 1862
The political process[edit / edit wiki text]
The difficult situation of the federal army caused discontent among the population.
Lincoln was under pressure from the Republican Party, which included both supporters of the immediate abolition of slavery and advocates for the gradual emancipation of slaves.
Lincoln adhered to the policy of compromise, thanks to which he managed to prevent the split of the party.
He was convinced that even in wartime, a political process should be carried out in the country.
This made it possible to preserve freedom of speech throughout the Civil War, avoid serious restrictions on civil liberties and the crisis of the two party system.
During the Lincoln presidency, elections were held, citizens participated in the government of the state.
After the Southern attack on Fort Sumter, some members of the Democratic Party formed a "loyal opposition" supporting the government's policy.
On August 22, 1862, in an interview with the New York Tribune, when asked why he was delaying the emancipation of slaves, Lincoln replied:
My highest goal in this struggle is the preservation of the union, not the preservation or destruction of slavery.
If I could save the union without freeing a single slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some slaves and not freeing others, I would do it.
What I am doing on the issue of slavery and for the colored race, I am doing because I believe it will help preserve the union…
This is how I explained my intention here, which I consider as an official duty.
And I do not intend to change my often expressed personal desire that all people everywhere should be free.
Homestead[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Homestead
On the initiative of Abraham Lincoln, the Homestead Act was passed on May 20, 1862, according to which every citizen of the United States who had reached the age of 21 and had not fought on the side of the Confederacy could receive a plot of land from the public fund of no more than 160 acres (65 hectares) after paying a registration fee of $ 10.
The law came into force on January 1, 1863.
A settler who started cultivating the land and began to build buildings on it, received free ownership of this land after 5 years.
The plot could be acquired in the property ahead of time, at a payment of $ 1.25 per acre.
According to the Homestead Act, about 2 million homesteads were distributed in the United States, with a total area of about 285 million acres (115 million hectares).
This law radically solved the agrarian problem, directing the development of agriculture along the farmer's path, led to the settlement of hitherto deserted territories and provided Lincoln with the support of the broad masses of the population[38].
Liberation of slaves[edit / edit wiki text]
President of the United States Abraham Lincoln
The failures in the war and its prolongation gradually changed Lincoln's attitude to the issue of slavery.
He came to the idea that the United States would either become completely free or completely slave owning.
It became clear that the main goal of the war — the restoration of the Union, was becoming unattainable without the abolition of slavery.
Lincoln, who had always advocated the gradual emancipation of Negroes on a compensatory basis, now believed that slavery should be abolished.
Preparations for the abolition of the institute were carried out throughout 1862.
On December 30, 1862, the president signed the "Proclamation on the Emancipation of Slaves", declaring Negroes living in territories in a state of rebellion against the United States "henceforth and forever" free.
The document gave impetus to the adoption of the XIII Amendment (1865) to the American Constitution, which completely abolished slavery in the United States.
The proclamation was justly criticized by radical Republicans, since the liberation of slaves was carried out where the power of the federal government did not extend, but it changed the nature of the Civil War, turning it into a war for the abolition of slavery.
In addition, it forced foreign countries, including Great Britain, not to support the Confederation.
British Prime Minister Palmerston was unable to organize interventions due to public resistance.
The liberation of slaves allowed the recruitment of black Americans into the army.
By the end of the war, there were 180,000 Negroes in the federal troops.
A turning point in the Civil War.
The Battle of Gettysburg[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Battle of Gettysburg
On March 3, 1863, for the first time in the history of the United States, military duty was introduced.
At the same time, the rich were allowed to hire other people instead of themselves and pay off from the service, which provoked unrest, during which many Negroes died, who became victims of Lynch courts.
In May 1863, the 130,000 strong Union Army was defeated by General Lee's 60,000 strong army.
The Northerners retreated, and the Confederates, bypassing Washington from the north, entered Pennsylvania.
In this situation, the outcome of the three day battle at Gettysburg, during which more than 50 thousand people died, became of great importance.
Lee's army was defeated and retreated to Virginia.
On July 4, on the western front, after a multi day siege and two unsuccessful assaults, General Grant captured the fortress of Vicksburg.
On July 8, Port Hudson in Louisiana was taken.
This established control over the Mississippi River Valley, and the Confederacy was divided into two parts.
On November 19, 1863, the official opening ceremony of the Gettysburg National Cemetery was held, where the fallen participants of the battle were buried.
During the opening of the memorial, Lincoln delivered one of his most famous speeches, which once again confirmed his outstanding oratorical talents.
At the end of the short speech, the following was said:
"We must solemnly decree that these deaths will not be in vain, and our nation, under the protection of God, will receive a new source of freedom, and this government of the people, created by the people and for the people, will not die on earth"[39].
In December 1863, Lincoln promised amnesty to all rebels (except the leaders of the Confederacy), provided that they took the oath of allegiance to the United States and accepted the abolition of slavery.
The year ended with the victory of the northerners at Chattanooga.
Re election, the end of the war[edit / edit wiki text]
The idea of ending the war was becoming increasingly popular among the people.
Lincoln was faced with the task of instilling in Americans faith in victory.
The president canceled the transfer of those arrested to the court, which made it possible to imprison deserters and the most ardent supporters of slavery and peace.
In the 1863 congressional elections, the Democrats managed to reduce the gap in the number of seats, but the Republicans still managed to maintain a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Abraham Lincoln on January 8, 1864.
In March 1864, Lincoln appointed Ulysses Grant as commander — in chief, who, together with W. Sherman and F. Sheridan, implemented a plan developed by Lincoln by delivering coordinated strikes to weaken the southerners and defeat them.
The main blow was delivered by Sherman's army, which began the invasion of Georgia in May.
Grant's army was acting against General Lee.
Despite his own doubts and the objections of the party leaders, Lincoln decided to run for a second term, although over the past four years he had made many enemies, he was often criticized by newspapers and hated by many people.
The Democratic Party declared the end of the war and negotiations as its slogan.
Her candidate was General J. B. McLellan, dismissed by Lincoln from the post of commander in chief in 1862.
In the Republican Party, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase tried to become one of the contenders, but Lincoln was nominated as the only candidate.
Sherman's capture of Atlanta, the breadbasket of the Confederacy, on September 2, 1864, allowed Lincoln to defeat his rival, the peace supporter McLellan, in the presidential election and gain 212 out of 233 electoral votes.
At Lincoln's insistence, on January 31, 1865, Congress adopted the XIII Amendment to the US Constitution, which prohibited slavery in the country.
At the beginning of 1865, the victory of the northerners was already a foregone conclusion.
In his second inaugural speech, Lincoln called for renouncing revenge, set the tasks of reconstructing the South, building a harmonious Union:
"Not harboring malice towards anyone, full of mercy, firm in the truth, Americans should bind up the country's wounds ... do everything possible to win and maintain a just and lasting peace in their home and with all the peoples of the world."
Grant, who had an army of 115 thousand people in the spring of 1865, forced Lee, who had only 54 thousand people at his disposal, to leave Petersburg, and on April 2, the capital of the confederacy, Richmond[40].
On April 9, 1865, Lee signed the Surrender, the resistance of individual units was suppressed by the end of May.
After the arrest of Jefferson Davis and members of his government, the Confederacy ceased to exist.
The assassination of Lincoln[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
The Civil War ended with the surrender of the Confederate States of America on April 9, 1865.
The country had to reconstruct the South and begin the process of integrating blacks into American society.
Five days after the end of the war, on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at the play "Our American Cousin" (at the Ford Theater), a Southern supporter, actor John Wilkes Booth, entered the presidential box and shot Lincoln in the head.
The next morning, without regaining consciousness, Abraham Lincoln died.
Millions of Americans, white and black, came to pay their last respects to their president during the two and a half week journey of the funeral train from Washington to Springfield.
The train carried two coffins: a large coffin with the body of Abraham Lincoln and a small one with the body of his son William, who had died three years earlier, during Lincoln's presidential term[41].
Abraham and William Lincoln were buried in Springfield at Oak Ridge Cemetery.
The tragic death of Lincoln contributed to the creation of an aura around his name of a martyr who gave his life for the reunification of the country and the liberation of black slaves.
The results of the presidency and the historical significance of Abraham Lincoln[edit]
The Civil War was the bloodiest military conflict in the history of the United States and the most difficult test for American democracy.
Abraham Lincoln became a central historical figure in the minds of the American people, a man who prevented the collapse of the United States and made a significant contribution to the formation of the American nation and the abolition of slavery as the main obstacle to the subsequent normal development of the country.
Lincoln marked the beginning of the modernization of the South, the emancipation of slaves.
To him belongs the formulation of the main goal of democracy: "A government created by the people, from the people and for the people."
During his presidency, a transcontinental railway to the Pacific Ocean was also laid, the infrastructure system was expanded, a new banking system was created, and the agrarian problem was solved.
However, after the end of the war, the country faced many problems, including the unity of the nation and the equalization of the rights of blacks and whites.
In part, these problems are still facing American society.
After the assassination of Lincoln, the United States economy for a long time became the most dynamically developing economy in the world, which allowed the country to become a world leader at the beginning of the XX century.
In many ways, his personal qualities allowed him to mobilize the forces of the state and reunite the country.
Lincoln adhered to strict moral principles of morality, had a sense of humor[42], but was also prone to strong melancholy[43][44].[45]
To this day, Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most intelligent presidents of the United States.
As a sign of the gratitude of the American people, a memorial was erected in Washington to the sixteenth President Abraham Lincoln as one of the four presidents who determined the historical development of the United States of America[46].
The Lincoln Memorial[edit / edit wiki text]
Ford's Theater, where Lincoln was fatally wounded
Main article: The Lincoln Memorial
The memory of Lincoln is immortalized in a memorial located on the Esplanade in the center of Washington in 1914-1922 and symbolizes the president's belief that all people should be free.
The building symbolizes the United States, it is supported by 36 columns (according to the number of states during the Lincoln presidency).
Inside this white marble structure, the sculptor Daniel French placed a six meter statue of the liberator president sitting in thought.
On the inner walls of the memorial, the texts of Lincoln's Gettysburg and Second Inaugural speeches are reproduced under allegorical paintings.
In addition, many monuments have been erected in honor of Lincoln in the United States, a city, streets, a university, various centers, a brand of prestigious cars, an aircraft carrier have been named.
The president's profile is carved on Mount Rushmore.
The birthday of Abraham Lincoln is a national holiday in some states of the United States.
Lincoln is also depicted on the $ 5 bill.
Exterior of the Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln House in Springfield
Lincoln statue in the Memorial
Lincoln on a 1 cent coin, 2009
The lifetime mask of Abraham Lincoln
The box at Ford's Theater where Lincoln was when Booth shot him
Abraham Lincoln Monument in London
Lincoln on Mount Rushmore
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Lincoln and Grace Bedell Monument in Westfield
Bedell, Grace
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Record #11857308X // Gemeinsame Normdatei — 2012—2016.
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Википедия Wikipedia in Esperanto 2001.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q190551"></a>
↑ Dale Carnegie.
vol. 1, p. 230, from the "New World", Moscow, 1983.
↑ 1 2 Burova I. I., Silinsky S. V. USA.
St. Petersburg., 2002 (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 (1028 days) - history) ↑ Americans have determined the best US president ↑ Independent information and analytics from the USA ↑ Lincoln on the website " When?
Where?
How?
↑ Karl Sandberg, 1961, p. 243 ^ a b Karl Sandberg, 1961, p. 289 ^ a b Biography of Abraham Lincoln on the website of the encyclopedia "Krugosvet" (dead link with 14-05-2013 (1028 days) — history) ↑ Donald, 1996, pp.
20-22 ↑ 1 2 Pessen, 1984, p. 24-25 ↑ 1 2 White, 2009, p. 12-13 ↑ Donald, 1996, pp.
22-24 ↑ Lamb, 2008, p. 189 ↑ 1 2 Sandburg, 1926, p. 20 ↑ 1 2 Donald, 1996, pp.
30-33 ↑ Donald, 1996, p. 20 ↑ Donald, 1996, pp.
26-27 ↑ White, 2009, pp.
25,31,47 ↑ 1 2 Donald, 1996, p. 33 ↑ 1 2 Donald, 1996, pp.
29-43 ↑ 1 2 Carl Sandberg, 1961, p. 15 ↑ Carl Sandberg, 1961, p. 16 Сэнд Sandberg K. Lincoln / Carl Sandberg; short translation from the English of B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1961.
- 700 pages.
23 Сэнд Sandberg K. Lincoln / Carl Sandberg; short translation from the English of B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1961.
- 700 p .
28-29 Сэнд Sandberg K. Lincoln / Karl Sandberg; sokr.
per.
with engl.
B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1961.
- 700 p., p. 30 ↑ Cathy Young «Co opting Lincoln’s sexuality» Boston Globe Jan 31, 2005 ↑ A Review by Gregory M. Lamb at www.powells.com of «We Are Lincoln Men»: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends D. H. Donald ↑ Richard Brookhiser Was Lincoln Gay?
New York Times Jan 9, 2005 ↑ Michael Burlingame Afterword: The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln pg 226-238 Free Press 2005 ISBN 0-7432-6639-0 Сэнд Sandberg K. Lincoln / Carl Sandberg; short translation from English by B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1961.
- 700 p., p. 83 ↑ The data are taken from an article about Abraham Lincoln in the English language wikipedia.
↑ Abraham Lincoln - The Writings of Abraham Lincoln V04 ↑ Lincoln's first inaugural speech on the website "US History in Documents" ↑ This happened before the inauguration of Lincoln, during the presidency of James Buchanan ↑ Sandberg K. Lincoln / Carl Sandberg; short translation from the English by B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1961.
- 700 p., p. 211 .
Би Biography of Abraham Lincoln on the website "Chronos" ↑ Gettysburg address of Abraham Lincoln ↑ After the capture, Lincoln visited the city, including the White House of the Confederacy, where he sat for a few minutes in thought at the desk of Jefferson Davis Willi William Wallace "Willie" Lincoln ↑ Abraham LINCOLN.
Honest, kind and stubborn "old Abe" / DAY/ Ав Abraham Lincoln: "I am the most pathetic of all living people.
If what I feel is divided into the entire human race, there will not be a single smile left on earth.
I donot know if I'll get better.
I'm afraid not, and it's terrible.
It is impossible to remain as it is.
I must die or become a better person..."
The statement is on this site Г.
g. Whitney: "No trait of Mr. Lincoln's character was so obvious as his mysterious and deep melancholy" Сэнд Sandberg K. Lincoln / Carl Sandberg; short translation from the English by B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1961.
- 700 p., p. 94 John T.Stewart saw Lincoln as a hopeless victim of melancholy.
Henry C. Whitney, a colleague of Lincoln, wrote: "I ... saw Lincoln in the corner, he was sitting alone.
His face was clouded by deep sorrowful emotions."
This refers to George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
R. F. Ivanov.
Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War.
- Moscow: Eksmo, 2004 — - 448 p. — 3100 copies.
— ISBN 5-699-04561-9.
Karl Sandberg (translated by B. Gribanov and L. Schaeffer).
Lincoln.
- M.: Young Guard, 1961.
- Vol. 17 — - 704 p.
— (The life of wonderful people).
— 90,000 copies.
David Herbert Donald.
Lincoln.
— Simon and Schuster, 1996.
— ISBN 978-0-684-82535-9.
Brian Lamb, Susan Swain.
Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President.
— PublicAffairs, 2008.
— ISBN 978-1-58648-676-1.
Edward Pessen.
The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of American Presidents.
— Yale University Press, 1984.
— ISBN 0-300-03166-1.
Sandburg Carl.
Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years.
— Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1926.
Ronald C. White.
A. Lincoln: A Biography.
— Random House, Inc, 2009.
— ISBN 978-1-4000-6499-1.
Lincoln, Abraham / / Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 vol. (82 volumes and 4 supplements).
- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Lincoln, Abraham in Wikicitatnik?
Abraham Lincoln in Wikitek?
Lincoln, Abraham on Wikimedia Commons?
Abraham Lincoln, president and national hero.
The program of "Echo of Moscow" from the cycle "Everything is like this" A. Lincoln's Gettysburg address (rus.) and a lifetime photo The first inaugural speech A Proclamation on the liberation of Negroes Facts from the life of Lincoln.
Biography and aphorisms of Abraham Lincoln.
The involuntary Liberator (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 (1028 days) - history).
Cartoons of Abraham Lincoln, 1860-1865 Cartoons of Lincoln Biography of Abraham Lincoln Historical Anecdotes about Abraham Lincoln Biography of Lincoln The Assassination of Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Research Site (English) Abraham Lincoln Assassination (English)
US Presidents (list) 1-10 (1789-1841) George Washington • John Adams • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison • James Monroe • John Quincy Adams • Andrew Jackson • Martin Van Buren • William Harrison • John Tyler 11-20 (1841-1881) James Polk • Zachary Taylor • Millard Fillmore • Franklin Pierce • James Buchanan • Abraham Lincoln • Andrew Johnson • Ulysses Grant • Rutherford Hayes • James Garfield 21-30 (1881-1929) Chester Arthur • Grover Cleveland • Benjamin Harrison • Grover Cleveland • William McKinley • Theodore Roosevelt • William Taft • Woodrow Wilson * Warren Harding • Calvin Coolidge 31-40 (1929-1989) Herbert Hoover • Franklin Roosevelt • Harry Truman * Dwight Eisenhower • John Kennedy • Lyndon Johnson • Richard Nixon • Gerald Ford • Jimmy Carter • Ronald Reagan 41-44 (1989—present) George Herbert Walker Bush * Bill Clinton • George Walker Bush • Barack Obama
Cabinet of Abraham Lincoln Vice President Hannibal Hamlin (1861-1865) • Andrew Johnson (1865) Secretary of State William Seward (1861-1865) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase (1861-1864) • William Fessenden (1864-1865) • Hugh McCulloch (1865) Secretary of War Simon Cameron (1861-1862) • Edwin Stanton (1862-1865) Attorney General Edward Bates (1861-1864) • James Speed (1864-1865) Postmaster General Montgomery Blair (1861-1864) • William Dennison (1864-1865) Secretary of the Navy Gideon Wells (1861-1865) Secretary of the Interior Caleb Smith (1861-1862) • John Asher (1863-1865)
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Categories: Born on February 12, Born in 1809, Persons alphabetically Born in Kentucky Died on April 15, Died in 1865, Died in Washington, US Presidents Civil War in the United States Members of the Republican Party of the United States Abraham Lincoln Abolitionists of the United States Assassinated Presidents Assassinated politicians Whig Party (USA) Self taught Black Hawk War Lawyers of the United States Members of the House of Representatives from Illinois Lawyers alphabetically
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