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Main Collection of abstracts "Otherreferats" State and Law Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
The reform of State institutions and the creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The subjects of competence and structure of the ministry, its place among other ministries.
Formation of the Ministry of Police (1810-1819).
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the second half of the XIX century.
Category State and law Type abstract Language Russian Date of addition 18.12.2008 File size 24.1 K
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Other documents like " Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia"
19
Content
Introduction 3
1.
Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries 5
2.
Formation of the Ministry of Police (1810-1819).
Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries 9
3.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the XIX century 11 Conclusion 17 Literature 19 Introduction
In the first decades of the XIX century in Russia there were significant changes in the organization of the state apparatus.
The system of supreme and central state bodies created at that time existed with minor changes until 1906, when the State Duma was established, the State Council was transformed and the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire" were adopted, which essentially became the first Constitution of Russia.
The reform of state institutions was determined both by internal reasons - the need to bring the management system in line with the changing socio - economic conditions, to ensure the active participation of the state in economic and social life, traditional in Russia, and by external circumstances primarily the wars with Napoleonic France.
It is also necessary to take into account the subjective factors of the reforms at this time, which played an important role in the history of Russia, namely the political orientation and transformative plans of Emperor Alexander I, who ascended the throne in 1801, and his inner circle.
The reforms of the state apparatus aroused hopes in some and fears in other circles of Russian society, who regarded them as the beginning of a movement towards limiting autocracy, towards a constitutional monarchy.
An important part of the reform of the system of state bodies, an event in the domestic political life of the country was the formation in 1802 of new central government bodies ministries.
The Manifesto of September 8, 1802 on the formation of eight ministries (the army, naval forces, foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, justice, commerce, public Education, the Ministry of Finance) defined the functions of each of them, the principles of their interaction with each other and with other state institutions.
1. Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries
Before the reform of 1802, the main body of internal administration was the Senate, and practically power, especially in the leadership of law enforcement agencies, was concentrated in the hands of the Prosecutor General.
The creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs meant that all the functions of internal management were completely concentrated in this ministry.
The competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the tasks facing it were defined in article IV of the Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries.
The Minister of Internal Affairs was obliged to take care of the universal welfare of the people, peace, quiet and improvement of the entire Empire, which determined the concentration in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition to the leadership of the police, the execution of a large volume of internal functions of the state.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted with the supervision of the improvement and sanitary condition of the country, the functioning of communication routes, the supply of food to the population, the organization of postal communication.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs managed all branches of state industry (except mining): state construction, trade, etc.
In addition, the Ministry of Internal Affairs supervised the activities of the governors, who were subordinate to the entire local police.
Through the governors, the Minister of Internal Affairs led the protection of public order and the fight against crime.
Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768-1834), a close friend of Alexander I, became the first Minister of Internal Affairs.
He invited M. M. Speransky, who headed the main structural unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Department of Internal Affairs, which included four so called expeditions, to serve.
The leadership of the police was concentrated in the second expedition of the Department - the expedition of tranquility and deanery, which consisted of two departments.
The first department was subordinate to the rural police, the second - to the city police.
Kuritsyn V. M.
History of the Russian Police.
A brief historical sketch and basic documents.
Textbook.
- M.: "Shield M", 1998.
p .
77
The first department was entrusted with the following functions: collecting reports on incidents, preventing "false rumors" of letters, heresies, and most importantly, monitoring the disobedience of peasants to the legitimate authorities.
The second department, as the head of the city police, was essentially engaged in monitoring compliance with the Deanery's Charter, as well as the condition and maintenance of police and fire brigades.
The competence of the second expedition of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the distribution of functions between the two departments that were part of it, its place in the system of other structural divisions underwent changes in 1806.
The first department collected information about all incidents in the provinces, was engaged in "censorship cases", controlled the holding of mass spectacles, public meetings, as well as the recruitment of police teams, the appointment, dismissal, and awarding of police officials.
The second department considered complaints against the police about "slowness, procrastination, personal and property violence", as well as issues of direct disobedience to the authorities and the restoration of order.
Thus, the management of police personnel was centralized, the issues of service by police officials were resolved in the ministry.
In 1810, the tsar's manifesto was issued, which indicated that the internal security of the Empire, which was previously within the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, should be carried out by a special Ministry of Police.
At the end of 1819, when the functions were redistributed between the ministries, the Department of Manufactures and Trade was separated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, then the Postal Department, and the Departments of Economic and Executive Police were again transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as well as a special office and a censorship committee.
During the reign of Nicholas I, who recognized it expedient to strengthen personal control over the activities of the central and local state apparatus and bureaucracy, in 1826, all officials, headed by the director of the Special Office of the Minister of Internal Affairs, were transferred to the service of the III Branch of the personal Office of the Emperor - a new body of political police.
The tasks of the Department included the leadership of the police, the fight against revolutionaries, sectarians and dissenters, the expulsion of "suspicious people", the management of prisons and monitoring of foreigners Vorontsov S. A.
Law enforcement agencies and special services of the Russian Federation.
History and modernity .
- Rostov n/A: publishing house "Phoenix", 1999.
P. 123.
The structure of the third department included 5 expeditions:
- the first (secret) one led a direct fight against revolutionary movements, carried out investigations on political cases, observed the activities of revolutionary organizations and individuals;
- the second expedition fought against religious and official crimes.
It was in charge of political prisons;
- the third expedition organized observation of foreigners;
- the fourth expedition determined the censorship;
- the fifth expedition carried out censorship.
Thus, the functions of the political police were removed from the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The management of local police bodies remained in the Executive Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Its role in the system of police institutions has increased, because in the order of centralization and bureaucratization of management, the solution of many issues was removed from the competence of the provincial authorities and transferred to the ministries.
In the police sphere, this is, first of all, the solution of personnel issues, the determination of the staffing level, the formation of new police bodies in cities and rural areas, and especially - control over the expenditure of funds allocated for police needs.
Thus, the control functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in relation to local police bodies were significantly expanded.
Since the 30s, the practice of official business trips of officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs began to expand in order to familiarize themselves with the activities of city and rural police bodies.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs received the right to "observe" the correctness of the service of the military units of the internal guard corps stationed in the provinces.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the governors were given the right to involve troops and above those parts of the internal guard corps that were already under their operational subordination in measures to protect public order.
The law gave the right to the Minister of Internal Affairs not only to make such requests to the military department, but also the right to give orders directly to the commanders of military units stationed in the provinces.
In the 40s, the Minister of Internal Affairs achieved an increase in the staff of the institution entrusted to him and made its structural reorganization.
The Department of General Affairs was created, where numerous documents from local administrative bodies flocked, and a special office of the Minister of Internal Affairs was created, but not as a political police body, but as an institution for conducting secret records management, analyzing data from secret audits, materials about abuses of police officials.
In 1847, the Ministry conducted an audit of police institutions, the result of which revealed dissatisfaction with the work of the police.
The most typical disadvantages were the low efficiency and efficiency of the rural police due to the small number of police officers.
In view of this, the issue of police reform began to be considered, but since its implementation was supposed to affect other areas of the state legal system, its implementation was started much later - in the early 60s of the XIX century.
2. Formation of the Ministry of Police (1810-1819).
Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries
The introduction of a new regulation on ministries in Russia and the creation of the Ministry of Police was announced in the Manifesto of July 25, 1811, "The General Establishment of Ministries".
In addition to fighting crime, its tasks included: conducting recruitment, protecting state food supplies, customs control, keeping and labor use of prisoners, catching fugitive serfs, ensuring the serviceability and safety of communication routes.
The Ministry of Police was also supposed to carry out explicit and secret supervision of foreigners living in Russia, perform censorship functions.
Borisova A.V.
The police of Russia on the eve of the reforms of the 60s of the 19th century / / Police and militia of Russia: pages of history.
- M., 1995.
p.
78.
The Ministry of Police consisted of departments (the Economic Police Department, the Executive Police Department, the Medical Department) and two offices (general and special).
The economic Police Department controlled prices, the food supply of cities, especially St. Petersburg and Moscow, and suppressed speculation.
He also managed straitjackets and workhouses.
The largest, main division of the Ministry was the Executive Police Department, formed on the basis of the second expedition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Department and reorganized in accordance with the new Regulations on Ministries.
The executive police Department controlled the work of the local police, supervised the conduct of criminal investigations, was engaged in the capture of deserters.
The executive Police Department consisted of three departments.
Along with solving the issues of personnel formation of various police services, the first department collected statistical data, was engaged in registering incidents, facts of birth and death, for which special accounting forms were introduced.
The second department supervised the conduct of investigations in criminal cases, as well as the "police for court cases", controlled the execution of court sentences by the police.
The third department was charged with assisting in the organization and conduct of general audits of the provinces, it was also entrusted with the maintenance of the zemstvo militia (militia), the capture of deserters, etc.
The Medical Department was in charge of sanitary supervision, the organization of measures to prevent epidemics and epizootics, and the supply of medicines.
A Special Office under the Minister was formed in the Ministry of Police to conduct secret records management.
She issued foreign passports, registered foreigners, conducted a constant censorship audit, carried out personal orders of the minister.
The Special Chancellery also performed the functions of the political police, which led to its transformation from an auxiliary, technical body of the ministry into one of its most important divisions.
The formation of a special office of the Minister within the Ministry of Police later became the basis for the creation of a specialized body of the political police - the third Branch of the Imperial Chancellery.
The formation of the Ministry of Police was perceived with displeasure by a significant part of influential state and public figures.
The dissatisfaction was that the Ministry of Police was given the right to control the local bodies of other ministries, which put it as if outside and above local institutions.
The practice of functioning of the Ministry of Police proved that its establishment did not give the expected result, on the contrary, it complicated and confused the interaction of local authorities.
The Ministry of Police could not and did not give the expected improvement in the activities of the local administration, which led to an increase in the flow of complaints and traditional accusations of bribery.
However, it should be noted that the creation of the central office of the police department allowed us to develop the system of police bodies, taking into account the complexity of socio political processes, the peculiarities of the police service in cities and villages of various regions of the country.
The development of the local police, which has a single central management body for urban and rural police, has affected the increase in the independence of the police in the system of local bodies.
In 1819, the newly appointed Minister of Internal Affairs V. P. Kochubey managed to justify to the tsar the need to liquidate the Ministry of Police with the return of the functions of the Ministry of Police to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The history of the formation of the internal affairs bodies of Russia: a view from the XXI century: An interuniversity collection of scientific articles / P ed .
by L. A. Vishnyakova.
- Barnaul.
2001.
P.
67.
3. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the XIX century
The second half of the XIX century was for Russia an era of liquidation (although far from complete) of the historically obsolete serf system, involving a huge and at the same time very backward country in the orbit of capitalist development.
The reforms of the second half of the XIX century caused profound changes in all spheres of the country's life.
The negative side of reformism was the increase in crime, which, as historical experience shows, is an ominous companion of all Russian reforms.
The reforms of law enforcement agencies that began in the 60s of the XIX century, carried out in the context of other transformations in the state structure of the Russian Empire, ultimately aimed at moving towards a rule of law state.1.
The development of the police bodies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX early XX century.
Textbook / Zavodyuk S. Yu.
- Saratov: SUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004.
P. 73
The reforms of the 60s of the XIX century in Russia and, above all, the abolition of serfdom contributed to the acceleration of the socio economic and industrial development of the country.
This process was accompanied by the disintegration of traditional ties and relations in the countryside, the deepening of social stratification, the increase in migration flows from rural areas to cities, the lumpenization of part of the population, which became the basis for the growth of crime.
This was typical of all countries undergoing a stage of rapid industrial development, the formation of new bourgeois relations.
The police began to adapt its structure, forms and methods of work to the most effective implementation of the tasks it faces, including in the framework of criminal proceedings.
A special law in 1866 created a detective department in the St. Petersburg police, and later in other cities of Russia, as a specialized criminal investigation body.
The growth of the revolutionary movement and the insufficiently effective activity of the Third Department led to the reorganization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, carried out on August 6, 1880.Its essence was to unite the political and general police under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The police department began to manage all types of police directly.
The third Department was abolished, the general management of the gendarmes corps was entrusted to the Minister of the Interior, who received the title of Chief of gendarmes at the same time.
On November 15, 1880, a decree was signed on the merger of the State Police Department (the abolished III Department) and the Executive Police Department, while creating a single State Police Department (since 1883 - the Police Department), endowed with the functions of political and general police.
The reform of 1880 turned the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the main link of the state apparatus, in the role of which it remained almost until the fall of the autocracy.
The Minister of Internal Affairs turned into a key government figure with a unique competence (in addition to managing most of the economy, the minister's primacy was confirmed by the concentration of significant power in his hands).
The leadership of the Minister was legally consolidated in the later practice of giving him the powers of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers concurrently.
Demin V. A. Essays on the history of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian state.
- Yekaterinburg, 2001.
P. 30
The Regulation adopted after the assassination of Alexander II "On measures to protect state order and public peace" allowed him, if necessary, to declare the territories of the Empire in the position of”enhanced protection " 1 (up to 1 year), and with the consent of the Committee of Ministers - in the position of “emergency protection”1 (up to 6 months).
Due to the huge workload of the minister for the management of subordinate institutions, the functions of the security police department were performed by his deputy - a comrade of the minister, the head of the police and the commander of a separate corps of gendarmes.
He was in direct charge of the Police Department.
The department, which included the Director, Vice Directors, officials for special assignments, the secretary, clerks, their senior and junior assistants, the treasurer with an assistant, the head of the archive, in accordance with the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, solved the tasks of combating crime and maintaining law and order, ensuring border communications, demarcation of the state border, caring for orphans, supervision of trade rules, registration of organizations and societies, monitoring compliance with the passport regime.
Organizationally, the Police Department consisted of seven clerical departments, two departments and an agent part.
Administrative records management conducted personnel work.
The legislative branch was responsible for the construction of police bodies throughout the country, the prevention of antisocial behavior of ordinary people (drunkenness, begging, “debauchery”).
The third was engaged in the secret collection of information about citizens who want to enter the civil service, as well as about those who are active in public activities.
In addition, he was assigned control over the search for criminals.
The fourth controlled the conduct of inquiries in cases of state crimes.
The fifth supervised the execution of decisions taken against state criminals.
The sixth supervised the production and storage of explosives, monitored compliance with the laws on the wine monopoly and Jews, regulated relations between entrepreneurs and workers.
The seventh led the activities of detective departments.
The Regulation on the Corps of Gendarmes of September 9, 1867, which survived unchanged until February 1917, determined the structure of the corps:
a) The Main Directorate of the building,
b) The departments of the districts: Warsaw, Caucasian and Siberian, c) The Gendarmerie department of the Moscow province,
d) Provincial gendarmerie departments of 10 provinces of the 1st category,
e) Provincial gendarmerie departments of 43 provinces of the 2nd category,
f) Provincial gendarmerie departments of the Bessarabian region and Astrakhan province of the 2nd category,
g) 50 district gendarmerie departments of 6 provinces of the North Western Territory,
h) The supervisory staff of the corps,
i) St. Petersburg and Moscow gendarmerie divisions,
k) 15 equestrian teams of cities: Vilna, Helsingfors, Irkutsk, Kazan, Kiev, Kronstadt, Nizhny Novgorod, Odessa, Omsk, Riga, Saratov, Kharkiv and Tsarskoye Selo,
l) Railway police departments.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs.
1802-2002.
Historical essay.
- Moscow: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2004.
p. 120
The same act referred to the legal status of the Minister of Internal Affairs himself as the chief of the gendarmes corps, and the structure of the Police Department.
On November 15, 1880, a Judicial Department was also established under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which was responsible for the administrative expulsion of "unreliable" persons who did not have sufficient grounds for bringing them to trial.
Such a right was granted to the heads of the provincial gendarmerie departments as early as September 1, 1878.
Since February 13, 1883, this department has been integrated into the structure of the Police Department as its 5th office.
In the normative act "Establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs" of 1892, for example, the entire structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was clearly defined: Epifanov A. E., Malygin A. Ya., Mulukaev R. S. History of domestic internal affairs bodies.
Textbook for universities.
- Moscow: Nota Bene, 2005.
p.
43.
1) The Minister,
2) A friend of the Minister,
3) The Council of the Minister,
4) General Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs,
5) The Main Directorate for Press Affairs, 6) The Main Prison Directorate,
7) Police department, 8) Economic Department,
9) Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions,
10) Medical Department,
11) Department of General Affairs of the Ministry,
12) The Zemstvo Department, 13) The Office of the Minister.
Due to the constant increase in the work of the 3rd clerical department, a Special Department of the Police Department (OODP) was formed on its basis in 1898.
In addition to the direct organization of operational investigative work in the empire and beyond - through the institute of Foreign agents it concentrated materials of observations of all social processes, whether it was the opposition political, student or labor movements, or the activities of the All Russian Teachers ' Union, the Congress of factory doctors or the Pirogov Medical Society, the Union of Zemstvos and Cities, the Society of Women's Mutual Assistance, the publication of the Pavlenkov encyclopedia, or other manifestations of civil initiatives that arose without "the highest permission".
With the formation of political parties in Russia, it is divided into two independent divisions: the first department (collecting information about the activities of parties) and the second department (collecting information concerning public organizations).
Conclusion
Since 1802, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has concentrated in its hands all the threads of internal governance of the country.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs, through its subordinate governors, exercised administrative and political control over the population and territory of the entire Russian Empire, protected public order and security, and fought crime.
But the tasks of the ministry were not limited to this, it had to take care of industry (with the exception of mining and military), trade, take measures to prevent food shortages and control the prices for it, control construction and architecture, road serviceability, sanitary safety, medicine and veterinary medicine, urban improvement, take care of the development of"good morals".
It is clear that such numerous and diverse responsibilities as the economy develops, the population increases, the cities grow, and the complexity of the they made the Ministry of Internal Affairs an excessively cumbersome and difficult to manage department.
Therefore, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was gradually relieved of numerous side duties.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs was the main "power" agency that carried out the necessary state coercion, without which it is impossible to ensure the implementation of laws and legal regulations of the authorities.
But even after being freed from a number of side functions, the Ministry of Internal Affairs retained its role as one of the most important bodies in the state mechanism, essentially the main lever of internal management in tsarist Russia.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs took an active part in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform of 1861.
In the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and under the leadership of the Minister of Internal Affairs, draft laws on zemstvo and city reforms of 1864-1870 were prepared.
At the initiative of the Ministers of Internal Affairs P. A. Valuev and M. T. Loris Melikov, in the 60-80s of the XIX century, draft constitutional reforms were developed, although they did not get their implementation due to various reasons.
Literature
1.
Borisova A.V.
The police of Russia on the eve of the reforms of the 60s of the 19th century / / Police and militia of Russia: pages of history.
- M., 1995.
2. Vorontsov S. A.
Law enforcement agencies and special services of the Russian Federation.
History and modernity.
- Rostov n/A: publishing house "Phoenix", 1999.
3. Demin V. A. Essays on the history of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian state.
- Yekaterinburg: Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001.
4. Epifanov A. E., Malygin A. Ya., Mulukaev R. S. History of domestic internal affairs bodies.
Textbook for universities.
- Moscow: Nota Bene, 2005.
5. Ivanova E. A. Legal bases of the organization and activity of the general police of Russia (XVIII early XX centuries).
- Krasnodar, 2003.
6. The history of the formation of the internal affairs bodies of Russia: a view from the XXI century: An interuniversity collection of scientific articles / Edited by L. A. Vishnyakova.
- Barnaul: 2001.
7. Kuritsin V. M.
History of the Russian police.
A brief historical sketch and basic documents.
Textbook - Moscow: Publishing house "SHIELD M", 1998 .
8. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Encyclopedia.
- M., 2002.
9. The Ministry of Internal Affairs.
1802-2002.
Historical essay.
- Moscow: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2004.
10. Bodies and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a brief historical essay.
- M., 1996.
11. The development of the police bodies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX early XX century.
Textbook / Zavodyuk S. Yu.
- Saratov: SUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004.
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