Escobar, Pablo
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Pablo Escobar
Spanish : Pablo Escobar
Birth name: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
Occupation: drug lord, politician
Date of birth: December 1 1949(1949-12-01)[1][2]
Place of birth: Rionegro, Colombia
Nationality: Colombia Colombia
Date of death: December 2 1993(1993-12-02)[1][2] (44 year)
Place of death: Medellin, Colombia
Father: Jesus Dari Escobar
Mother: Hemilda Gaviria
Children: Son Juan Pablo
daughter manuela
Pablo Escobar on Wikimedia Commons
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 — December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and politician.
Escobar earned huge, but at the same time dirty money in the drug business.
In 1989, Forbes magazine estimated his fortune at more than $ 1 billion[3].
Escobar went down in history as one of the most famous and violent criminals of the XX century, not only in Colombia, but also around the world.
Killing judges, prosecutors, journalists, destroying civilian planes, police stations and personally executing his victims, he was at the same time popular among young people and the poor.
Content
1 Biography 1.1 Beginning of criminal activity 1.2 Founding of a cocaine cartel 1.3 Political activity 1.4 Persecution and arrest 1.5 End of career and death
2 Family 3 Interesting facts 4 In art 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
Biography[edit / edit wiki text]
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on December 1, 1949 in the city of Rionegro (Colombia), he was the third child in the family of farmer Jesus Dari Escobar and school teacher Hemilda Gaviria.
As a teenager, Pablo spent a lot of time on the streets of Medellin, which was the capital of the department of Antioquia, Escobar's hometown was located 27 km away.
Pablo did not drink alcohol, but from school years until the end of his life he smoked Colombian cannabis.
For a short period of time, he studied at the Autonomous University of Latin America in Medellin[4][5].
The beginning of criminal activity[edit / edit wiki text]
The young Pablo spent most of his time in the poor neighborhoods of Medellin, which was a real hotbed of crime.
Escobar began to steal tombstones from the local cemetery and, erasing the inscriptions, sell them to Panamanian dealers.
Then he sold cigarettes and marijuana, forged lottery tickets.
Soon he created a small gang and began to steal expensive cars for sale for spare parts.
Then the idea came to him to engage in racketeering[6].
In 1971, Pablo's men kidnapped a rich Colombian industrialist, Diego Echavarria,who was killed after prolonged torture.
The criminals tried to get a ransom, but failed and, after strangling their victim, threw the corpse into a landfill.
Escobar openly declared his involvement in his murder.
The poor of Medellin celebrated the death of Diego Echavarria and, as a sign of gratitude to Escobar, began to respectfully call him "El Doctor".
Robbing the rich, Pablo built cheap housing for the poor and his popularity in Medellin grew from day to day[7].
A year later, 22 year old Escobar was the most famous criminal authority of Medellin.
His gang continued to grow, and Pablo decided to start a new criminal business, with which his entire subsequent life will be connected.
In the 1970s, the United States was a country with an unlimited market for drug trafficking.
Marijuana was to be replaced by a new drug, and it became cocaine, which, along with other alkaloids, is found in plants of the genus Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum), for example, in the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), etc.
These plants were widely distributed in Colombia, and Escobar put the production of drugs on stream.
However, at first, Pablo's group was only an intermediary, buying goods from manufacturers and selling them to resellers who sold cocaine in the United States.[7]
In March 1976, Pablo Escobar married his 18 year old girlfriend Maria Victoria Eneo Viejo, who had previously been in his entourage.
A month later, their son Juan Pablo was born, and three and a half years later, their daughter Manuela was born.
Escobar's drug business developed rapidly throughout South America.
He himself began to smuggle cocaine into the United States.
One of Escobar's confidants, one Carlos Leder, who was responsible for transporting cocaine, organized a drug trafficking transshipment point in the Bahamas.
His work was organized at the highest level: a large pier, a number of gas stations and a modern hotel with all amenities were built there.
No drug dealer could take cocaine outside Colombia without the permission of Pablo Escobar.
Escobar removed the so called 35 percent tax on each batch of drugs and ensured its delivery.
In the jungles of Colombia, he opened chemical laboratories for the production of cocaine.
The foundation of the cocaine cartel[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Medellin Cartel
In the summer of 1977, Escobar and three other major drug traffickers joined together to create an organization that became known as the Medellin Cartel.
He had the most powerful financial cocaine empire, which no other drug mafia in the world had.
To deliver cocaine, the cartel had a distribution network, planes, and even submarines.
Pablo Escobar became the undisputed authority of the cocaine world and the absolute leader of the Medellin cartel.
He bribed policemen, judges, politicians.
If the bribery did not work, then blackmail was used, but basically the cartel acted on the principle: "Plata O Plomo "[8] — in other words,"silver or lead".
By 1979, the Medellin Cartel already owned more than 80% of the US cocaine industry.
30 year old Pablo Escobar became one of the richest people in the world.
In order to enlist the support of the population, Escobar launched extensive construction in Medellin.
He paved roads, built stadiums and erected free houses for the poor, which were popularly called "Pablo Escobar quarters".
He himself explained his charity by saying that it was painful for him to see how the poor were suffering.
Escobar tried to imagine himself as a Colombian Robin Hood.
Political activity[edit / edit wiki text]
Escobar has reached the pinnacle of power in the criminal world.
Later, he began to look for a way to make his business legal.
In 1982, Pablo Escobar ran for election and at the age of 32 became a substitute congressman of the Congress of Colombia (he received the right to vote for congressmen during their absence).
Having infiltrated Congress, Escobar dreamed of becoming president of Colombia.
However, once in Bogota, he noticed that his popularity did not go beyond Medellin.
In Bogota, of course, they heard about him, but as a dubious person, paving the cocaine road to the presidential chair.
One of the most popular politicians in Colombia, the main candidate for the presidency, Luis Carlos Galan, was the first to openly condemn the connection of the new congressman with the cocaine business.
A few days later, the Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara Bonia, launched a broad campaign against the investment of" dirty " cocaine money in the election race.
As a result, Pablo Escobar was expelled from the Colombian Congress in January 1984.
Thanks to the efforts of the Minister of Justice, his political career ended once and for all.
However, Escobar was not going to leave quietly and decided to take revenge on the minister.
In the mid 80s, Escobar's cocaine empire controlled almost all spheres of life in Colombian society.
Nevertheless, a serious threat loomed over him.
The administration of US President Ronald Reagan has declared its own war on the spread of drugs not only in the United States, but also around the world.
An agreement was reached between the United States and Colombia, according to which the Colombian government undertook to extradite cocaine barons who were engaged in drug trafficking to the United States to American justice.
The drug mafia responded to the total war launched by the government with terror.
Pablo Escobar created a terrorist group called Los Extraditables, whose members attacked officials, police officers, as well as anyone who opposed the drug trade.
The reason for the terrorist action could be a major police operation or the extradition to the United States of the next boss of the cocaine mafia.
A year later, the Supreme Court canceled the agreement on the extradition of drug traffickers to the United States.
However, a few days later, the new President of Colombia, Verhilio Barco, vetoed the decision of the Supreme Court and renewed the agreement.
In February 1987, Escobar's closest aide, Carlos Leder, was extradited to the United States.
Pablo Escobar was forced to build secret shelters all over the country.
Thanks to information from his people in the government, he managed to stay one step ahead of law enforcement agencies.
In addition, the peasants always warned him when suspicious people appeared, cars with policemen or soldiers, or a helicopter.
In 1989, Pablo Escobar again tried to make a deal with justice.
He agreed to surrender to the police if the government would guarantee that he would not be extradited to the United States.
The authorities refused.
On August 16, 1989, Supreme Court Judge Carlos Valencia died at the hands of Escobar's killers.
The next day, police Colonel Waldemar Franklin Contero was killed.
On August 18, 1989, a well known Colombian politician, Luis Carlos Galan, was shot dead at an election rally, who promised to start an irreconcilable war with cocaine traffickers if he was elected president of the country, to clear Colombia of drug lords by extraditing them to the United States.
Before the election of the President of Colombia, killers in Bogota alone carried out 7 explosions within two weeks, as a result of which 37 people were killed and about 400 people were seriously injured.
On November 27, 1989, the people of Pablo Escobar planted a bomb in a passenger plane Boeing 727 of the Colombian airline Avianca, on board of which there were 101 passengers and 6 crew members.
Five minutes after the airliner took off, a powerful explosion was heard on board.
The plane broke in half, caught fire and crashed into the nearby hills.
None of the people on board survived, in addition, three people on the ground were killed by falling debris of the plane.
Mass raids swept through the country, during which chemical laboratories and coca plantations were destroyed.
Dozens of participants of drug cartels were behind bars.
In response, Pablo Escobar twice attempted to assassinate the chief of the Colombian secret police, General Miguel Masa Marquez.
In the second attempt, on December 6, 1989, a bomb explosion killed 62 people and injured about 100 people of varying severity.
By the early 90s, Pablo Escobar headed the list of the most wanted drug traffickers in the United States.
Harassment and arrest[edit / edit wiki text]
The Colombian government created a "Special Search Group", the target of which was Pablo Escobar himself.
The group included the best police officers from selected units, as well as people from the army, special services and the prosecutor's office.
Thanks to the activities of the group, led by Colonel Martinez, several people from the inner circle of Pablo Escobar were captured.
Escobar's men have kidnapped some of the richest people in Colombia.
Pablo Escobar hoped that the influential relatives of the hostages would put pressure on the government to cancel the agreement on the extradition of the criminals.
And in the end, Escobar's plan succeeded.
The government canceled the extradition of Pablo Escobar.
On June 19, 1991, after Pablo Escobar was no longer threatened with extradition to the United States, he surrendered to the authorities.
Escobar agreed to plead guilty to several minor crimes, in return, he was forgiven for all his past ones.
Pablo Escobar was in a prison that he had built for himself.
The prison was called "La Catedral"and was built in the Envigado mountain range.
La Catedral was more like an expensive, prestigious club than an ordinary prison.
There was a disco, a swimming pool, a Jacuzzi and a sauna, and a large football field in the courtyard.
Escobar's friends, women, came there to see him.
Escobar's family could visit him at any time.
Colonel Martinez's " Special Search Group "had no right to approach La Catedral closer than 3 kilometers.
Escobar came and went when he wanted to.
He attended football matches and nightclubs in Medellin.
During his" imprisonment", Pablo Escobar continued to run a multibillion dollar cocaine business.
One day he found out that his partners in the cocaine cartel, taking advantage of his absence, robbed him.
He immediately ordered his men to take them to La Catedral.
He personally subjected them to cruel tortures, drilling his victims ' knees and pulling out their nails, and then ordered his men to kill them and take the corpses outside the prison.
It is known that Escobar committed one of the two murders himself.
This time Escobar went too far.
On July 22, 1992, President Cesar Gaviria ordered the transfer of Pablo Escobar to a real prison.
But Escobar found out about the president's decision and ran away.
He was free now, but he had enemies everywhere.
There were fewer and fewer places where he could find a safe haven.
The governments of the United States and Colombia were this time determined to put an end to Escobar and his Medellin cocaine cartel.
After escaping from prison, everything began to fall apart for Escobar.
His friends began to leave him.
Escobar's main mistake was that he could not critically assess the current situation.
He considered himself a more significant figure than he really was.
He continued to have huge financial opportunities, but he no longer had any real power.
The only way for Escobar to somehow improve the situation was to try to renew the agreement with the government.
Escobar tried several times to re conclude a deal with justice, but President Cesar Gaviria, like the US government, believed that this time it was not worth entering into any negotiations with the drug lord.
It was decided to pursue him and, if possible, eliminate him during his arrest.
On January 30, 1993, Pablo Escobar's men planted a powerful bomb in a car near a bookstore on one of the crowded streets of Bogota.
The explosion occurred when there were a lot of people there, mostly parents with their children.
As a result of this terrorist attack, 21 people were killed and more than 70 were seriously injured.
The Cali drug cartel, which competes with it, also fought with the Medellin cartel.
In addition, the Self — Defense Forces of Cordoba and Uraba (Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá, ACCU), created by the Castagno brothers Gil — Fidel and Carlos, an ultra — right paramilitary group whose fighters fought against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia — the Army of the People, the FARC — a left wing rebel group of Colombia, in close cooperation with the US CIA, which has always supported anti communist movements, groups of Colombian citizens, the organization "Los Pepes" is an acronym from the Spanish phrase "Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar" - "Chasing Pablo Escobar".
In addition to the militants, it included Colombian citizens whose relatives died because of Escobar.
This organization also received funding from the Cali Cartel.
After the terrorist attack, the participants of "Los Pepes" detonated bombs in front of the house of Pablo Escobar.
The estate that belonged to his mother burned to the ground.
"Los Pepes" began to terrorize and hunt those who were somehow connected with him or his cocaine business.
In a relatively short time, the Los Pepes organization caused significant damage to Escobar's cocaine empire.
Its members killed many of his people, persecuted his family, burned his estates.
Now Escobar was seriously worried about his family.
If his family was outside of Colombia, he could declare an all out war on the government and his enemies.
Escobar wanted to take his family to Germany, but after negotiations between the Colombian government and the US special services with the German government, Escobar's family was denied entry to the country and the plane was returned back to Colombia.
In Colombia, the government put them up in one of the hotels.[source not specified 520 days]
End of career and death[edit / edit wiki text]
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Colombian police officers near Escobar's corpse
In the fall of 1993, the Medellin cocaine cartel began to disintegrate, but the drug lord was more concerned about his family.
Escobar has not seen his wife or children for more than a year.
On December 1, 1993, Pablo Escobar turned 44 years old.
He knew that he was being constantly monitored, so he tried to speak very briefly on the phone so that he would not be "spotted" by police and special services agents.
The day after his birthday, December 2, 1993, Escobar called his family.
The agents who were hunting for him had been waiting for this call for many hours.
This time, while talking to his son Juan, Escobar stayed on the line for about 5 minutes.
After that, Escobar was spotted in the Medellin quarter of Los Olibos.
Soon, the house in which Pablo Escobar was hiding was surrounded on all sides by special agents.
The commandos broke down the door and rushed inside.
At that moment, Escobar's bodyguard El Limon opened fire on the police officers who were trying to storm the house.
El Limon was injured and fell to the ground.
Immediately after that, with a gun in his hands, Pablo Escobar himself leaned out of the same window.
He opened fire randomly in all directions.
Then he climbed out of the window and tried to escape from his pursuers through the roof.
A Colombian police sniper, who was hiding on the roof of a neighboring house, shot Escobar in the leg, and he fell.
The next bullet hit Escobar in the back, after which the sniper approached Escobar and fired a control shot in the head.
Family[edit / edit wiki text]
Escobar's widow and children began to live in Argentina, and his brother became almost completely blind in his right eye after a letter bomb was sent to his cell.
Interesting facts[edit / edit wiki text]
The son of a drug lord, Sebastian Marrokin, said that once, once again hiding from government agents, Escobar, along with his son and daughter, found himself in a high altitude shelter.
The night turned out to be extremely cold, and in an attempt to warm his daughter and cook food, Escobar burned about $ 2 million in cash[9].
In art[edit / edit wiki text]
In the 2001 film "Cocaine", Pablo Escobar was played by actor Cliff Curtis.
In 2014, the Italian director Andrea Di Stefano shot a drama using facts about the life of Pablo Escobar - "Paradise Lost", the role of Escobar was played by Benicio Del Toro[10].
In 2015, the Netflix studio launched the series "Narco", which tells about the criminal life of Pablo Escobar.
The role of Escobar was played by Wagner Moura.
In the 2016 film" Undercover Scam", Pablo Escobar was shown in a cameo role.
The Colombian artist Fernando Botero depicted the death of Escobar in one of his paintings.
The airport of the fictional city of Vice City in the games Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories is named after Pablo Escobar.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Drug trafficking Medellin Cocaine Cartel
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
↑ 1 2 Person Profile // Internet Movie Database — 1990.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q37312"></a>
↑ The Original 1987 List Of International Billionaires (English).
Forbes.com LLC™.
Checked 2015-20-07.
↑ PABLO ESCOBAR (English).
AETN UK.
Verified on May 6, 2013.
Archived from the original source on May 11, 2013.
F Fox, Ken The Private Archives Of Pablo Escobar: Review (English).
TV Guide.
Verified on May 6, 2013.
Archived from the original source on May 11, 2013.
abl Pablo Escobar (English).
ColombiaLink.com.
Verified on May 6, 2013.
Archived from the original source on May 11, 2013.
↑ 1 2 At the age of 21, Pablo did not lack for willing people.... teract.ru.
Verified on May 7, 2013.
Archived from the original source on May 11, 2013.
↑ "Silver or lead" D DM: Escobar burned $2 million to warm his daughter / / Gazeta.
En, November 3, 2009 (Verified November 3, 2009) ↑ Benicio del Toro will play Pablo Escobar
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Mark Bowden.
Killing Pablo.
— Grove Press, 2007.
— 400 p.
— ISBN 0802197574.
Medellin: Pablo Escobar// Article and photo of the place of events by Guy Gugliotta, Jeff Lin.
Cocaine kings, 1989.
/ / Translation in the journal Foreign Literature 3.1991
"News of the abduction", by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
There is a page on the topic in Wikicitatnik
Pablo Escobar
Thematic sites
Notable Names Database · Internet Movie Database
Regulatory Control BNE: XX1577576 * BNF: 124289975 · GND: 119182319 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2279 2940 · LCCN: n93066039 · NDL: 00881598 · NKC: xx0069916 · NTA: 122252608 · PTBNP: 1614824 · SUDOC: 033422761 · VIAF: 45106033
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escobar, _Pablo&oldid=82884455"
Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on December 1 Born in 1949 Born in Rionegro Died on December 2 Died in 1993 Died in Medellin Drug lords of Colombia Medellin Cocaine Cartel Murderers of Colombia Thieves Drug Dealers Billionaires of Colombia Criminals of Colombia Killed during detention Died from firearms
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