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The atomic bomb
Material from Lurkmore
The published version was approved on February 5, 2015.
The draft version offers 9 changes.
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"If large mushrooms have grown on the horizon, it means that it will be a long, long winter.
"— A folk sign
Actually, the first Soviet atomic bomb is a Bomb, or rather, its mock up reincarnation (the original was twice as large).
Kawaii![1]
Bombue among his own
Atomic / nuclear bomb or atomic / nuclear weapon (Heb. ras. ררייני) is a racially correct means of implementing exterminatus for all dissatisfied people.
It appeared at the very end of the Second World War and was quickly used against the Japanese.
More information about this incident and who actually defeated the Japanese can be found on Wikipedia.
Content
1 The essence 2 The history of creation 3 The creation of the atomic bomb as it was understood by the Americans 4 Means of delivery 5 In this country 6 In other countries 7 In short, Sklifosovsky!
8 Types of AB in the wild 8.1 Classification of charges by power
9 What does it threaten?
10 What to do in an atomic war 11 Unique features 12 Interesting facts 13 On the Internet 13.1 Arguments of supporters of the use of AO 13.2 Arguments of opponents of the use of AO 13.3 But seriously…
14 In art 14.1 Cinema 14.2 Literature 14.3 Games
15 OH, EXPLOSIVE!
16 See also 17 References 18 Notes
Point
In a nutshell, this is a very effective explosive device It is based on a chain reaction of fission of heavy isotopes, mainly plutonium and uranium
In thermonuclear weapons, the stages of fission and synthesis take place alternately.
The number of stages (stages) determines the final power of the bomb.
At the same time, a huge amount of energy is released and a whole set of damaging factors is formed.
The horror story of the beginning of the XX century chemical weapons - retired to smoke nervously on the sidelines, it was replaced by a new scarecrow for the masses.
An atomic bomb of medium power can simultaneously turn several tens of thousands of people into slag and destroy a small city by pebbles.
A high power hydrogen bomb can turn an entire region into a radioactive desert.
History of creation
Despite the fact that the mushroom is characteristically so neutron…
It all started with Becquerel, who discovered radioactivity.
And then there were the experiments of Curie, Frisch and Meitner, during which a chain reaction of the decay of uranium nuclei under the action of neutrons was discovered.
Well, after the idea of uranium enrichment was proposed, the theoretical basis for creating nuclear weapons was completely ready.
The creation of the atomic bomb is the story of an unprecedented drang ' n ' assault, which began with the fact that some exemplary Nazi official classified, among other things, quite harmless nuclear fission research at that time.
That's all, German scientists could no longer engage in scientific chatter with American ones on this topic.
"This is a" w w w "for a reason!" - they thought in America, and began to develop the topic sharply.
To develop sharply means to make very, very serious efforts (based on the English project, by the way) to implement the well known Manhattan project.
In 1943, the Italian mafia, represented by Enrico Fermi, put a "pile" of graphite blocks (as the reactor was then called among themselves) under the podium of the University of Chicago football stadium.
Lulz, along with the doses, were also seized by students of the local football team — after participating in the event, both whites and niggers turned black from graphite dust.
Because of the well known "Bothe error", which, as in the novel by Jules Verne, crossed out an extra zero, and with it interest in graphite as a moderator, there was no such curiosity about the topic in Germany.
But in vain.
Therefore, physicists had to beg for heavy water, which, of course, was not enough for everyone.
This brought a lot of lulz — once the Germans tried to build a reactor out of powdered uranium by flooding it with heavy water.
Due to the high chemical activity of uranium, the end was a little predictable, but the men did not know.
It should be noted that no one foresaw the incendiary effect of the atomic bomb.
The atomic bomb was seen as a super powerful land mine.
The creation of the atomic bomb as it was understood by the Americans
One of the calutrons of the Y 12 project
Oak Ridge, Kellax K 25 complex for the separation of uranium 235 from uranium 238, summer 1944
Alamogordo, the first bomb was assembled in this shed
Norris Bradbury next to his gadget
By the time the work on the "Y" project began, it was already clear that it was possible to make an atomic bomb, and it would most likely work.
It was supposed to organize a chain reaction by cannon assembly of uranium 235 or plutonium 239.
The whole problem was that there was no pure uranium 235 yet, and plutonium practically did not exist on the planet at all.
It was decided to obtain the necessary substances simultaneously by all known methods.
Project Y 12: Uranium was supposed to be obtained by separating the necessary uranium isotope from the unnecessary one.
To do this, much more than 9,000 tons of silver forks, spoons and jewelry bars were taken from the US gold and foreign exchange reserve, which had been lying around there since the silver coin circulation of the XIX century.
All this stuff was sent to the cozy town of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they built an unlimited number of calutrons — electromagnetic coils for separating isotopes according to the principle of mass spectrometry (in relation to the mass of an ion to its charge)
Kellax K 25: While Y 12 was working, someone vaguely guessed that the right amount of uranium would be pulled out of it for at least twenty years.
Therefore, they built a fucking huge building right next to it, stuffed an unlimited number of gas diffusion machines into it, sealed it up, and let the uranium flow through the cascades.
The ore has popped.
Plutonium 239: SUDDENLY it turned out that plutonium 239 has a critical mass several times less than uranium 235 Plutonium is, of course, also very cool, but for beginners it is not as cool as uranium.
The fact is that it is more radioactive than uranium, which means that pieces of plutonium will begin to evaporate before they reach each other when approaching.
The first thought was to do everything quickly and quickly, and for this the bomb body was long and long, so that the plutonium could accelerate properly before a big bang.
In addition, this substance as such was practically absent in nature, and no one even imagined from which side to approach it (over time, they figured it out, and now it is everywhere like dirt).
It turned out that it was enough to take the already obtained uranium 235 and irradiate it with no one needed uranium 238.
He swells up to uranus 239 from such joy, which turns into neptunium 239, which immediately decays into such a necessary plutonium 239.
Along the way, the resulting Pu 240 isotope in reactor plutonium increases its radioactivity by two orders of magnitude, and this means that the gun for its assembly must be long.
It was necessary to irradiate natural uranium so carefully that Pu 240 was obtained in minimal quantities.
And no one knew how to do it.
In general, hemorrhoids were raked with him in full.
The Gadget: A full size model of a uranium bomb is already ready, but there is not and will not be the necessary amount of uranium until the end of the war There's enough plutonium, but it doesnot fucking explode.
After six months of cynical mockery of a hotbed of PEOPLE from Los Alamos to the Alamogordo desert, a nightmare of pyrotechnic thought was sent.
A very long one was waved without looking at the round one, which symbolizes.
We decided to use a system of trinitrotoluene lenses with rdx as an accelerator and barium nitrate as a moderator.
The kit included a 200 ton steel bucket in case all this shit gets fucked up where it's not necessary, having fucked up all the plutonium paid for by taxpayers (for 2 billion of those dollars, which was doubly acidic, because now the dollar is not the same as before).
The assembly of the five ton toy, affectionately called "gadget", was entrusted to engineer Norris Bradbury.
The final assembly and installation of the plutonium core was carried out on July 13 in the abandoned house of Schmidt McDonald a few kilometers from the twenty meter tower, where the gadget was raised before connecting the fuse control system The bucket for the explosion did not fit on the tower, so they just put it next to it to see what would remain of it.
Before the most interesting event, a hundred tons of TNT were blown up nearby.
Just for comparison.
On July 16, 1945, a report was published about a fire with an explosion at a remote ammunition depot According to the command of the Alamogordo Air Force Base, human casualties and injuries were avoided.
Actually, how will we blow it up
The parents of the hydrogen bomb
Construction of reactor "B", March 1943
Sergeant Herbert Lehr with five kilograms of plutonium.
The inscription: "Go through the other door, this room must remain clean"
General Leslie Groves said it was the most beautiful thing he had ever seen in his life
In general, this is all that remains of the "W"place
Means of delivery
First aid after a nuclear war
August 6, 1945.
The Soviet Army is riding tanks in Siberia, heading towards Manchuria; a bloodthirsty vegan has long since converted to Islam, and the nuclear exterminatus of Berlin has been canceled by itself.
Colonel Paul Tibbets was given a ready made uranium bomb two years ago, after stuffing all the enriched, half of the under enriched and a little more completely un enriched uranium into it, so that this stuff still reached a critical mass.
The women were stuffed into a specially equipped B 29 called "Enola Gay" (in honor of the pilot's mother, not what you thought) and sent to the moon.
Tellingly, the racial American Yankee Tibbets died quite recently — in 2007, having lived as much as 92 years and absolutely not biting his conscience He joked darkly about the reasons for his longevity: "Death loves its suppliers."
Yes, in those days, exceptionally harsh people served in the US Air Force
One of the pilots of those times, in an interview with our journalist in the post perestroika time, answered the question: "Would you drop an atomic bomb on Moscow if you were ordered?"
: "Yes, I would have dropped it on New York if I had been ordered."
There she was thrown off, and immediately after her they threw off a container with equipment, so that they could at least roughly estimate how much it would hit.
In total, three B 29s participated in the mission, one of which, the "Great Artist", will then be registered in Nagasaki.
When the Pindos commandos finally found the equipment, rather crumpled and covered with obscene hieroglyphs.
It turned out that it was not very fucked up; we thought it would all be much better In total, about two percent of uranium went to the reaction, and the rest was scattered on the Moon and led to the appearance of an image board
After that, a large bolt was almost completely hammered into the idea of a cannon assembly of uranium and they switched to an implosion design — which, just in case, was once again thrown to the Moon, which in turn led to the appearance of NHK.
As for the actual means of delivery, at the very beginning they were planes.
First, the Pindos B 29 and the Soviet Tu 4 honestly copied from it, then more recent cars are faster and heavier However, the Yankees had a lot of planes, and they were better than the Soviet ones; The USSR lagged behind in this area and felt very uncomfortable.
The asymmetric answer was found by the epic Soviet designer Korolev Sotovarishi, having invented an intercontinental missile.
After the launch of the first satellite, the Americans experienced considerable frustration, and nuclear parity was established in the world — on different sides of the ocean, Greedy Yankees with their armadas of bomb carriers and Bloodthirsty Russians with a stockade of missiles sat and looked at each other expectantly However, progress did not stand still, and each of the parties riveted aircraft missiles to themselves from the heart.
The result of the progress was the fact that the competition of pilots and air defense systems ended with the victory of the latter, and it became impossible to throw bombs on each other's heads in the old — fashioned way fuck who would fly to the goal.
Thus, now the means of delivering nuclear bombs are all kinds of ballistic and cruise missiles of land, mine, sea and air bases, and in the mass consciousness, a nuclear bomb in our time means a corresponding warhead (sometimes complete with a delivery vehicle) - watch any suitable movie or toy about a terrorist.
So actually there are no atomic bombs (free falling) except in museums now in the nature of kagbe.
So actually there are no atomic bombs (free falling) except in museums now in the nature of kagbe.
The essence is the same, but the design is still different.
A separate topic is the means of individual delivery of vigorous bonuses to the recipient, not in the order of an atomic war with a SUDDEN throwing right on his head, but so, state or private terrorism, over which time does not particularly drip.
This topic is repeatedly revealed in numerous Hollywood action films, where a gang of Russian scumbags (Arab fanatics who seized power in some Kazakhstan commie, a secret society under the leadership of a Black Ruler, etc.) somewhere gets (steals, buys, captures, builds independently) a yadrena bonba and delivers it at low speed to the address in a sea container (circus train, merchant ship, torpedo boat, statues of Assyrian lions, rolls a bomb) — thousands of options.
The good stuff in Hollywood was never translated, but this only made the scripts even more delusional.
In this country
Immediately after the extermination of a part of the Moon[2], envy rose up in this country, and the military urgently wanted the same toy.
To do this, they decided not to mess with the cannon scheme and not to fuck with enrichment, but simply stole the last remnants of uranium from the naive Germans, at the same time anally occupying the mine for its extraction.
All the uranium was shoved into an experimental reactor in the harsh city of Chelyabinsk 40 and they began to wait for plutonium to appear in it for a bonus.
Since there was no time to invent a bicycle, we had to resort to the traditional army method of development — to publish in the United States all the information necessary for the manufacture of the device, which they helped as much as possible and necessary.
It wasnot long to wait, and by 1949 the Pindos had already shat their first brick, because shortly before that, racial American scientists had scientifically proved that the Russians could not have a bomb until 1956 because of the shitty state of the economy [3].
And there will be many more such bricks…
For example, legend has it that after the first flight of the satellite, the then Yankovsky president Ike Eisenhower replied to the bloodthirsty pilot Curtis Lee Mei like this:"we will not go to war with the Russians — we will not have enough bulldozers to clear our streets of corpses."
Nothing like a brick, huh?
In other countries
Let's put aside a couple of bricks, because not 2 countries own strong weapons, but several.
Moreover, nuclear technologies have become so accessible and understandable that even countries stuffed with scientists in black coats (a la South Africa) can and have made a nuclear bomb.
Here is another list of countries that can shit strontium or something else on earth.
China
India
Pakistan
NORTH KOREA
Great Britain
France
Israel
However, amendment No. 2: not all countries are well with the means of delivery.
Of the same 478 charges of the Chinese, only 44 can reach America, and none will reach Brazil, for example.
As for the European part of Russia and Europe, 90 missiles will reach them already.
For comparison, in Russia, half of the delivery vehicles (1300 charges of good) will easily reach China.
In short, Sklifosovsky!
From above, a slightly tuff scheme (it works on uranium, but plutonium would be required unattainably pure)
Extremely simplified scheme of a thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 475 kilotons for a submarine launched ballistic missile
Uranium can be detonated by combining pieces of subcritical mass into one block of supercritical mass.
But the question is how exactly to make the connection.
If you bring two subcritical pieces of U 235 closer to a certain distance, they will begin to exchange neutrons with each other, with an increase in the splitting reaction, energy release and heating.
If we bring them even closer — they will become red hot.
Then it turned white.
Then they will melt.
The melt, approaching the edges, will begin to warm up further and evaporate.
Moreover, the energy reserves in a piece of uranium are such that white hot pieces can be immersed in a stream of water rushing from a glacier — they will be just as blindingly hot, and they will melt during further convergence, and no heat removal or cooling will be able to prevent melting and evaporation.
Therefore, no matter how the pieces are brought together by household methods, before they are connected, they will melt and evaporate any device that performs this rapprochement, and they will evaporate themselves, scattering, expanding, moving away from each other and only after that cooling down.
It is possible to make several pieces into one supercritical one only by developing such huge convergence speeds that the increase in the density of the neutron flux will not keep up with the convergence of the pieces.
Such a scheme is called "cannon" because one subcritical piece is "fired" into another in the "barrel".
The bomb dropped on Hiroshima was naturally made from a cannon barrel processed with a file, in which a piece of uranium was loaded instead of a projectile, and the muzzle was plugged with another.
With plutonium, it is worse, for the implementation of a "cannon" scheme with it, speeds of about 12 km/s are needed, which is not achievable with explosives.
Therefore, at first, a more complex version was used — "implosion".
The hollow ball was compressed by an explosion directed to its center until it reached a critical mass.
The fact is that plutonium has six metastable phases, with different crystal lattice and density.
Therefore, if you make a ball of plutonium alloy in the least dense delta phase with, say, gallium, then with proper explosive compression, plutonium will pass from the delta phase to the alpha phase, which is a quarter denser, a supercritical mass is formed and Big badabum!
This design made it possible to explode plutonium quite effectively, but it was extremely complex — the crimping charges, which required up to forty pieces per bomb, had to be assembled with micron accuracy from special shaped pieces of "fast" and "slow" explosives.
Separately, a " slow "explosive would destroy the charge due to uneven compression, and a" fast " one would destroy it due to too strong a shock wave.
It was necessary to undermine them with nanosecond accuracy.
The slightest inconsistency led to uneven compression of the charge and, again, its destruction before reaching a critical mass.
There were no computers then, so incredibly fucking lamp devices were used for synchronization.
Anyway, Nagasaki was enough.
Later, simpler systems were invented, allowing the use of only two charges of ordinary explosives (the Swan scheme), or even one.
Supercriticism in the latter is achieved by a particularly secret form of the plutonium charge.
Such schemes are somewhat less effective, but does it matter to you — 400 kilotons will fuck over your head, or 420?
And then everything is complicated.
A chain reaction begins — nuclear fission when a neutron hits[4] releases a mass defect in the form of the energy of the scattering of fragments and two or three more neutrons, which, falling into other nuclei, can cause the same fission.
And it went.
This is why uranium is enriched, otherwise the reaction will simply get stuck.
But then the reaction went, the release of energy went, and the reacting substance flies the fuck, without having time to react properly.
Therefore, in order to ensure the highest possible explosion efficiency, bombs are made multi layered, with different explosives, so that at least one more milli-, microsecond to keep the fissile material where it is needed.
The duration of a nuclear or thermonuclear explosion (actually a chain reaction) lies within one ten millionth of a second, which is about a thousand times faster than the speed of a chemical explosion.
At the same time, by the end of the reaction, the temperature of the substance is tens of millions of degrees, and the pressure is about a billion atmospheres.
With the beginning of the spread of the vapors of the bomb, the temperature and pressure drop very quickly.
Many people mistakenly think that to explode an atomic bomb, it is enough to shoot it, lay explosives or use other Hollywood methods.
In fact, this will simply cause a sprinkling of radioactive material around [5] — a dirty explosion a la Chernobyl.
If the vin / fail turns out, then it is of a completely different type — after such a deformation, the unit will explode, and if it does, it will be much weaker.
Types of AB in the wild
Actually, an ordinary atomic (nuclear) explosion
Bombs are different.
Nuclear (vigorous!).
This is just a classic scheme.
Thermonuclear.
There is a multi stage reaction there.
It starts with a nuclear charge, but the stage of synthesis of heavy nuclei from lighter ones is added.
They say it's more powerful.
They donot seem to be lying.
Two schemes are widely known.
Sakharov lidochka a layer of a nuclear detonator in the center and from 7 to 16 layers of lithium deuteride 6, interspersed with layers of fissile material uranium; power within 1 Mt. And the racial American design — a bonba core and a plutonium rod wrapped in lithium deuteride, filled with polyethylene and rolled up in a shell made of heavy metal, for example, tungsten, lead or depleted uranium[6]; the power up to several megatons, in the multi — stage Sakharov version, is not limited.
The bomb is neutron.
A low power thermonuclear bomb (of the order of a kiloton) with an increased specific neutron yield (approximately 70-80% of the total explosion energy output).
It consists of a nuclear fuse and a separate capsule with compressed deuterium and tritium gases.
It is used to fight tanks and infantry in shelters, against which conventional nuclear bombs work poorly.
Contrary to popular opinion, it also destroys material values quite well, since the radius of destruction by an explosive wave is greater than the radius of strong neutron irradiation.
In military language, it is called a "third generation weapon", in which nuclear reactions go in a certain direction, with an increased output of some necessary damaging factor.
The most famous representative is the neutron bomb.
But there are others: an X ray laser, advertised during the work on SOY, and representing a nuclear munition, which before destruction manages to work as a gamma quantum generator for a bunch of lasers attached to it, which, also before destruction, should shoot down a certain number of warheads of the"evil empire".
Theoretically.
In general, the device is disposable.
The "clean" micro estate developed by the Pindos, without radioactive contamination and other inhumane things, should also belong to the same type, to fight against Pindos detractors, like Osama.
This also includes electromagnetic pulse generators, like those in the movie "Golden Eye".
The bomb is dirty.
A thermonuclear bomb with a shell of uranium 238 or a material that gives strong induced radioactivity.
It abundantly dries the fission products of depleted uranium in the first variant, in the second variant — medium or long lived radioactive isotopes.
Example: a cobalt bomb.
The bomb is dirty (another option).
The favorite weapon of unwashed Arab terrorists, but so far they only sleep and see it.
These are radioactive waste from nuclear power plants placed in a barrel, plus pyrotechnics that make a "bang" and, as an option, form a large smoke mushroom.
The effect depends entirely on the substances used in the device, for example, the same cesium 137 or cobalt 60 will bring a lot of joy to others.
Due to the absence of a chain nuclear reaction, despite its virulence for eyewitnesses, a corpse cannot be considered a nuclear bomb.
Classification of charges by power
Modern:
up to 1 ct — ultra small;
1-10 ct small;
10-100 ct average;
100-1000 ct — large;
over 1 Mt — super large.
Classification given in the Military Encyclopedia of 1973:
up to 15 ct small caliber;
15-100 ct medium caliber;
100-500 ct — large caliber;
over 500 ct super large caliber.
In the mid 1950s, when there was no clear classification yet, it was customary in the United States to divide charges by power and purpose into tactical bombs and artillery shells from 5 to 50 kt and strategic from 50 to 200 kt or more.
The so called "nominal" atomic bomb of 20 kt dropped on Hiroshima was adopted as a standard standard.
It was usually meant in the then Soviet literature as a "medium caliber bomb".
What does this threaten?
The radius of the striking effect of an average atomic bomb
Nagasaki 20 minutes after the explosion in 1945
Let there be light!
At the beginning there will be a bright flash, turning into a fiery gehenna sphere, as it cools down, it turns into a cap of a nuclear mushroom.
And light radiation.
The pressure of the shock wave at the boundary of the fiery sphere at its maximum development is 7 atmospheres (0.7 MPa), regardless of the power, the air temperature in the wave is about 350 degrees, and in combination with light radiation, objects at the boundary of the sphere can heat up to 1200 degrees with an explosion of 1 megaton.
As an experiment, focus the sun through the lens on the skin.
Have you been guided?
Is it hot?
And then the heat will spread all over the body.
The light casts beautiful shadows on the walls (see Hiroshima and Nagasaki), makes the clothes even more tight, welding them to the body.
Perfectly evaporates water, of which a little less than completely consists of a person (50-80%).
It turns out to be a cross between mummification, cremation and auto dafe.
Protection — lie down in the shade, behind the fence!
But the fence should stand until the flash fades.
The time of the flash glow depends on the power of the explosion, from about one second at one kiloton to forty seconds at fifty megatons; one megaton will shine for ten seconds, twenty kilotons (Hiroshima) - three seconds.
So, if the charge was powerful, the fence will burn, partially together with the lifetime cremated.
Moreover, the shock wave may come to you before the end I glow and drop or throw a burning shelter over you.
In the case of the Hiroshima explosion, indeed, even curtains and kimonos helped.
Again, a lot depends on the distance from the explosion.
If the subject is inside the flash (fire sphere) of a ground explosion, then a concrete shelter will not help.
One shock wave will be enough to grind the body into roast beef, and in combination with the temperature, burnt fragments will remain.
Closer to the center tens of hundreds of meters, where the iron evaporates and a funnel forms — there will be nothing left, only plasma.
If the flash flashes there, at the horizon cover your eyes with your hand for a few seconds until the heat subsides, sit down (or the shock wave will hit the asphalt) and admire, the happy owner of life fun times are coming, you donot need to go to work and study anymore!
By the way, the myth spread by propagandists and journalists about the evaporated people who left only shadows in the epicenters of the explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is in general a myth.
Both explosions were made at an altitude of about 600 meters, the power of each up to twenty kilotons.
The flash with a radius of up to 300 meters, did not reach the surface over 300 m.
The pressure of the shock wave in the area of the epicenter was up to three atmospheres, the temperature of objects on the ground increased within 400-500 degrees, the flash glow time was three seconds, which could not evaporate a person.
After all, burning a body is like burning a sponge with water, it takes time, or, well, a very high temperature (tens of thousands of degrees), which is achieved only inside the fiery sphere.
But there were shadows from people and objects themselves — the radiation of a close atomic explosion seems to make the surface of the stone rough, the asphalt turns black, and the surface covered with paint burns out.
And where a person stood or there was an object among the burnt stone or asphalt, there was an unburned surface — a shadow.
But the people themselves did not evaporate anywhere, but turned into burnt corpses or the living dead, carried by a shock wave a few meters from the place of the photo shoot.
Then they either burned in general fires (the cities were mostly made of wood), still alive and sighted with peeling rags instead of skin crawled to reservoirs and the river, trying to drown out the pain with water, where they died; those who were blinded by the flash moved chaotically.
Or they remained at the place of death, if there was an obstacle for the wave to carry, but were then removed by Japanese soldiers who were clearing the rubble in the first month.
American military specialists arrived at the disaster sites only after more than two months, they then paid attention to the characteristic shadows during a detailed examination, naturally, without corpses.
The Civil Defense also recommends either lying with your feet to the explosion, holding your head (so that it does not fly away), or "holding the machine gun at arm's length so that the melted iron does not drip on the official boots."
The energy density in this expanding sphere of light falls in proportion to the square of the distance from the source, so that at some distance it will still be possible to go blind, and from large ones you can already enjoy the spectacle through everyone's favorite disks from old floppy disks.
Unless, of course, the following point is taken into account.
Ionizing radiation — during nuclear fission or fusion reactions that occur during an atomic explosion, a lot of high energy quanta (gamma radiation) and neutrons are emitted that can travel long distances, simultaneously hitting atoms and molecules, giving them part of the energy, which causes bond breaks and the formation of ions (ionization).
In particular, the same thing happens when passing through living organisms: when chemical bonds are broken, very active free radicals are formed in the molecules, which will destroy everything they encounter, including DNA molecules carrying hereditary information in the genes can also be "victims".
Therefore, it is said that penetrating radiation has a mutagenic effect.
Needless to say, how unpleasant are the failures in the genetic apparatus of cells both for the irradiated and for possible offspring?
And the IRL mutations do not look at all like in your favorite People X, my little friend.
It is necessary to hide from radiation behind thick walls (the thicker, the better), or in special bunkers.
The ideal option is in a pool with boric solution.
Those who consider themselves not too faint of heart can watch the German film Chernobyl Heart
EMR is an electromagnetic pulse, but in fact the same photons.
E = - kagbe waves and kagbe particles simultaneously traveling at the speed of light, if in a vacuum, and having zero rest mass, which is why they have no rest: from E = mc2 — their whole life is in motion.
TV and radio maniacs are temporarily left without air and other sweet drugs, until the air ionized by radiation becomes permeable to radio broadcasts again.
In addition, all semiconductor electronics in the area of action will die, because semiconductors become just conductors — they are based on an impurity that provides an excess of electrons (n) or holes (p), and a powerful EM pulse rips off the electrons in the semiconductor materials themselves, making the impurity conductivity already insignificant.
Foucault currents induced by EM waves can easily burn transformers and other other blocks with inductors.
Only warm tube radios will survive.
The shock wave.
This is a dense air front.
It moves slower than EM energy quanta, but it is more thorough.
In the zone of the shock wave, the air turns (for a while) into a diamond, the walls due to the pressure drop turn into crumbs, and people turn into mush.
Tanchiki (all except the gloomy Soviet wunderwafly "Object 279", which resembled a UFO in the shape of the body, so that the shock wave did not tip over) and tractors just flutter like birds.
In addition, the wave absorbs everything set on fire by the light and a beautiful fiery shaft is formed, with temperatures in it such that the metal does not just melt, no, you will not believe it, but it burns merrily and fervently!
Naturally.
About the beauty and impact of this phenomenon, read A. and B. Strugatsky's "Distant Rainbow".
All these joys occur during a ground explosion inside a fiery sphere, the warheads of a ground explosion are designed to destroy fortified structures such as mine launchers and especially important bunkers.
With a ground based, and even more so a buried explosion, a simple funnel is formed (for example, an explosion of 400 kilotons on the surface will dig a quarry with a diameter of more than half a kilometer and a depth of up to 70 meters).
But the nuclear charges intended for cities are designed to explode in the air, at such a height that the fiery sphere does not reach the earth by about half of its radius (the diameter of the flash of a hundred kilotons is about one km, one megaton is two and a little kilometers), then the area of destruction will be maximum.
In a ground explosion, the wave force is lost for the formation of a funnel and friction against the earth's surface, if the explosion is too high — it is lost for capturing larger and larger masses of air.
The maximum pressure of the shock wave in the epicenter of an air explosion in the city should be about five atmospheres (0.5 MPa), unless the warhead explodes higher or lower by mistake.
The most propiarized factor is, of course, radiation contamination.
A lot of decay products that are capable of further decay, together with dust, steam and sand, are carried through the air and settle down in the wind, polluting vast areas.
It will be especially instructive if there is a reservoir on the way.
The degree of infection is inversely proportional to the amount of the reacted substance.
Simply put, if eighty or ninety percent interacted during the reaction and the rest was scattered into the atmosphere, then it will still be fucked up, because Plutonium 239 and, especially, uranium 235 have relatively little activity, therefore, sprayed over a huge area (that is, with a scanty concentration), they pose little danger.
Another thing is the reaction products, which are slightly less than completely have a short half life (from seconds to tens of years, against tens of thousands and millions of years for the original uranium and plutonium), giving a high radiation power.
It is all sorts of iodine 131, cobalt 60 with cesium 137 and a bunch of decay products that give the same pollution.
But if the charge is assembled from shit and sticks, then infection will take place, and what else.
In addition, a near surface explosion carries up and infects a much larger amount of dust from the surface than a high altitude one.
The most dirty explosion in practice turned out to be underground, but shallow.
During underground tests, the bomb is drilled deep enough that the release of radiation to the surface, if it occurs, is theoretically considered insignificant.
But this point is disputed, because such tests clearly lead to a subsequent increase in the background, and can also lead to the ingress of radionuclides into groundwater.
Why this case seems to be tied up.
A nice feature of underground nuclear explosions is that the increased radioactive background on the ground at the explosion site is observed not as a spot, as one would expect, but as a ring.
We came and measured it at the epicenter — everything is fine, but it's not really around, only no one measured it there.
From underground explosions on the ball there are kawai holes with a glass background surface, which can be used for example to create reservoirs, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to get normal flora and fauna there.
Learning history: The Chagan Project.
Nuclear decay proceeds in a cascade, with the formation of different degrees of survivability of isotopes.
Those, in turn, are capable of emitting various crap, such as alpha, beta, gamma radiation.
Gamma was considered above — it is a small quantum of high energy.
Beta — simply flying with a huge coex system the electron is growing.
The alpha nucleus of helium is without electrons, that is, an evil quartet of two protons and two neutrons.
No one cares about neutrinos that fly out during beta decay, except astrophysicists, because they are like the elusive Joe.
It is also possible to obtain neutrons during nuclear fission.
When you get to know alpha and beta better, it becomes clear that charged particles do not fly far, because they interact with other charges in the medium (even the electrons of an atom, even a positively charged nucleus), through which they make their way, giving them their energy.
By swallowing un chewed radionuclides or inhaling them with dusty contaminated air, the patient provides himself with acceleration in the movement to the final of the competition called life.
Yes, alpha and beta particles do not move far in biological tissues (up to a centimeter, depending on the energy), but the half life and the amount of decaying matter completely compensate for this disadvantage in the epsilon neighborhood of the isotope.
Also, walking in an infected area — problems with your legs; walking with your head uncovered under radioactive fallout — with brain hair.
It should also be noted that from a chemical point of view, radioactive isotopes are completely similar to non radioactive ones, they enter into the same reactions and can enter the body with a yam or a drink in order to cleverly integrate into the metabolism.
The consequences can be the most unpleasant.
If the explosion of the warhead occurred on the surface, a crater like a meteorite crater is formed, sometimes with a lake.
Around for kilometers, the area is covered with scattered radioactive soil, which has the appearance of caked slag or black shiny balls of about five millimeters.
If the charge is buried, the dimensions can be two to three times larger.
In rocky soils, the funnel turns out to be one and a half or two times smaller.
What to do in case of an atomic war
"It is difficult in teaching — it is easy in the center of defeat.
— - Army wisdom
— - What should I do in case of a nuclear explosion?
- Cover yourself with a white sheet and slowly crawl to the cemetery!
— Why is it slow?
- Duc, so as not to create a panic!
"- A bearded joke
"- I give an introduction: the explosion of an atomic bomb on the forecastle!
Lieutenant, what are your actions?
- I'm evaporating, Comrade Admiral.
"- Naval humor
A short guide.
Do not expect that it will help you if it suddenly burns, it is here for the atmosphere, and you will all die.
MOAR We survive in the city First of all, dear anonymous, do not really hope to quickly go to another world and light up there with angels, devils or houris.
There are not so many humane thermonuclear ammunition, and they will be spent primarily on destroying the means of retaliatory strike hidden in the depths of Siberian ores, and in the vastness of Texas and Oklahoma.
For the bulk of the population, democracy or spirituality will be delivered by "ordinary" atomic versions of the sabzh.
With an average impact power (in the case of a near surface explosion) within the radius of the garden ring, all metro lines lying less than a hundred meters collapse from a seismic impact, although there is a chance that you will be "lucky", anonymous, and you will find yourself in the specified radius at a station below a hundred meters.
In this case, too, you can not count on a long and happy life, because all the air intakes for these stations will remain on the surface and turn into a "baked vitreous mass", which in no way will contribute to your breathing underground, my little furry druk…
Well, about these charms below.
Three megatons of democracy.
In God we trust
To begin with, despite the claims that the fucking rashka is rolling into fucking shit, the early detection and civil defense systems are still working, and are even being upgraded little by little.
So you will be warned.
They will warn you as much as possible
