Darwin, Charles
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Charles Robert Darwin
Date of birth: February 12 1809(1809-02-12)[1][2]
Place of birth: Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
Date of death: April 19 1882(1882-04-19)[1][2] (73 year)
Place of death: Down[en] (today part of London), United Kingdom
A country: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Scientific field: biology, geology
Place of work: Royal Geographical Society
Academic degrees: Bachelor of Arts (1832), Master of Arts[d] (1837) and Doctor of Canon and Civil Law[d]
Alma Mater: University of Edinburgh, University of Cambridge
Known as: The founder of the evolutionary doctrine
Awards and prizes: The Royal Medal (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Signature:
Quotes in Wikicitatnik Works in Wikitek Charles Robert Darwin on Wikimedia Commons
There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Darwin.
Charles Robert Darwin (tʃɑrlz 'dɑː.wɪn);
February 12, 1809 — April 19, 1882) was an English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to come to the conclusion and justify the idea that all species of living organisms evolve over time and come from common ancestors.
In his theory, the detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book "The Origin of Species", Darwin called natural selection the main mechanism of evolution.
Later he developed the theory of sexual selection.
He also owns one of the first generalizing studies about the origin of man.
Darwin published one of the first works on ethology, "The expression of emotions in humans and animals".
Other areas of his research were the creation of a model of the origin of coral reefs and the definition of the laws of heredity.
Based on the results of breeding experiments, Darwin put forward the hypothesis of heredity (pangenesis), which was not confirmed.
The origin of biological diversity as a result of evolution was recognized by most biologists during Darwin's lifetime, while his theory of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolution became generally recognized only in the 50s of the XX century with the advent of the synthetic theory of evolution[3][4].
Darwin's ideas and discoveries in a revised form form the foundation of the modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology as providing an explanation of biodiversity[5].
The term "Darwinism" is used to refer to evolutionary models that are based on Darwin's ideas, and in everyday speech, the evolutionary theory and the modern scientific view of evolution as a whole are often called "Darwinism".
Content
1 Brief biography 1.1 Childhood and adolescence 1.2 The Edinburgh period of life (1825-1827) 1.3 The Cambridge period of life (1828-1831) 1.4 The naturalist's journey on the ship " Beagle "(1831-1836) 1.5 Darwin and Fitzroy 1.6 Scientific activity after returning
2 Darwin's main scientific works 2.1 Early works (before the "Origin of Species") 2.2 The history of writing and publishing the "Origin of Species" 2.3 Later works (after the "Origin of Species")
3 Darwin and Religion 4 Marriage, Children 5 Awards and Distinctions 6 Named after Darwin 7 Quotes 8 Interesting Facts 9 See also 10 Cited Literature 11 Sources 12 Bibliography 13 Literature 14 References
Short biography[edit / edit wiki text]
Taxonomist of wildlife
The author of the names of a number of botanical taxa.
In the botanical (binary) nomenclature, these names are supplemented by the abbreviation "Darwin".
A list of such taxa is available on the IPNI website
Personal page on the IPNI website
Childhood and adolescence[edit / edit wiki text]
Charles Darwin at the age of seven (1816), a year before the untimely death of his mother
Charles ' father is Robert Darwin
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in the family estate of Mount House[6].
The fifth of six children of a wealthy doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Suzanne Darwin (English)Russian. (Susannah Darwin)
, nee Wedgwood (Eng. Wedgwood).
He is the grandson of the scientist naturalist Erasmus Darwin on his father's side and the artist Josiah Wedgwood on his mother's side.
Both families were largely Unitarian, but the Wedgwoods were parishioners of the Church of England.
Robert Darwin himself was quite free minded, and agreed that little Charles should receive communion in the Anglican Church, but at the same time Charles and his brothers attended the Unitarian Church together with their mother.
By the time he entered the day school in 1817, the eight year old Darwin already had a taste for natural history and collecting.
This year, in July, his mother dies, and the upbringing of an 8 year old boy falls entirely on the shoulders of his father, who did not always listen sensitively to the spiritual needs of his son.
Since September 1818, he, along with his older brother Erasmus (eng.)
Russian. (Erasmus Alvey Darwin)
enters the nearest Anglican School Shrewsbury (English)Russian. (Shrewsbury School)[7][8]
, where the future naturalist, who passionately loved nature, had to study "dry things for his living soul", like classical languages and literature.
It is no wonder that he discovered a complete lack of abilities and forced his teacher and others to give up on him hopelessly.
An incapable elementary school student begins to collect collections of butterflies, minerals, shells after a year of high school.
Then there is another passion hunting.
His father and others considered these hobbies to be the main reason for Charles ' failure, but their frequent reproaches and even threats taught him to listen only to his inner voice, and not to external instructions.
By the end of his school life, a new hobby appeared — chemistry and for this "empty pastime" he received a very strict reprimand from the director of the gymnasium.
The gymnasium years naturally ended with the receipt of a mediocre certificate.
Before going with his brother Erasmus to the University of Edinburgh, in the summer of 1825, he acts as a student's assistant and helps his father in his medical practice, helping the poor of Shropshire.
Edinburgh period of life (1825-1827)[edit / edit wiki text]
Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh.
During his training, he realized that lectures are boring, and surgery causes suffering, so he gives up studying medicine.
Instead, he begins studying taxidermy with John Edmonstone, a freed black slave who gained his experience while accompanying Charles Waterton.
during an expedition to the rain forests of South America, and often spoke about him, saying: "a very pleasant and erudite man" (English: very pleasant and intelligent man)[9].
In 1826, as a student of the natural history department, he joined the Pliny Student Society, in which radical materialism was actively discussed.
At this time, he is assisting Robert Edmond Grant in his research on the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates.
At the meetings of the society, in March 1827, Darwin presents brief reports about his first discoveries, which changed his view of familiar things.
In particular, he showed that the so called eggs of the fly fly Flustra have the ability to move independently with the help of cilia and are actually larvae; he also notes that small spherical bodies, which were considered young stages of the algae Fucus loreus, are egg cocoons of the proboscis leech Pontobdella muricata.
Once, in the presence of Darwin, Grant praised Lamarck's evolutionary ideas.
Darwin was surprised by this enthusiastic speech, but remained silent.
Shortly before that, he had learned similar ideas from his grandfather, Erasmus, after reading his "Zoonomy", and therefore was already aware of the contradictions of this theory[10].
During his second year in Edinburgh, Darwin attended Robert Jameson's natural history course, which covered geology, including the controversy between Neptunists and Plutonists.
However, at that time Darwin did not have a passion for the geological sciences, although he received sufficient training to make a reasonable judgment about this subject[11].
In the same year, he studied the classification of plants and participated in the work with extensive collections at the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe of that period[12].
The Cambridge period of life (1828-1831)[edit / edit wiki text]
While still a young man, Darwin became a member of the scientific elite. (Portrait by George Richmond, 1830s)
Darwin's father, having learned that his son had abandoned his medical studies, was annoyed and suggested that he enroll in Christ's College, Cambridge University and become a priest of the Anglican Church[13].
According to Darwin himself, the days spent in Edinburgh sowed doubts in him about the dogmas of the Anglican Church[11].
At this time, he diligently reads theological books, and eventually convinces himself of the acceptability of church dogmas and prepares for admission.
While studying in Edinburgh, he forgot some of the subjects necessary for admission, and so he studied with a private teacher in Shrewsbury and entered Cambridge after the Christmas holidays, at the very beginning of 1828.
According to his own words, he did not go too deep into training, devoting more time to riding, shooting a gun and hunting (fortunately, attending lectures was a voluntary matter).
His cousin William Fox (English)Russian.
I introduced him to entomology and brought him closer to people who are fond of collecting insects.
As a result, he awakens a passion for collecting beetles.
Darwin himself cites the following story to confirm his passion: "One day, while peeling a piece of old bark from a tree, I saw two rare beetles and grabbed one of them with each hand, but then I saw a third, some new kind, which I could not miss in any way, and I put the beetle I was holding in my right hand into my mouth.
Alas!
He released some extremely caustic liquid, which burned my tongue so much that I had to spit out the beetle, and I lost it, as well as the third one."
Some of his findings were published in the book of Stevens (English)Russian.
"Illustrations of British entomology "English " Illustrations of British entomology".
Henslow, John Stevens
Darwin becomes a close friend and follower of botany Professor John Stevens Henslow.
Thanks to his acquaintance with Henslow, he also met other leading naturalists, becoming known in their circles as "The Man who walks with Henslow" (English: "the man who walks with Henslow").
As the exams approached, Darwin focused on his studies.
At this time, he is reading the "Evidence of Christianity" by William Paley, whose language and presentation delight Darwin[14].
At the end of his studies, in January 1831, Darwin made good progress in theology, studied the classics of literature, mathematics and physics, and eventually became 10th in the list of 178 who successfully passed the exam[15].
Darwin remained at Cambridge until June.
He studies Paley's work "Natural Theology", in which the author gives theological arguments to explain the nature of nature, explaining adaptation as the influence of God through the laws of nature[16].
He is reading a new book by Herschel, which describes the highest goal of natural philosophy as the comprehension of laws through inductive reasoning based on observations.
He also pays special attention to the book "Personal Narrative" by Alexander von Humboldt, in which the author describes his travels.
Humboldt's descriptions of the island of Tenerife infect Darwin and his friends with the idea of going there, after completing their studies, to study natural history in the tropics.
To prepare for this, he is studying at the geology course of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, and then goes with him in the summer to map rocks in Wales[17][18].
Two weeks later, returning from a short geological trip to North Wales, he finds a letter from Henslow, in which he recommended Darwin as a suitable person for an unpaid position as a naturalist to the captain of the Beagle, Robert Fitzroy, under whose command an expedition to the shores of South America is to begin in four weeks.
Darwin was ready to accept the offer immediately, but his father objected to this kind of adventure, because he believed that a five year voyage was nothing but a waste of time.
But the timely intervention of Charles ' uncle Josiah Wedgwood II (eng.) inclines the father to give consent[19].
The naturalist's journey on the ship " Beagle "(1831-1836)[edit / edit wiki text]
While the Beagle was surveying the coastline of South America, Darwin began to build theories about the wonders of nature that surrounded him
Main article: Charles Darwin's Round the World Trip
In 1831, after graduating from the university, Darwin, as a naturalist, went on a trip around the world on the expedition ship of the Royal Navy "Beagle", from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1836.
The journey lasted almost five years.
Darwin spends most of his time on the shore, studying geology and collecting collections on natural history, while the Beagle, under the leadership of Fitzroy, carried out hydrographic and cartographic surveys of the coast[20][21].
During the journey, he carefully records his observations and theoretical calculations.
From time to time, as soon as an opportunity presented itself for this, Darwin sends copies of the notes to Cambridge, along with letters including copies of individual parts of his diary, for relatives[22].
During the trip, he made a number of descriptions of the geology of various areas, collected a collection of animals, and also made a brief description of the external structure and anatomy of many marine invertebrates.
In other areas in which Darwin was ignorant, he proved himself a skilled collector, collecting specimens for study by specialists[23].
Despite frequent cases of ill health associated with seasickness, Darwin continued his research on board the ship; most of his notes on zoology were about marine invertebrates, which he collected and described during times of calm at sea[20][24].
During the first stop off the coast of Santiago, Darwin discovers an interesting phenomenon — volcanic rocks with shells and corals, caked under the influence of high temperature lava into a solid white rock.
Fitzroy gives him the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, where the author formulates the concepts of uniformitarianism in the interpretation of geological changes over a long period[II].
And the very first studies made by Darwin on Santiago on the Cape Verde Islands showed the superiority of the method used by Lyell.
Subsequently, Darwin accepts and uses Lyell's approach for theoretical constructions and reflections when writing books on geology[25].
Voyage of the ship "Beagle"
At the place of Punta Alta, in Patagonia, he makes an important discovery.
Darwin discovers a fossilized giant extinct mammal.
The importance of the find is emphasized by the fact that the remains of this animal were located in the rocks next to the shells of modern species of mollusks, which indirectly indicates a recent disappearance, without signs of climate change or catastrophe.
He defines the find as a little known megatherium, with a bone shell, which, according to his first impression, looked like a giant version of a local armadillo.
This discovery generated great interest when it reached the shores of England[26][27][28].
During a trip with local gauchos to the interior of the country to describe the geology and collect collections of fossil remains, he acquires ideas about the social, political and anthropological aspects of the interaction of indigenous peoples and colonists during the revolution.
He also notes that the two varieties of the nandu ostrich have different but overlapping ranges[29][30].
Moving further south, he discovers stepped plains lined with pebbles and clam shells, like sea terraces, reflecting a series of land rises.
Reading the second volume of Lyell, Darwin accepts his point of view on the" centers of creation " of species, but his findings and reflections make him question Lyell's ideas about the permanence and disappearance of species[31][32][33].
On board were three ognezemeltsev, who were taken to England during the last expedition of the "Beagle" around February 1830.
They had spent a year in England and were now sent back to Tierra del Fuego as missionaries.
Darwin found these people friendly and civilized, while their fellow tribesmen looked like "pathetic, degraded savages", just as domestic and wild animals differed from each other[34].
For Darwin, these differences primarily demonstrated the importance of cultural superiority, but not racial inferiority.
Unlike his learned friends, he now thought that there was no insurmountable gap between man and animals[35].
A year later, this mission was abandoned.
The Ognezemelets, who was named Jimmy Button, began to live the same way as other aborigines: he had a wife and had no desire to return to England[36].
In Chile, Darwin witnessed a strong earthquake and saw signs indicating that the earth had just risen.
This raised layer included the shells of bivalves that were above the high tide level.
High in the Andes, he also discovered clam shells and several types of fossil trees that usually grow on sandy beaches.
His theoretical reflections led him to the fact that, just as when the land rises, the shells are high in the mountains, when the sections of the seabed are lowered, oceanic islands go under water, and at the same time barrier reefs are formed around the islands from coastal coral reefs, and then atolls[37][38][39].
In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that some representatives of the mockingbird family differ from those in Chile and differ from each other on different islands.
He also heard that the shells of land turtles vary slightly in shape, indicating the island of origin[23][30].
The marsupial kangaroo rats and the platypus he saw in Australia seemed so strange that it led Darwin to think that at least two creators were working simultaneously to create this world[40].
He found that the aborigines of Australia are "courteous and nice", and noticed a rapid decline in their numbers under the onslaught of European colonization [41].
"Beagle" examines the atolls of the Cocos Islands, in order to find out the mechanisms of their formation.
The success of this study was largely determined by Darwin's theoretical reflections[39].
Fitzroy began to write an official account of the Beagle's journey, and after reading Darwin's diary, he suggests including it in the report[42].
During the trip, Darwin visited the island of Tenerife, about strovakh Cape Verde, the coast of Brazil, in Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania and the Cocos Islands, from where he brought a large number of observations.
He presented the results in the works" The Journal of a Naturalist's Research "(The Journal of a Naturalist, 1839), "Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle" (Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle, 1840), "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs" (The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1842) , etc.
One of the interesting natural phenomena, first described by Darwin in the scientific literature, were ice crystals of a special form of penentes, formed on the surface of glaciers in the Andes.
Darwin and Fitzroy[edit / edit wiki text]
Captain Robert Fitzroy
Before going on the trip, Darwin met with Fitzroy.
Later, the captain recalled this meeting and said that Darwin was very seriously at risk of being rejected because of the shape of his nose.
Being a follower of the teachings of Lavater, he believed that there was a connection between a person's character and the features of his appearance, and therefore he doubted that a person with a nose like Darwin's could have the energy and determination sufficient to make the journey.
Despite the fact that" Fitzroy's temper was the most obnoxious", "he possessed many noble traits: he was faithful to his duty, extremely generous, brave, resolute, possessed indomitable energy and was a sincere friend of all who were under his command"[43].
Darwin himself notes that the captain's attitude towards him was very good, " but it was difficult to get along with this man with the intimacy that was inevitable for us, who dined at the same table together with him in his cabin.
We quarreled several times, because, falling into irritation, he completely lost the ability to reason"[11].
Nevertheless, there were serious disagreements between them on the basis of political views.
Fitzroy was a staunch conservative, a defender of Negro slavery, and encouraged the colonial policy of the English government.
An extremely religious man, a blind supporter of church dogma, Fitzroy was unable to understand Darwin's doubts about the immutability of species.
Subsequently, he resented Darwin for "publishing such a blasphemous book as the Origin of Species"[11].
Scientific activity after returning[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1838-1841.
Darwin was secretary of the Geological Society of London.
In 1839, he married, and in 1842, the couple moved from London to Down (Kent), where they began to live permanently.
Here Darwin led a secluded and measured life of a scientist and writer.
The main scientific works of Darwin[edit / edit wiki text]
Early works (before the "Origin of Species")[edit / edit wiki text]
Shortly after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title "A naturalist's journey around the world on the ship "Beagle" (1839).
It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times.
Darwin also took part in writing a five volume monograph "The Zoology of Travel" (1842).
As a zoologist, Darwin chose the barnacle crayfish as the object of his study, and soon became the best specialist in this group in the world.
He wrote and published a four volume monograph "Barnacles" (Monograph on the Cirripedia, 1851-1854), which zoologists still use today.
The history of writing and publishing "The Origin of Species"[edit / edit wiki text]
Since 1837, Darwin began to keep a diary, in which he entered data on the breeds of domestic animals and plant varieties, as well as considerations about natural selection.
In 1842, he wrote the first essay on the origin of species.
Starting in 1855, Darwin corresponded with the American botanist A. Gray, to whom he presented his ideas two years later.
Under the influence of the English geologist and naturalist Ch.
In 1856, Lyell Darwin began preparing a third, expanded version of the book.
In June 1858, when the work was half done, I received a letter from the English naturalist A. R. Wallace with the manuscript of the latter's article.
In this article, Darwin found an abridged statement of his own theory of natural selection.
Two naturalists independently and simultaneously developed identical theories.
Both were influenced by the work of T. R. Malthus on population; both were aware of Lyell's views, both studied the fauna, flora and geological formations of island groups and found significant differences between the species inhabiting them.
Darwin sent Lyell the Wallace manuscript, along with his own essay, as well as sketches of his second version (1844) and a copy of his letter to A. Gray (1857).
Lyell turned to the English botanist Joseph Hooker for advice, and on July 1, 1858, they presented both works together to the Linnean Society in London.
In 1859, Darwin published the work "The Origin of species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of favored breeds in the struggle for life" (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life), where he showed the variability of plant and animal species, their natural origin from earlier species.
The first edition of 1,250 copies was completely sold out within two days.
The book is still being published and sold.
Photo of 1868
Later works (after the "Origin of Species")[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1868, Darwin published his second work on the topic of evolution — "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication" (The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication), which included many examples of the evolution of organisms.
In 1871, another important work of Darwin appeared — "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"[44] (The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex), where Darwin argued in favor of the natural origin of man from animals (ape like ancestors).
Among other famous late works of Darwin is "Pollination in orchids" (The Fertilization of Orchids, 1862);
"The Expression of emotions in man and animals" (The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872);
"The Effects of Cross - pollination and self pollination in the plant world" (The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom, 1876).
Darwin and religion[edit / edit wiki text]
The death of his daughter Annie in 1851 was the last straw that turned the already doubting Darwin away from the idea of an all good God
Charles Darwin came from a nonconformist Unitarian background.
Although some members of his family openly denied traditional religious beliefs, he himself did not at first question the literal truth of the Bible[45].
He went to an Anglican school, then studied Anglican theology at Cambridge to become a pastor, and was completely convinced by the teleological argument of William Paley, according to which an intelligent device visible in nature proves the existence of God.
However, his faith began to waver during the journey on the Beagle.
Darwin questioned these ideas, marveling, for example, at the charming deep sea creatures that live in such depths that no one could enjoy their appearance; shuddering at the sight of a wasp paralyzing caterpillars that should serve as living food for its larvae.
In the latter example, he saw a clear contradiction to Paley's ideas about an all good world order.
Traveling on the "Beagle", Darwin still adhered to quite orthodox views and could well refer to the authority of the Bible in matters of morality, but gradually began to consider the creational concept as false and untrustworthy: "... came to the realization that the Old Testament with its obviously false history of the world, with its Tower of Babel, the rainbow as a sign of the covenant, etc., etc., ... is no more trustworthy than the sacred books of the Hindus or the beliefs of some savage"[45].
Upon his return, he began to collect evidence of the variability of species.
He knew that his religious naturalist friends considered such views to be heresy, undermining the wonderful explanations of the social order, and he knew that such revolutionary ideas would be received especially inhospitally at a time when the positions of the Anglican Church were under fire from radical dissenters and atheists.
Secretly developing his theory of natural selection, Darwin even wrote about religion as a tribal survival strategy, believing in God as the supreme being who determines the laws of this world.
His faith gradually weakened over time and, with the death of his daughter Annie in 1851, Darwin finally lost all faith in Christianity.
He continued to support the local church and helped the parishioners in general affairs, but on Sundays, when the whole family went to church, he went for a walk.
Later, when asked about his religious views, Darwin wrote that he had never been an atheist, in the sense that he did not deny the existence of God, and that, in general, "it would be more correct to describe my state of mind as agnostic."
Along with this, some of Darwin's statements can be regarded as deistic or atheistic.
Thus, the sixth edition of The Origin of Species (1872) ends with the words in the spirit of deism: "There is greatness in this view, according to which the Creator originally breathed life with its various manifestations into one or a limited number of forms; and, while our planet continues to rotate, according to the unchangeable laws of gravity, an infinite number of the most beautiful and most amazing forms have developed and continue to develop from such a simple beginning."
At the same time, Darwin noted that the idea of an intelligent creator as the first cause "strongly possessed me around the time when I wrote The Origin of Species, but it was from that time that its significance for me began, extremely slowly and not without many fluctuations, to weaken more and more."
Darwin's statements in his letter to Hooker (1868) can be regarded as atheistic: "...I do not agree that the article is correct, I find it monstrous to claim that religion is not directed against science... however, when I say that it is wrong, I am not at all sure whether it would not be the most reasonable for people of science to completely ignore the entire field of religion."
In his Autobiography, Darwin wrote: "So little by little unbelief crept into my soul, and in the end I became a complete unbeliever.
But it happened so slowly that I did not feel any upset and never since then even for a single second did I doubt the correctness of my conclusion.
And indeed, I am hardly able to understand how anyone could want the Christian teaching to be true; for if it is, then the uncomplicated text [of the Gospel] seems to show that people who do not believe — and my father, my brother and almost all my best friends should be included in their number — will suffer eternal punishment.
Disgusting teaching!"[45]
In his biography of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, Charles mentioned false rumors according to which Erasmus called out to the Lord on his deathbed.
Very similar stories accompanied the death of Charles himself.
The most famous of them was the so called "Story of Lady Hope", an English preacher, published in 1915, which claimed that Darwin underwent a religious conversion during his illness shortly before his death.
Such stories were actively spread by various religious groups and, eventually, acquired the status of urban legends, but they were refuted by the children of Darwin and rejected by historians as false[46][47].
Marriage, children[edit / edit wiki text]
Darwin took the issue of marriage very seriously.
He gathered all the arguments together and wrote them down on a piece of paper "for" and "against".
At the end, he summed up the arguments and brought out the final conclusion: "Marry Marry Marry".
On January 29, 1839, Charles Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood.
The wedding ceremony was held in the traditions of the Anglican Church and in accordance with Unitarian traditions.
At first, the couple lived on Gower Street in London, then on September 17, 1842, they moved to Down (Kent).
The Darwins had ten children, three of whom died at an early age.
Many of the children and grandchildren have achieved significant success themselves.
William Erasmus Darwin (December 27, 1839 September 8, 1914).
Darwin's eldest son.
He was a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge University, and worked as a banker in Southampton.
He married Sarah Ashburner, originally from New York.
There were no children.
Anne Elizabeth Darwin (March 2, 1841 April 23, 1851).
She died at the age of ten (probably from tuberculosis).
Annie's death radically changed Darwin's views on Christianity.
Mary Eleanor Darwin (September 23, 1842 October 16, 1842).
She died in infancy.
Henrietta Emma "Etty" Darwin (September 25, 1843 December 17, 1929).
She was married to Richard Buckley Lichfield, had no children.
She lived to be 86 years old.
In 1904, she published personal letters to her mother.
George Howard Darwin (July 9, 1845 December 7, 1912).
Astronomer and mathematician Elizabeth" Bessie " Darwin (July 8, 1847-1926).
She lived to be 78 years old.
She was not married, had no children.
Francis Darwin (August 16, 1848 September 19, 1925).
The botanist Leonard Darwin (January 15, 1850 March 26, 1943).
Chairman of the Royal Geographical Society.
Horace Darwin (May 13, 1851 September 29, 1928) was an engineer, mayor of Cambridge Charles Waring Darwin (December 6, 1856 June 28, 1858).
He died in infancy.
Some of the children were sickly or weak, and Charles Darwin was afraid that the reason for this was their kinship with Emma, which was reflected in his works on the morbidity of descendants from closely related crossing and the advantages of distant crosses.
Awards and distinctions[edit / edit wiki text]
Darwin has been awarded numerous awards from scientific societies in the UK and other European countries.
Darwin died in Down (Kent) on April 19, 1882.
Named after Darwin[edit / edit wiki text]
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1959
In honor of Darwin, the following were named:
Geographical objects:
An island in the Galapagos Archipelago A volcano on Isabela Island Mount Darwin [en] the city of Darwin in northern Australia The crater Darwin on the visible side of the Moon The crater Darwin [en] on Mars
Animals:
Darwin's nandu Notura Darwin's termite Darwinius masillae a fossil archaic primate from the Eocene of Germany Puijila darwini a fossil seal like predator from the Miocene of Canada Darwinilus a genus of beetles in the family staphylinidae Ovis ammon darwini — a Gobi subspecies of mountain sheep
Plants:
Darwin's Cable Car
Awards:
Darwin Medal Darwin Plakette[de]
Quotes[edit / edit wiki text]
"There is nothing more remarkable than the spread of religious unbelief, or rationalism, during the second half of my life"[45] "There is no evidence that man was originally gifted with an ennobling belief in the existence of an almighty God"[48] "The more we learn the unchangeable laws of nature, the more incredible miracles become for us"[45] "There is greatness in this view, according to which life with its various manifestations was originally breathed into one or a limited number of forms; and while our planet continues to rotate according to according to the immutable laws of gravity, an infinite number of the most beautiful and most amazing forms have developed and continue to develop from such a simple beginning"[49].
Interesting facts[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1872, in Russia, the head of the press department, Mikhail Longinov, tried to ban the publication of Charles Darwin's works.
In response to this, the poet Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy wrote a satirical "Message to M. N. Longinov about Darwinism" [50].
In this "Message..." there were the following lines:
...Why not a little bit
Are we brought into being?
Or donot you want to go to God
Do you prescribe techniques?
The way the Creator created,
What did he think more by the way, —
The Chairman canot know
The Press Committee.
To limit so boldly
The Comprehensiveness of God's Authority
After all, Misha, this is the case
It smells like heresy in part…
According to a survey conducted in 2002 by the BBC broadcasting company, Darwin ranked fourth in the list of the hundred greatest Britons in history[51].
Charles Darwin won 4 thousand votes in the US congressional elections in November 2012 in the state of Georgia[52].
The portrait of Darwin is placed on an English 10 pound banknote issued in 2000[53].
In 2009, a biographical film about Charles Darwin "Origin" by British director John Amiel was released.
In Victor Pelevin's short story "The Origin of Species", Charles Darwin is depicted as the main character.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Social Darwinism
Cited literature[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118523813 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q256507"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q170109"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a>
↑ 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
↑ John van Wyhe.
Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist (English).
Darwin Online.
Verified on April 12, 2012.
Archived from the original source on May 28, 2012.
↑ Bowler, 2003, pp.
178-179, 338, 347.
↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution (English) // The American Biology Teacher.
— 1973.
— Vol. 35. — P. 125–129.
↑ John H. Wahlert.
The Mount House, Shrewsbury, England (Charles Darwin).
Darwin and Darwinism.
Baruch College (11 June 2001).
Verified on November 26, 2008.
Archived from the original source on June 22, 2012.
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp.
12-15.
Dar Darwin, 1958, pp.
21-25].
Dar Darwin, 1958, pp.
47-51.
↑ Browne, 1995, pp.
72-88.
↑ 1 2 3 4 Darwin, 1959.
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp.
42-43.
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp.
47-48.
Darwin, 1958, pp.
59-67].
Brow Browne, 1995, p .
97. von von Sydow, 2005.
Darwin, 1958, pp.
67-68].
Brow Browne, 1995, pp.
128-129, 133-141.
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp.
94-97.
↑ 1 2 Keynes, 2000, p. 9-11.
↑ van Wyhe, John.
Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch (English).
Darwin Online (2008).
Accessed July 15, 2012.
Archived from the original source on August 4, 2012.
van van Wyhe, 2008, pp.
18-21.
↑ 1 2 Gordon Chancellor; Randal Keynes.
Darwin's field notes on the Galapagos: 'A little world within itself'.
Darwin Online (October 2006).
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
Key Keynes, 2001, pp.
21-22.
Brow Browne, 1995, pp.
183-190.
Brow Browne, 1995, pp.
223-235.
Dar Darwin, 1835, p .
7 .
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, p. 210.
↑ Desmond & Moore, 1991, p .
189-192, 198.
↑ 1 2 Eldredge, Niles Confessions of a Darwinist (English) // The Virginia Quarterly Review.
— 2006.
— No.
Spring.
— P.
32-53.
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp.
131, 159 .
Her Herbert, Sandra Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author / / British Journal for the History of Science.
- 1991.
- No. 24. - pp.
159-192.
↑ Darwin Online: 'Hurrah Chiloe': an introduction to the Port Desire Notebook.
Checked on October 24, 2008.
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
Dar Darwin, 1845, pp.
205-208.
Brow Browne, 1995, pp.
244-250.
Key Keynes, 2001, pp.
226-227.
Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, p. 160-168, 182.
Dar Darwin, 1887, p. 260.
↑ 1 2 Darwin, 1958, p .
98-99.
Dar Darwin, 1839, p. 526.
↑ Keynes, 2001, p .
398-399.
↑ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 301 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 29 Apr 1836.
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
Дар Darwin, 1958.
↑ "The origin of man and sexual selection" ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Darwin, 1959, pp.
166-242.
↑ The Lady Hope story ↑ Volobueva T. I. Charles Darwin's religious views.
Did Darwin profess the existence of a personal God?
↑ «There is no evidence that man was aboriginally endowed with the ennobling belief in the existence of an Omnipotent God».
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, ch.
3 ↑ H. Darwin.
The origin of species by natural selection.
- St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1991.
- Chapter XV Послание Message to M. N. Longinov about Darwinism ↑ Poll of the 100 Greatest Britons ↑ In the United States, anti clerics voted for Darwin.
Finam 09.11.2012 Чарль Charles Darwin was awarded 10 pounds (Rus.)
(August 2, 2003).
Archived from the original source on May 24, 2013.
Sources[edit / edit wiki text]
Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: The History of an Idea.
— University of California Press, 2003.
— ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
Browne, E. Janet.
Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging.
— London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.
— ISBN 1-84413-314-1.
Darwin, Charles.
Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow.
— Cambridge: [privately printed], 1835.
Darwin, Charles.
Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe.
Journal and remarks.
1832-1836..
— London: Henry Colburn, 1839.
— Vol. III.
Darwin, Charles.
Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N..
— 2d edition.
— London: John Murray, 1845.
Darwin, Charles.
The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter / ed. Darwin, Francis.
— London: John Murray, 1887.
Darwin, Charles.
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882 / Nora Barlow.
— London: Collins, 1958.
Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James.
Darwin.
— London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, 1991.
— ISBN 0-7181-3430-3.
Keynes, Richard.
Charles Darwin’s zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle.
— Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Keynes, Richard.
Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary.
— Cambridge University Press, 2001.
von Sydow, Momme.
Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity?
On Self Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science // Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900 / David M. Knight, Matthew D. Eddy.
— Burlington: Ashgate, 2005.
— P. 141–156.
— ISBN 0-7546-3996-7.
van Wyhe, John.
Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution.
- London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2008 — - ISBN 0-233-00251-0.
Ch.
Darwin.
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by S. L. Sobol, ed. academician V. N. Sukachev.
- M: Ed.
USSR Academy OF SCIENCES, 1959.
- vol.
9.
Bibliography[edit / edit wiki text]
There are texts on the topic in Wikitek
Original texts (English)
According to the article by Charles Darwin in en.wikipedia.org
1836: A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. — BY CAPT.
R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ.
OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.' [1]
1839: Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle) Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: published between 1839 and 1843 in five volumes by various authors, Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin: information on two of the volumes —
1840: Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Darwin’s introduction) 1839: Part II.
Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse (Darwin on habits an d ranges)
1842: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [2] 1844: Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands [3], (French version) 1846: Geological Observations on South America [4] 1849: Geology from A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty’s Navy: and adapted for travellers in general., John F.W. Herschel ed. [5] 1851: A Monograph of the Sub class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species.
The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. [6]
1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain [7] 1854: A Monograph of the Sub class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species.
The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. [8] 1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ?
of Great Britain [9] 1858: On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life 1862: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects [10] 1868: Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication (PDF format), Vol. 1, Vol. 2 1871: The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex 1872: The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals [11] 1875: Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants [12] 1875: Insectivorous Plants [13] 1876: The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom [14] 1877: The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species [15] 1879: «Preface and 'a preliminary notice'» in Ernst Krause’s Erasmus Darwin [16] 1880: The Power of Movement in Plants [17] 1881:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms [18] [19] 1887: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Edited by his Son Francis Darwin) [20] 1958: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Barlow, unexpurgated)
Литература[править | править вики текст]
Дарвин, Чарлз Роберт // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.).
— СПб., 1890—1907.
Дарвин Чарлз Роберт / Л. Я. Бляхер // Гоголь — Дебит.
— М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1972.
— (Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров ; 1969—1978, т. 7).
статья // Столетие рождения Чарльза Дарвина 1809-1909 г..
— журнал Пробуждение №5.
— Петербург, 1909.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Darwin, Charles Robert (англ.) Anonymous, "Obituary: Death Of Chas.
Darwin", en:The New York Times (no. 21 April 1882), <http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html>.
Проверено 30 октября 2008.
Arrhenius, O. (October 1921), "Influence of Soil Reaction on Earthworms", Ecology (no. Vol. 2, No. 4): 255–257, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%28192110%292%3A4%3C255%3AIOSROE%3E2.0.CO%3B2 P>.
Проверено 15 декабря 2006.
Balfour, J. B. (11 May 1882), "Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin", Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh (no. 14): 284–298 Bannister, Robert C. (1989), Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo American Social Thought., Philadelphia: Temple University Press, ISBN 0-87722-566-4 Bowler, Peter J. (1989)
, The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-485-11375-9 Browne, E. Janet (2002), Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-7126-6837-3 Darwin, Charles (1842), "Pencil Sketch of 1842", in Darwin, Francis, The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844.
, Cambridge University Press, 1909, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33> Darwin, Charles & Wallace, Alfred Russel (1858), en:On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, Zoology 3, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, сс.
46–50 Darwin, Charles (1859), en:On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st ed.), London: John Murray, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
Проверено 24 октября 2008.
Darwin, Charles (1868), The variation of animals and plants under domestication, London: John Murray, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
Проверено 1 ноября 2008.
Darwin, Charles (1871), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1st ed.), London: John Murray, <http://darwin online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman TheDescentofMan.html>.
Проверено 24 октября 2008.
Darwin, Charles (1872), en:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: John Murray, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1142&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
Проверено 4 ноября 2008.
Desmond, Adrian J. (2004), "Darwin", Encyclopaedia Britannica (DVD ed.) FitzRoy, Robert (1839), Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, Volume II, London: Henry Colburn, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
Проверено 4 ноября 2008.
Freeman, R. B. (1977)
, The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist, Folkestone: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
Проверено 4 ноября 2008.
Hart, Michael (2000), The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, New York: Citadel Kotzin, Daniel (2004), Point Counterpoint: Social Darwinism, Columbia American History Online, <http://caho test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html>.
Проверено 22 ноября 2008.
Lamoureux, Denis O. (March 2004), "Theological Insights from Charles Darwin", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith Т. 56 (1): 2–12, <http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2004/PSCF3-04Lamoureux.pdf>.
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Leifchild (1859), "Review of `Origin'", Athenaeum (no. No. 1673, 19 November 1859), <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=CUL DAR226.1.8&pageseq=1>.
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Проверено 22 ноября 2008.
Miles, Sara Joan (2001), "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith Т. 53: 196–201, <http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html>.
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Owen, Richard (1840), Darwin, C. R., ed., Fossil Mammalia Part 1, The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, London: Smith Elder and Co Paul, Diane B. (2003), "Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics", in Hodge, Jonathan and Radick, Gregory, The Cambridge Companion to Darwin, Cambridge University Press, {{{PagesTag}}} 214–239, ISBN 0-521-77730-5 Smith, Charles H. (1999), Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay, <http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm>.
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Sweet, William (2004), Herbert Spencer, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/spencer.htm> Retrieved on 2006-12-15 Wilkins, John S. (1997), Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?
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405–415, ISBN 1-4051-4908-6 van Wyhe, John (27 March 2007), "Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?", Notes and Records of the Royal Society Т. 61: 177–205, doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1>.
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Yates, Simon (2003), The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood, TalkOrigins, <http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html> Retrieved on 2006-12-15
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