Moscow
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The capital of Russia is Moscow
Flag Coat of Arms
Country RussiaRussia
The subject of the federation MoskvaMoskva
Coordinates 55°45 ' 21 "s. w. 37°37' 04 " v. d. / 55.75583° s.
w.
37.61778° v. d. / 55.75583; 37.61778 (G) (O) (I)Coordinates: 55°45 ' 21 "s. w. 37°37'04" v. d. / 55.75583° s.
w.
37.61778° v. d. / 55.75583; 37.61778 (G) (O)
(I) Show a geographical map
Internal division of 12 administrative districts (125 districts, 2 urban districts, 19 settlements)
Mayor Sergey Sobyanin[1]
Founded in 1147
The first mention was in 1147
The capital of Russia since 1340
The area is 2561.5 [2] km2
The height of the center is 118-255 m
The climate type is temperate continental
The official language is Russian
Population ↗12,325,387[3] people (2016)
The density is 4811.78 people/km2
Agglomeration of 15,512,000 people[4]
Ethnic composition Russians (91.65 %), Ukrainians (1.42 %), Tatars (1.38 %), Armenians (0.98 %), Azerbaijanis (0.53 %), Jews (0.49 %)[5]
The confessional composition is Christians, mainly Orthodox of the Moscow Patriarchate, Muslims, Jews, Buddhists, etc.
Names of residents Moskvich, moskvichka, moskvichi
Time zone UTC+3
Phone code +7 495, 496, 498, 499
Postal codes 101000-135999
Car code 77, 97, 99, 177, 197, 199, 777
OKATO code 45
OKTMO code 45 000 000 000
Official website mos.ru
Awards
City Day is the first Saturday of September
Unofficial names Belokamennaya,
Golden domed,
The Mother See,
Port of the Five Seas,
The Third Rome
Audio, photos and videos on Wikimedia Commons
The word "Moscow" has other meanings: see Moscow (meanings).
Moscow (pronunciation (inf.)) is the capital of the Russian Federation, a city of federal significance, the administrative center of the Central Federal District and the center of the Moscow Region[6], which is not part of it.
The largest city in Russia by population and its subject — 12,325,387 [3] people (2016), the most populous of the cities located entirely in Europe, is among the top ten cities in the world by population [7].
The center of the Moscow city agglomeration.
The historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Kingdom, the Russian Empire (in 1728-1730), Soviet Russia and the USSR.
Hero city.
Moscow is home to the federal state authorities of the Russian Federation (with the exception of the Constitutional Court), embassies of foreign states, and the headquarters of most of the largest Russian commercial organizations and public associations.
It is located on the Moscow River in the center of the East European Plain, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga rivers.
As a federal subject, Moscow borders on the Moscow and Kaluga regions.
Moscow is an important tourist center of Russia.
The Moscow Kremlin, Red Square, the Novodevichy Monastery and the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List[8].
It is the most important transport hub.
The city is served by 5 airports, 9 railway stations, 3 river ports (there is a river connection with the seas of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans basins).
Since 1935, the Moscow metro has been operating in Moscow.
Content
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1 Physical and geographical characteristics 1.1 Geographical location 1.2 Climate 1.3 Vegetation 1.4 Wildlife 1.5 Ecology
2 History 2.1 Etymology 2.2 First settlements 2.3 Moscow — the capital of the principality 2.4 The capital of the unified Russian state 2.5 During the Time of Troubles 2.6 In the first century of the Romanov dynasty 2.7 After the loss of the capital status 2.8 Events of 1917 and the Civil War 2.9 Soviet Moscow 2.10 Modernity
3 Awards 4 Authorities 4.1 Moscow Authorities 4.2 Federal Authorities
5 Administrative and territorial division 6 Official symbols 7 Population 8 Economy 9 Transport 9.1 Railway transport 9.2 Airports 9.3 Road transport 9.4 Land urban transport 9.5 Moscow Metro 9.6 River transport 9.7 Bicycle transport
10 Science 11 Education 11.1 Higher education 11.2 Secondary education
12 Society 12.1 Religion 12.2 Crime 12.3 Health care 12.4 Cemeteries
13 Culture and Art 14 Physical education and sports 15 Architecture and attractions 15.1 Layout 15.2 Bridges 15.3 The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square 15.4 Architectural monuments
16 Mass media 17 Honorary citizens of the city 18 Events held in Moscow 19 Moscow in Works of Art 20 Twin Cities 21 Notes 22 Literature 23 References
Physical and geographical characteristics
Main article: Geography of Moscow
Geographical location
View of Moscow and its suburbs from the LandSat 7 satellite, August 2007
View of the south of Moscow when the plane is landing at Vnukovo airport
Moscow is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga rivers, at the junction of the Smolensk Moscow Upland (in the west), the Moskvoretsky Oka Plain (in the east) and the Meshcherskaya lowland (in the southeast).
The territory of the city after the change of city borders in 2012 is 2550 km2[9].
A third (870 km2) is located inside the ring highway (MKAD), the remaining 1691.5 km2 is beyond it[2].
The average altitude above sea level is 156 m[source not specified 1400 days].
The highest point is located on the Teplostanskaya hill and is 255 m[10], the lowest point is near the Besedinsky Bridges, where the Moscow River leaves the city (the height of this point above sea level is 114.2 m)[11].
The length of Moscow (excluding interstitial sections) from north to south within the MKAD is 38 km, outside the MKAD 51.7 km, from west to east 39.7 km[source not specified 1400 days].
The city is located on both banks of the Moscow River, in its middle course.
In addition to this river, several dozen other rivers (tributaries of Moscow) flow on the territory of the city, the largest of which are Skhodnya, Khimki, Presnya, Neglinnaya, Yauza and Beggar (left tributaries), as well as Setun, Kotlovka and Gorodnya (right tributaries)[12].
Many small rivers (Neglinnaya, Presnya, etc.) within the city flow in collectors.
There are many other reservoirs in Moscow: more than 400 ponds and several lakes[the source is not specified for 908 days].
Moscow is located in the third time zone (UTC+3).
The time used in Moscow is designated according to the international standard as Moscow Time (MSK).
Since October 26, 2014, the offset relative to the coordinated universal time UTC is 3 hours; and the average astronomical noon in the center of Moscow occurs at about 12: 30[13].
[show] Distance from Moscow to major cities (in a straight line[14] / on highways, km [15]) S Z Saint Petersburg ~ 618 / ~ 696
Veliky Novgorod ~ 486 / ~ 538
Tver ~ 161 / ~ 177 Arkhangelsk ~ 998 / ~ 1291
Vologda ~ 403 / ~ 459
Yaroslavl ~ 234 / ~ 264 Kirov ~ 787 / ~ 943
Kineshma ~ 323 / ~ 401
Ivanovo ~ 239 / ~ 302 S To Z Smolensk ~ 375 / ~ 414
Vitebsk ~ 479 / ~ 543
Minsk ~ 687 / ~ 750
Warsaw ~ 1156 / ~ 1462
Vladimir ~ 173 / ~ 187
Nizhny Novgorod ~ 393 / ~ 427
Kazan ~ 720 / ~ 830
Vladivostok ~ 6974 / ~ 9207 In The South Of Kaluga ~ 152 / ~ 173
Bryansk ~ 343 / ~ 401
Kiev ~ 747 / ~ 898 Lipetsk ~ 376 / ~ 459
Voronezh ~ 463 / ~ 529
Kharkiv ~ 642 / ~ 749
Rostov on Don ~ 952 / ~ 1092 Tambov ~ 413 / ~ 463
Saratov ~ 729 / ~ 853
Volgograd ~ 907 / ~ 966
Astrakhan ~ 1284 / ~ 1404 Yu V
Climate
Main article: The climate of Moscow
The climate of Moscow is moderately continental, with a clearly defined seasonality.
Winter (the period with the average daily temperature below 0 °C) lasts on average from the second decade of November (November 10) to the second decade of March (March 20).
The daytime temperature returns to positive values on March 5.
During the calendar winter, there may be short (3-5 days) periods of severe frosts (with night temperatures up to -20 °C, rarely up to -25..-30 °C).
At the same time, thaws are frequent in December and early January, when the temperature from -5..
-10 °C rises to 0 °C and above, sometimes reaching values of +5..
+10 °C.
According to the VDNKh weather station (for the period 1981-2010), the coldest month of the year is February (its average temperature is -6.7 °C[16]).
The transition seasons are quite short.
Sometimes almost summer temperatures are recorded in early April, at the same time, cold weather returns occur in late May — early June.
Summer (the period with a daytime temperature above +20 °C and an average daily temperature above +15 °C) lasts from the third decade of May (May 23) to the end of August (August 29), the daytime temperature often exceeds the 30 degree mark (on average, 6-8 days during the summer season, in 2010 — 1.5 months.
The 35 degree mark has been reached 18 times over the past 30 years, 16 of them in 2010).
The warmest month is July (its average temperature for the period 1981-2010 was +19.2 °C).
The average annual temperature according to the observations of 1981-2010 is +5.8 °C.
The warmest year in the history of meteorological observations in the capital was 2015 — the average annual temperature was +7.5 °C, the average daily maximum was +11.2°C[17].
Previously, the warmest year was 2008 — then the average temperature was +7.3 °C[18].
The coldest year in the capital remains 1888 (+1.7 °C) [19].
According to the observations of 1961-1990, the average annual temperature was +5.0 °C.
The average annual wind speed is 2.3 m/s.
The average annual humidity is 77 %, in December it reaches 85 %, in May it drops to 64 %[20].
The highest air temperature for the 130 year observation period was recorded on July 29, 2010 and was +38.2 °C at the VVC weather station, +39.0 °C at the Balchug weather station in the city center and at Domodedovo Airport during the heat wave [21].
The lowest temperature was recorded on January 17, 1940 and was -42.2 °C (TSHA weather station), at the reference weather station in Moscow — VVC — the absolute minimum was -38.1 °C (January 1956) [19].
During the year, 600-800 mm falls in Moscow and the adjacent territory.
atmospheric precipitation, most of which falls on the summer period.
The level of precipitation varies in a fairly large range, and both a large amount of precipitation is possible (for example, in July 2008 — 180 mm of precipitation[22]) and a small amount (for example, only 13 mm of precipitation fell in July 2010).
The duration of daylight varies from 7 hours 00 minutes on December 21 to 17 hours 34 minutes on June 21.
The maximum height of the sun above the horizon is from 11° on December 21 to 58° on June 21.
The climate of Moscow: records for the entire observation period (1879-2010 combined data of TLC + VDNH), norm 1981-2010 (VDNH) The indicator is Jan.
Feb.
March Apr.
May June July Aug.
Sep.
Oct. Nov.
Dec.
Year Absolute maximum, °C 8,6 8,3 19,7 28,9 33,2 34,7 38,2 37,3 32,3 24,0 16,2 9,6 38,2 Average maximum, °C -4 -3,7 2,6 11,3 18,6 22,0 24,3 21,9 15,7 8,7 0,9 -3 9,6 Average temperature, °C -6,5 -6,7 -1 6,7 13,2 17,0 19,2 17,0 11,3 5,6 -1,2 -5,2 5,8 Average minimum, °C -9,1 -9,8 -4,4 2,2 7,7 12,1 14,4 12,5 7,4 2,7 -3,3 -7,6 2,1 Absolute minimum, °C -42,2 -38,2 -32,4 -21 -7,5 -2,3 1,3 -1,2 -8,5 -20,3 -32,8 -38,8 -42,2 Precipitation rate, mm 52 41 35 37 49 80 85 82 68 71 55 52 707 Source: Weather and Climate
Sunshine, hours per month, 2001-2011[23] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Sunshine, h 37 65 142 213 274 299 323 242 171 89 33 14 1902
The average annual number of hours of sunshine is 1,731 hours[24] (the average for the period 2001-2010 was more than 1,900 hours[25]).
Fogs and thunderstorms are not uncommon on the territory of Moscow.
From time to time, such abnormal weather phenomena as hurricanes, heavy rains and even tornadoes occur in Moscow.
On the night of June 20-21, 1998, one of the most destructive hurricanes in the history of the city hit the capital[26].
The climate of Moscow (air temperature data for the last 10 years (2005-2014) Indicator Jan.
Feb.
March Apr.
May June July Aug.
Sep.
Oct. Nov.
Dec.
Year Average maximum, °C -5,5 -5,2 2,1 11,6 19,9 22,6 25,6 23,5 16,5 9,0 2,7 -2,1 10,0 Average temperature, °C -7,2 -7,7 -1,4 6,9 14,6 17,5 20,4 18,6 12,5 6,4 1,2 -3,6 6,5 Average minimum, °C -9 -10,2 -4,8 2,3 9,3 12,5 15,2 13,8 8,6 3,7 -0,3 -5 3,0 Precipitation rate, mm 47 43 41 41 67 60 73 80 66 71 56 55 698 Source: www.weatheronline.co.uk
Vegetation
Krylatsky hills
Main articles: Flora of Moscow, Gardens and parks of Moscow
See also: List of Specially protected natural territories of Moscow
Despite the huge degree of development of Moscow, the area of green areas of the city (according to the Moscow Architecture in 2007) is 34.3 thousand hectares (or about 1/3 of the total territory of the city)[source not specified 1397 days].
There are such forest and park areas in Moscow as Izmailovsky Park, Timiryazevsky Park, Filevsky Park( forest park), Zamoskvoretsky Forest Park, Lublin Park, Butovsky Forest Park, Botanical Garden, Neskuchny Garden, Bitsevsky Forest Park, Tsaritsyno and Kolomenskoye nature reserves museums, Kuzminsky Forest Park, Kuskovo Forest Park and others.
Also within the city there is a part of the Natural National Park Losiny Ostrov, many squares and recreational areas.
Animal world
See also: List of mammals listed in the Red Book of Moscow
A pigeon on the background of a pond.
The fauna of Moscow is diverse.
For example, in the Elk Island National Park there are not only squirrels, hedgehogs and hares, but also larger wild animals such as wild boar and elk, spotted deer.
There are also predators fox, mink and ermine.
Wild ducks and herons nest in the Upper part of the Elk Island, there are rare pheasants and gray partridges.
Since the time of Ivan the Terrible, Elk Island has been under special protection first as a place of royal hunts, and since 1983 as a natural national park[27].
The Bitsevsky Forest is also home to many wild animals.
Hedgehogs, brown toothed birds and even bats, so rare in the capital, live here; hares white and hare, vole, weasels, squirrels.
A moose and a wild boar come from the Moscow region.
Duck chicks are hatched, a crake nests[28].
Stray dogs.
Such a rare animal as the hazel dormouse lives in Moscow[29][30].
In Moscow, its shelters were found in the Bitsevsky Forest, the Losinoostrovsky forest park, and the Izmailovsky Forest[29].
The black polecat is also rare[31] — it lives in river valleys, along the banks of which forest, meadow and thickets of bushes intersperse.
Stationary habitation is established in several places of the city: near the Black Lake, in the valley of the Skhodni, as well as in the Krylatskaya and Brateevskaya floodplains (in the period from 1985 to 2000) [32]
Hares in Moscow can be found in the Izmailovsky forest, Kuzminsky Forest Park, in the Bitsevsky Forest[28] and Serebryany Bor.
Weasels — in the forests: Losiny Ostrov, Izmailovsky, Kuzminsky, Biryulevsky, Bitsevsky, Fili Kuntsevsky forest parks; in the valleys of the rivers: Rudnevka, Chernaya, Alyoshinka, Chechera, Setuni, Ramenka, Bratovka, Skhodni, Klyazma; in the floodplains: Maryinskaya, Brateevskaya, Mnevnikovskaya, Tushinskaya bowl; as well as on the western bank of the Khimki vdhr[33].
There is a Red Book of Moscow it lists rare and endangered species of animals on the territory of Moscow.
It mentions an ordinary hedgehog, a forest bat, an ermine and a weasel, a white hare and a hare hare, a hazel dormouse and a forest mouse, an ordinary hamster[34].
The largest predator in Moscow is the common fox, which lives in the Losiny Ostrov Park, Kuzminsky Forest Park[35], Bitsevsky Forest and others.
Among the birds there are large and small perch[36], gray duck, common gogol, black kite[source not specified 908 days] and marsh harrier, sparrowhawk[37], peregrine falcon[38] and kestrel[39], grouse and coot[40], lapwing[41], snipe[42] and woodcock[43], gulls — small, lake[44], gray[45], woodpecker and common turtledove, long eared and marsh owls, house owl[46], pigeon, sparrow and crows.
As well as the common nightjar[47] and kingfisher[48], gray and green woodpeckers and even the coastal swallow[49].
Ecology
Main articles: Ecology of Moscow, Air pollution in Moscow, the Red Book of Moscow
Pollution of open soils in Moscow (Khoroshevskoe highway near the collector of the Tarakanovka River)
The environmental situation of Moscow is affected by the predominance of western and north western winds in the city[50].
The quality of urban water resources is better in the north west of the city, upstream of the Moskva River.
An important factor in improving the city's ecosystem is the preservation and development of squares, parks and trees inside courtyards that have suffered from spot development in recent years.
Environmental monitoring in Moscow is carried out by 39 automatic stationary stations that control the content of 22 pollutants in the air and its total level of pollution[51].
A high level of atmospheric air pollution is observed near major highways and industrial zones, especially in the center, in the eastern and south eastern parts of the city.
The highest level of air pollution in Moscow is observed in the districts of Kapotnya, Kosino Ukhtomsky and Maryino due to the Moscow Oil Refinery located within the city limits, Lyuberetskaya and Kuryanovskaya aeration stations[52][53].
The most environmentally friendly areas of Moscow include Krylatskoye, Kurkino, Mitino, Strogino and Yasenevo[source not specified 908 days].
Among the sources of pollution in Moscow, the exhaust gases of motor vehicles are in the first place[54].
The air is also polluted by thermal power plants, factories and factories, the evaporation of hot asphalt[50].
According to the Mercer consulting company, Moscow is recognized as one of the most polluted capitals in Europe (for example, in the 2007 ranking, Moscow ranked 14th in terms of pollution among the capitals of the world[55]).
History
Main article: The History of Moscow
See also: Historical photos of Moscow
Play a media file
Moscow in 1908 (the film "Moscow in snow decoration")
Etymology
Main article: Etymology of the oikonym "Moscow"
The name of the city comes from the name of the river[56].
The etymology of the hydronym Moscow is not precisely established[57].
Recently, hypotheses about the Baltic[58], Slavic[59] and Finno Ugric[60] origin of the name of the river have become widespread among specialists.
In the Finno Ugric version [61], the original meaning of the word was "water, river, wet" in the Komi and Meryan languages[62] and "bear, female, mother, bear" from the Mari language.
In the Slavic and Baltic versions, "liquid, marshy, wet, slushy"[63].
The first settlements
The age of Moscow is not exactly known.
The first settlements appeared on the territory of Moscow in the Stone Age, about 30 thousand years ago.
Since the end of the 1st millennium AD, Slavs settled in the area of modern Moscow: Vyatichi and Krivichi.
The Vyatichi formed the main part of the original population of Moscow.
Archaeological excavations conducted in the Kremlin area indicate that in the XI century there was already a settlement protected by a rampart and a moat, which allows it to be attributed to cities[64].
The first chronicle mention is the indication of the Ipatiev Chronicle on Friday, April 4, 1147, when the Rostov Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky received his friends and allies led by the Novgorod Seversky prince Svyatoslav Olgovich in a town called Moskov[65] In 1156, new wooden fortifications were built here.
The total area has increased by 3-4 times[64].
The Red Square.
Painting by F. Alekseev
The road to the Moscow Kremlin at the Iversky (Resurrection) gate.
Watercolors of the early XIX century.
In 1237-1238, during the Mongol Tatar invasion of Russia, Moscow was looted and burned, but it was soon restored[64].
Moscow is the capital of the principality
Main article: The Grand Duchy of Moscow
In the second half of the XIII century under Prince Daniel Alexandrovich (son of Alexander Nevsky) Moscow became the center of an independent appanage principality.
The location of the city at the intersection of trade routes contributed to its growth and elevation[64].
At the beginning of the XIV century, the possessions of Moscow expanded, the Kolomna and Mozhaisk principalities were annexed to them.
In the XIV century, Moscow was further elevated as a new all Russian center.
Starting with Yuri Danilovich, the Moscow princes bore the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir, who was considered supreme within the limits of North Eastern Russia and Novgorod[64].
In 1325, the residence of the metropolitans was moved to Moscow, and in 1589 the Moscow Patriarchate was established[64].
Map of the zones of old Moscow.
Kremlin, Kitay Gorod, Bely Gorod, Zemlyanoy Gorod
Under Prince Ivan I Danilovich Kalita, large scale construction unfolded in Moscow, the first stone buildings appeared (until then the city was completely wooden) [66].
In the XIV — early XV century, Moscow was a large commercial and craft city; it included the territories of the Kremlin, Kitay Gorod, and the settlements in Zamoskvorechye, Zaneglimenye and Zayauzye[64].
The capital of the united Russian state
An engraved plan from Sigismund Herberstein's book "Notes on Muscovy".
Herberstein visited Moscow in 1517 and 1526, the plan dates back to 1556.
Russian Russian Empire At the end of the XV century, under Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich, Moscow became the capital of the largest Russian state[64], and at the beginning of the XVI century, under Prince Vasily III Ivanovich, it became the capital of a single Russian state.
The new status contributed to the growth of the city and the formation of the economic and cultural center of the country.
Industry and crafts developed: the production of weapons, fabrics, leather, pottery, jewelry, construction business.
The Cannon and Printing yards appeared.
Moscow architecture has reached great heights.
The borders of Moscow expanded significantly — by the end of the XVI century, it included the territories of the White City and the Earthen City.
A system of defensive structures was created[64].
In the XIV—XVIII centuries, major uprisings and fires occurred several times in Moscow.
During the Time of Troubles
In 1605, the troops of the self styled tsar False Dmitry I entered Moscow.
The power of the impostor in the city fell in 1606, during a popular uprising, he was killed by the residents of Moscow.
From 1608 to 1610, during the reign of the newly elected tsar Vasily Shuisky, Moscow was under siege by the troops of the second impostor False Dmitry II, who settled in a camp in Tushin.
During this period, communication between Moscow and the rest of the state is difficult.
The siege was lifted by the approach to Moscow from Novgorod in March 1610 by the troops of Mikhail Skopin Shuisky with Swedish mercenaries.
In 1610, after the defeat of the troops of Vasily Shuisky in the Battle of Klushino, Moscow was occupied by the Polish troops of Stanislav Zholkevsky.
Attempts in 1611 to liberate the city from the Poles by the First Zemstvo militia under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov, Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy were unsuccessful.
In 1612, the troops of the Second Zemstvo Militia led by the posadsky man Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, having defeated Polish troops in the Battle of Devichy Field on November 4, liberated Moscow from the Poles, forcing their garrison to capitulate in the Kremlin and leave Moscow at the end of 1612.
In the first century of the Romanov dynasty
In Moscow, in 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich was anointed tsar, which marked the beginning of more than 300 years of rule of the Romanov dynasty.
In the XVII century, the Earthen City finally entered the city limits of Moscow, the Moscow Kremlin was completed and acquired a modern look.
There were Yamskaya Sloboda, Meshchanskaya, German Sloboda.
The royal residence Kolomenskoye is gaining great importance.
The middle and second half of the XVII century was marked in Moscow by a number of social and political riots: the salt, copper, Streletsky riots of 1682 and 1698.
After the loss of the capital status
In 1712, the capital of Russia was transferred to St. Petersburg.
In 1728, under Peter II, the imperial court was moved to Moscow, which was located here until 1732[67], when Anna Ioannovna returned it back to St. Petersburg.
Moscow retained the status of the" mother see " capital and was the place of the coronation of the emperors.
This title is used to emphasize the historical seniority of Moscow as the city where the throne of the Russian tsar first appeared.
In the dictionary of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron, Moscow is called "the first capital of Russia"[68].
The explanatory dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov and N. Y. Shvedova interprets the word "mother see" as the designation of the oldest capital[69].
The term is widely used today in all spheres of public life as a synonym and unofficial name of Moscow.
In 1755, Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov founded the Moscow University by order of Empress Elizabeth.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow was captured by Napoleon's troops and suffered greatly from a fire.
According to various estimates, as a result of the Moscow fire, up to 80% of buildings burned down[70].
The process of restoring Moscow lasted for more than thirty years, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built.
By the end of the XIX century, a tram appeared in Moscow.
In 1851, the railway connection between Moscow and St. Petersburg was opened.
In 1896, during the events dedicated to the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, a large stampede with a significant number of victims occurred on the Khodynka Field, which was called the "Khodynka Tragedy".
In December 1905, revolutionary unrest and street barricade battles took place in Moscow.
View of Moscow in 1867.
Click here to see the image with the notes.
Events of 1917 and the Civil War
Main article: Moscow during the Civil War
In mid August 1917, an All Russian State Meeting was held in Moscow, convened by the Provisional Government.
On October 25, 1917, simultaneously with the beginning of the storming of the Winter Palace in Petrograd, the Moscow armed uprising of the Bolsheviks began, which, unlike the uprising in Petrograd, was stubbornly resisted in Moscow.
The opponents of the uprising, among whom the junkers of the Moscow military schools predominated, united in the committee of public security and occupied the Kremlin to counteract the attackers.
The confrontation ended with bloody battles between Junkers and Red Guards, which lasted in the city from October 25 to November 2, 1917 and led to damage to the historical center of Moscow and the Kremlin by artillery fire.
In 1918, the Bolshevik government moved to Moscow from Petrograd and Moscow became the capital of the RSFSR[71].
At the beginning of the second half of 1919, anti Bolshevik organizations in Moscow, led by the National Center, made attempts to organize an uprising in the city with the aim of overthrowing the Soviet government, which failed.
Many members of underground anti Soviet organizations in Moscow were shot by the CHEKA during the events of the Red Terror.
Soviet Moscow
With the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War in 1920, a new, Soviet era began in the development of the city.
In Soviet times, Moscow again became the center of the state, the international political significance of the city increased.
Moscow was being built up at a rapid pace, former suburbs were joining the city.
At the same time, the historical buildings of the city center were selectively destroyed; a number of churches and monasteries were destroyed, including the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Strastnoy Monastery.
In 1922, Moscow became the capital of the USSR.
The rapid development of transport infrastructure has begun in the city.
So, in 1924, bus traffic was opened in Moscow, in 1933 the first trolleybus route was launched, and in 1935 the first metro line was opened for passengers.
After the commissioning of the Moscow Canal and the raising of the water level in the Moscow River, part of the city territory near the Moscow River was flooded.
In particular, sections of the former Dorogomilovsky and adjacent Jewish cemeteries went under water.
By the decree of the Presidium of the VTSIK "On the formation of administrative territorial associations of regional and regional significance on the territory of the RSFSR" dated January 14, 1929, from October 1, 1929, the Central Industrial Region was formed with the center in the city of Moscow[72].
In 1931, two major cities of the RSFSR — Moscow (June 16)[73] and Leningrad (December 3)[74] — they were separated into separate administrative units — cities of republican subordination of the RSFSR.
During the years of industrialization, a network of higher and secondary technical educational institutions is developing rapidly in Moscow.
In the thirties, a whole network of research and design institutes of a technical profile was created in Moscow.
The vast majority of them were part of the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences[75].
At this time, mass media were also developing in the city, many newspapers were published, regular television broadcasting was organized since 1939[76][77].
During the Great Patriotic War, the GKO and the general staff of the Red Army were located in the city, a people's militia was formed (over 160 thousand people).
In the winter of 1941/1942, the famous battle of Moscow took place, in which Soviet troops won the first major victory over the Wehrmacht since the beginning of World War II.
In October 1941, German troops came close to Moscow; many industrial enterprises were evacuated, and the evacuation of government offices to Kuibyshev began.
On October 20, 1941, a state of siege was imposed in Moscow.
But, despite this, on November 7, a military parade took place on Red Square, the troops from which were sent directly to the front.
In December 1941, the offensive of the German army group "Center" near Moscow was stopped; as a result of a successful counteroffensive of Soviet troops near Moscow, German troops were pushed back from the capital.
On June 24, 1945, a Victory Parade was held on Red Square.
In 1952-1957, the construction of high rise buildings was carried out, which later became known as "Stalin's Skyscrapers" and became one of the symbols of Soviet era Moscow[78].
In 1960, a new border of Moscow was formed along the MKAD, beyond which the city began to go only in 1984.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the city center again underwent a major restructuring.
For the sake of expanding existing streets, building new highways and typical multi storey panel houses, some architectural monuments of Moscow were demolished[79].
In 1957 and 1985, the VI and XII World Festivals of Youth and Students were held in Moscow, respectively.
In 1980, Moscow hosted the XXII Summer Olympic Games.
Modernity
Komsomolskaya Square, also known as "The Square of three railway stations"
On August 19-22, 1991, the August putsch organized by the GKCHP took place in the city.
By 1993, the constitutional and state crisis that arose as a result of the confrontation between the President and the parliament reached its culmination.
On October 3-4, 1993, there was an attempt to seize the Ostankino television center and the shooting of the Supreme Soviet building (the "White House").
Then there were significant changes in the city.
In 1995, new official symbols of the capital were approved — the coat of arms, flag and anthem of the city.
The restoration of churches began, the construction of a full scale copy of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior blown up by the Bolsheviks.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the city for the first time faced the threat of international terrorism.
There have been several terrorist attacks in Moscow.
In recent years, Moscow has hosted many international cultural and sports events.
The beginning of the 2000s was marked by a major architectural [80] transformation.
The city is being seriously rebuilt — multi storey office buildings, modern transport infrastructure, elite housing are being built, a new business center has emerged the Moscow City district[81].
At the same time, it is noted that this "construction boom" leads to the destruction of the historical appearance of the city, the destruction of architectural monuments and the existing urban environment[82][83][84].
A serious problem is the insufficiently developed transport infrastructure, which leads to traffic jams and congestion of public transport.
Measures to create dedicated lanes for public transport have not yet yielded the desired result.
Until 2010, Moscow had the status of a historical settlement, but by order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation No. 418/339 of July 29, 2010, the city was deprived of this status[85].
View of Moscow from the Vorobyovy Gory in 2011.
From left to right: Moscow City, Moscow River, Luzhniki Stadium, Vorobyovy Gory Metro station, the building of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Awards
The title Hero City (May 8, 1965) with the award of the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin[64] - for outstanding services to the Motherland, mass heroism, courage and perseverance shown by the workers of the capital of the USSR, Moscow, in the fight against the Nazi invaders, and in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
Order of Lenin (September 6, 1947) [64] — for the outstanding services of the workers of Moscow to the Motherland, for the courage and heroism shown in the fight against the German invaders, for the successes achieved in the development of industry, culture and the implementation of the general plan for the reconstruction of the city, in connection with the 800th anniversary of the city of Moscow.
Order of the October Revolution (November 4, 1967) [64] - in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
Government agencies
Moscow authorities
Moscow City Hall
Main articles: The Government of Moscow, the Mayor of Moscow, the Moscow City Duma, the Charter of the city of Moscow
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Moscow is an independent subject of the federation, the so called city of federal significance.
Executive power in Moscow is exercised by the Moscow Government headed by the Mayor, legislative power is exercised by the Moscow City Duma, consisting of 35 deputies, 18 of whom have been elected according to the party system since 2009, 17 — according to the majority system.
The last direct mayoral elections were held on December 7, 2003[86][87].
On June 27, 2012, the Moscow City Duma adopted a law according to which the mayor of the city will again be elected by direct secret ballot.
The first direct elections since the abolition of voting on this issue in 2005 will be held after the end of the term of the current mayor (presumably in 2015)[88].
Local administration is carried out through ten prefectures that unite the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 district administrations.
According to the law "On the Organization of Local Self — government in the City of Moscow"[89], since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self government are municipalities, the representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the inner city municipality.
The principles of functioning of the legislative and executive authorities of Moscow, as well as local self government bodies in the city are determined by the Charter of the city of Moscow and other normative acts of the city.
Federal authorities
House of the Government of the Russian Federation
Main articles: Government House of the Russian Federation, State Duma
Moscow, as a city endowed with capital functions by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is home to the country's legislative, executive and judicial federal authorities, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which has been located in St. Petersburg since 2008[90].
The Government of the Russian Federation, the executive authority, is located in the Government House of the Russian Federation on Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment in the center of Moscow.
The State Duma meets on Okhotny Ryad.
The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka.
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are also located in Moscow.
In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
The working residence of the president in the Kremlin is located in the Senate building.
Administrative and territorial division
Territorial changes in Moscow from 1922 to 1995
Main article: Administrative territorial division of Moscow
See also: List of localities that existed on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow Agglomeration
The territorial units of Moscow are districts, settlements and administrative districts that have names and borders fixed by the legal acts of the city.
Moscow, Russia Administrative districts 12 Districts 125 Settlements 21
An administrative district is a territorial unit of the city of Moscow formed for the administrative management of the corresponding territory, which includes several districts or settlements of Moscow.
The borders of an administrative district may not cross the borders of districts and settlements.
The district is formed taking into account the historical, geographical, urban planning features of the corresponding territories, the population, socio economic characteristics, the location of transport communications, the availability of engineering infrastructure and other special features nost of the territory.
A settlement is a territorial unit of Moscow formed on the territories included in Moscow during the implementation of the project to expand its territory from July 1, 2012.
The formation, transformation and abolition of districts and settlements, the assignment of names to them, the establishment and modification of their borders are carried out by the Moscow City Duma on the proposal of the Mayor of Moscow, and administrative districts — by the Mayor of Moscow.
Administrative districts of Moscow:
1. The Central Administrative District
2.
Northern Administrative District
3.
North Eastern Administrative District
4.
Eastern Administrative District
5.
South Eastern Administrative District
6.
Southern Administrative District
7.
South Western Administrative District
8.
Western Administrative District
9.
North Western Administrative District
10.
Zelenograd administrative district
11.
Novomoskovsky administrative district
12.
Troitsky administrative district
Until July 1, 2012, there were 125 districts and 10 administrative districts in Moscow.
Since July 1, 2012, after the expansion of the territory of Moscow, 2 new administrative districts (Novomoskovsky and Troitsky) were formed, and 21 settlements were included in them.
Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts, of which Zelenograd, Novomoskovsky and Troitsky are completely located outside the Moscow Ring Road: Central, Northern, North Eastern, Eastern, South Eastern, Southern, South Western, Western, North Western, Zelenograd, Novomoskovsky, Troitsky.
Zelenograd administrative district is an exclave: it is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the Moscow region, in the south east it borders with the city district of Khimki, in all other directions with the Solnechnogorsky district of the Moscow region.
In turn, the districts of Moscow (except Novomoskovsky and Troitsky) are divided into districts, there are 125 districts in total in Moscow.
Several districts of Moscow are exclaves.
Districts are managed by district prefectures, and districts are managed by district councils.
Novomoskovsky and Troitsky districts consist of such new territorial units of Moscow as settlements.
Within the borders of these settlements, such inner city municipalities as a settlement and an urban district have been created.
As of the beginning of 2013, the districts are under the administration of a general prefecture.
Since the 90s of the XX century, the project of unification of Moscow and the Moscow region has been actively discussed, in the summer of 2011, a more concrete project appeared to expand the territory of Moscow and decentralize it by joining the south western territories[91][92][93][94], this project (the so called "New Moscow"[95][96][97] or "Greater Moscow" [98]) was implemented in the summer of 2012.
Official symbols
The coat of arms, flag and anthem of Moscow are officially approved symbols of the city.
The coat of arms and flag of Moscow are a dark red heraldic shield and a rectangular panel with the image of a rider — St. George the Victorious, striking a black Serpent[99].
The anthem of the City of Moscow is a musical and poetic work created on the basis of the song "My Moscow"by Isaac Osipovich Dunaevsky to the poems of Mark Samoilovich Lisyansky and Sergey Ivanovich Agranyan[100].
Population
Main article: The population of Moscow
2 500 000
5 000 000
7 500 000
10 000 000
12 500 000
15 000 000
1710
1785
1830
1856
1868
1900
1913
1923
1939
1972
1982
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
The population of Moscow according to Rosstat is 12,325,387 [3] people.
(2016).
The population density is 4908.56 people/km2 (2016).
Moscow is the largest city in Russia by the number of inhabitants and the most populated of the cities located entirely in Europe[101].
Its agglomeration with a permanent population of about 15 million people is also the largest in Russia and Europe.
The population of Moscow, according to the results of the All Russian Population Census of 2002, was 10,382,754 people[102].
According to the official data of the current statistical accounting, the population of the city as of September 1, 2012 was 11,911,1 thousand people[103].
According to the preliminary results of the 2010 census, as of October 2010, 11,643,060 people live permanently in Moscow and only 30 thousand people temporarily stay in the capital[104], 1.2 million Muscovites refused to participate in the census for various reasons[105].
The Department of the Federal Migration Service for the city of Moscow reported that 9060 thousand people have permanent registration in Moscow, 1100 thousand people have temporary registration, 340 thousand foreigners are also on the migration register.
From 600 to 800 thousand Russian citizens, according to experts of the Federal Migration Service, live in Moscow without registration with the FMS authorities[106].
Official data on the population of the city takes into account only permanent residents of the city.
According to the Department of the Federal Migration Service for Moscow, in 2008, another 1 million 800 thousand visitors (migrant workers and guest workers, students and others) were officially registered, and according to experts ' estimates for 2009, there are about 1 million more unregistered migrants in the city[107].
The constant growth of the population of Moscow is mainly due to the influx of population from other regions.
This phenomenon of internal migration in Soviet times was called "limitchiki".
The Moscow pronunciation is the pronounceable norm of the Russian literary language[108].
The national composition of the population of Moscow, according to the 2002 census and the 2010 census, is distributed as follows[109]: Russians — 9,930,410 (91.65 %), Ukrainians 154,104 (1.42 %), Tatars 149,043 (1.38 %), Armenians 106,466 (0.98 %), Azerbaijanis 57,123 (0.53 %), Jews 53,142 (0.49 %), Belarusians — 39,225 (0.36 %), Georgians 38,934 (0.36 %), Uzbeks — 35,595 (0.33 %), Tajiks — 27,280 (0.25 %), Moldovans 21,699 (0.20 %), Kyrgyz 18,736 (0.17 %), Mordvins 17,095 (0.16 %), Chechens — 14,524 (0.13 %), Chuvash — 14,313 (0.13 %), Ossetians — 11,311 (0.10 %), persons who did not indicate their nationality — 668,409 (5.81 %).
The percentage of Russians in Moscow exceeds the average in Russia (80 %), the shares of Armenians and Jews are also higher compared to the average Russian (0.78% and 0.16%, respectively).
The share of Russians has increased since the 1989 census, when they were 89.7 %[5].
Economy
Main article: The economy of Moscow
Moscow International Business Center "Moscow City"
Moscow is the largest financial center on a nationwide scale, an international business center and a control center for a large part of the country's economy.
For example, about half of the banks registered in Russia are concentrated in Moscow[110].
In addition, most of the largest companies are registered and have their central offices in Moscow, although their production may be located thousands of kilometers away from it.
According to the data for 2008, by the volume of GDP ($321 billion) Moscow was on the 15th place among the largest cities in the world[111].
The retail trade turnover in 2007 amounted to 2040.3 billion rubles. (growth compared to 2006 — 105.1 %)[112]
, the wholesale trade turnover, in turn, amounted to 7843.2 billion rubles. (growth by 2006 — 122.3 %)[113]
, the volume of paid services to the population — 815.85 billion rubles.
(this is 24 % of the volume of services throughout Russia)[114].
According to the company "Ernst & Young" for 2011, Moscow ranks 7th among European cities in terms of investment attractiveness, and its rating is growing[115].
There are four GSM and UMTS (3G) cellular operators operating in the city: MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, CDMA based services are provided by the Sky Link operator.
Wireless Internet access via LTE technology is provided by the operator "Yota".
According to the virtual operator model, LTE based services are also provided by MegaFon.
According to Forbes magazine (2011), Moscow ranks 1st among the world's cities in terms of the number of dollar billionaires (79 people).
In 2010, Foreign Policy magazine ranked Moscow on the 25th place[116] of global cities that make a significant contribution to the development of world civilization[117].
Nevertheless, according to the cost of living index calculated by Rosstat in 2011, Moscow was not the most expensive city in Russia, "losing" to a number of Siberian and northern cities[118].
In 2012, Moscow took 1st place in the Rating of the Quality of the Urban Environment compiled by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, the Russian Union of Engineers, the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well Being, as well as the Lomonosov Moscow State University[119].
Transport
Main article: Public transport in Moscow
Moscow is the country's largest transport hub.
The city is located in the heart of a web of railways and federal highways.
The volume of passenger traffic in the Moscow transport hub is estimated at 11.5 billion people in 2013[120].
Many types of public transport are developed inside the city, the metro has been operating since 1935; 76% of passenger traffic is carried out by public transport[120].
Railway transport
Leningradsky railway Station is the oldest railway station in Moscow, it was built in 1849 to serve the Nikolaev railway
The railway network in Moscow is represented by ten main directions with nine stations (from eight stations — Belorussky, Kazansky, Kursky, Kievsky, Leningradsky, Paveletsky, Rizhsky, Yaroslavsky, both suburban and long distance communication is carried out, one station — Savelovsky serves only suburban transportation), the Moscow District railway, several connecting branches and a number of branches, mostly single track, of relatively short length, the main part of which is completely located within the city.
All Moscow railways belong to the Moscow Railway, except for the Leningrad direction, which belongs to the Oktyabrskaya Railway, which is also part of the Moscow railway junction, while it has a CER with some directions of the Moscow Railway.
At the same time, prices and rules for paying for travel in suburban electric trains are the same in all directions without exception, according to the rules of the Moscow Railway.
In the 1990s — 2000s, a number of railway branches serving industrial enterprises were closed due to the withdrawal of these enterprises from the city or a serious reduction in production volumes.
The total length of railways within the city is 394.7 km[121].
Suburban trains connecting Moscow railway stations with localities in Moscow and nearby regions also play a significant role in intra city transportation.
A major project for the development of passenger railway communication in Moscow is the organization of passenger traffic on the Small Ring of the Moscow Railway[120].
Airports
Domodedovo Airport Terminal
Main article: Moscow Aviation Hub
Vnukovo and Ostafevo international airports are located on the territory of Moscow.
Also, residents and guests of the city use the services of other international airports located in the Moscow region: Domodedovo, Chkalovsky, Sheremetyevo.
You can get to the airports not only by car, but also by using express trains departing from the railway stations: Kievsky to Vnukovo Airport, Belorussky to Sheremetyevo airport and Paveletsky to Domodedovo airport.
There was an air terminal in the city, but since the beginning of the XXI century, it has actually lost its direct purpose: its premises were leased to tenants for retail space.
As of 2009, only ticket offices for the sale of railway and air tickets operate in the terminal building.
Road transport
Moscow is the center of a network of federal highways of various directions that connect the capital with the administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation and the cities of neighboring states.
Moscow itself has a developed transport infrastructure, including three transport rings: Sadovoye, the Third Transport Ring and the Moscow Ring Road, it is planned to build a Central Ring Road (CCAD) in the Moscow region to unload the city from the transit traffic flow.
Since the 1990s, Moscow has faced an acute transport problem.
The rapid growth of the automobile fleet continues in Moscow: if in 2000 there were 2.6 million cars in the city, then in 2012 it was already 4.5 million (over 380 cars per 1000 residents); the expected average annual growth until 2020 is 4 %[120].
The volume of cargo transportation by road in the city has also increased; about 10 billion tons of cargo are transported through Moscow per year, of which about 4 billion tons are transit cargo transportation[120].
The significant growth of the fleet has led to a large number of traffic jams.
Some measures were taken to reduce the number of traffic jams, such as a ban on heavy trucks entering the city, the construction of new interchanges, etc. [122][123].
Traffic jams entail huge losses[124].
Urban planning errors contributed to the growth of traffic jams[125].
The government of the city of pripri
