White City
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This term has other meanings, see White City (meanings).
Historical district in Moscow Bely Gorod
The white city on the plan of Merian (1638) is highlighted in yellow.
History As part of Moscow since the XVI century
Other names Tsarev city, Tsar City, Tsar Grad
Location of CAO County
Metro stations Kitay Gorod, Okhotny Ryad, Revolution Square, Teatralnaya, Turgenevskaya, Chistye Prudy, Kropotkinskaya, Pushkinskaya, Chekhov, Tsvetnoy Boulevard, Trubnaya, Kuznetsky Bridge, Sretensky Boulevard, Tverskaya, Lubyanka, Lenin Library, Arbatskaya, Alexander Garden, Borovitskaya, Arbatskaya
Area ≈ 400 ha
Coordinates 55°45 ' 04 "s. w. 37°37'42" v. d. / 55.75111° s.
w.
37.62833° v. d. / 55.75111; 37.62833 (G) (O) (I)
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Coordinates: 55°45 ' 04 "s. w. 37°37'42" v. d. / 55.75111° s.
w.
37.62833° v. d. / 55.75111; 37.62833 (G) (O) Show a geographical map
Bely Gorod is a historical area of Moscow inside the non preserved walls of the White City (and now the boulevards), but outside the Kitay Gorod and the Kremlin.
It included such areas as Zaneglimenye, Kuchkovo Field and Kulishki.
In the chronicle sources, the fortress wall itself was also called the White City.
This is the third (after the walls of the Kremlin and Kitay Gorod) fortress wall of Moscow.
Content
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1 Origin of the name 2 Early history 3 Walls and towers of the White City 4 Towers and gates 5 Buildings of the White City 6 Monasteries of the White City 7 Churches of the White City 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Literature 11 References
Origin of the name[edit / edit wiki text]
There are different explanations of the name White city.
P. V. Sytin in his book "history of Moscow streets" explains the origin of the name is the fact that in the XVI—XVII centuries there lived mainly nobles and gentry, who were on a permanent society, why the land occupied by their courtyards called "white" — that is, were exempted from land taxes, which were subject to the "black" land of artisans, traders and farmers.
The name White City may also come from the fact that the brick walls of the fortress were painted with white lime.
In this first wooden wall lies another city, surrounded by a stone wall, plastered white and decorated with many towers and battlements; the inhabitants call this part of the city "Tsar Grad".[1]
The name Tsarev City, which is found in the chronicles, could be explained by the fact that mostly tsarev, sovereign people lived here.
Early history[edit / edit wiki text]
The white city began to be built up in the XIV century.
Towards the end of the century, a moat was dug around it and a rampart was filled in.
Within this area there was a country court of the Grand Duke, as well as the estates of a number of boyars.
The name of Starosadsky Lane indicates the presence of gardens in the district.
A Cannon yard was built on the left bank of the Neglinnaya River under Ivan III.
On the western side of the Kremlin, Ivan the Terrible settled his oprichniks (the so called Oprichny Dvor).
The walls and towers of the White City[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Wall of the White City
The territory of the White City was protected by a fortress wall by the decision of the government headed by boyar Boris Godunov, after the former wooden fortifications on the earthen rampart burned down during the raid of the Crimean Tatars in 1571.
The construction was carried out in the early 1590s, the exact dates of the beginning and end of construction are debatable.
The construction was headed by the famous architect Fyodor Kon.
You can get an idea of what the wall of the White City looked like from the Smolensk fortress wall, which was built after the Belgorod One under the guidance of the same architect.
By the beginning of the XVIII century, the wall had lost its fortification value and began to be disassembled into bricks.
Under Catherine II, it was decided to finally demolish the walls and towers of the White City.
Trees were planted in their place, and these green spaces formed a modern Boulevard ring.
The dismantling of the wall was supervised by the Stone Order headed by P. N. Kozhin.
He drew up a project of redevelopment of Moscow, which determined the ways of development of the city in the late XVIII — first half of the XIX centuries.
The Arbat Gate was demolished last — in July 1792; however, back in 1805 there was a fragment of a wall on the Neglinnaya bank with an opening for the river — the so called "Pipe".
Towers and gates[edit / edit wiki text]
The seven pointed tower, the All Holy and Chertol (Prechistensky) gates on the plan of 1610
The gates of the White City were as follows:
Vsekhsvyatsky (Trisvyatsky, they are also Water) at the end of the Sloth, leading to the Moscow River and the Vsekhsvyatsky (Big Stone) Bridge; Chertolsky (Prechistensky) (now Prechistensky Gate Square); Arbatsky (Smolenskiye) (now Arbatsky Gate Square); Nikitsky (now Nikitsky Gate Square); Tverskiye (now Pushkinskaya Square, formerly called Tversky Gate Square); Petrovsky (now Petrovsky Gate Square); Dmitrov (in the XVII century converted into a deaf tower) Sretensky (now Sretensky Gate Square); Frolovsky (Myasnitsky) (now Myasnitsky Gate Square); Pokrovsky (now Pokrovsky Gate Square); Yauzsky (now Yauzsky Gate Square).
The names of Moscow squares have preserved the memory of the destroyed gate towers: Prechistensky Gate Square, Arbatsky Gate Square, Nikitsky Gate Square, Sretensky Gate Square, Myasnitsky Gate Square, Pokrovsky Gate Square, Yauzsky Gate Square.
The current Pushkin Square has long been called Tverskoy Vorota Square.
This should also include Belgorod passage.
The construction of the White City[edit / edit wiki text]
The White city at the end of the XVIII century.
The Pashkov house on Mokhovaya Street is depicted
In the old days, the Cannon Yard, Okhotny Ryad and Kolymazhny Yard were located in the White City, in particular.
After the construction of the stone wall, households began to be rebuilt in stone, many of the tent buildings of the pre Petrine era preserved in Moscow are located here.
During the XVIII century, the streets of the White City were paved with cobblestones.
Throughout the century, the Moscow nobility actively built city estates here.
In the XVIII century, many buildings were built from bricks obtained during the dismantling of the walls of the White City.
All state owned and private brick and tile factories, all working masons were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Stone Order.
The Stone order monitored the compliance of the development with the plan of 1775, according to which only stone houses could be built in Kitay Gorod and Bely Gorod, and in the Earthen City — wooden ones on a stone foundation.
"White City (ancient settlement zone)" is an archaeological monument with a regional category of protection.[2]
Monasteries of the White City[edit / edit wiki text]
Ivanovsky Monastery — on a hill, between Bolshaya Ivanovskaya Street and Solyanka Vysokoy Petrovsky Monastery — on Petrovka Sretensky Monastery — on Bolshaya Lubyanka Street (until the end of the XIX century — Sretenka) Rozhdestvensky Monastery — on the corner of Rozhdestvenka Street and Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, near Trubnaya Square Zlatoust Monastery — between Myasnitskaya and Maroseyka Alekseevsky Monastery — on Volkhonka (the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was dismantled before construction) Holy Cross Monastery — on Vozdvizhenka Nikitsky Monastery — on Bolshaya Nikitsky St. George Monastery — between Tverskaya and Bolshaya Dmitrovka Varsonofievsky Monastery — between Rozhdestvenka and Lubyanka Moiseevsky Monastery — was located in the northwestern part of modern Manezhnaya Square.
Churches of the White City[edit / edit wiki text]
Parts of Moscow of the XVII century
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour The Church of Antipy on Kolymazhny Yard The Church of the Archangel Gabriel on Chistye Prudy The Church of Vladimir in Starye Sadekh The Church of the Resurrection of the Living on the Assumption Vrazhka The Church of All Saints on Kulishki The Church of George the Victorious in Starye Archers The Church of the Icon of the Mother of God "The Sign" in the Sheremetyevo yard The Church of Cyrus and John (demolished in 1934) The Church of Kosma and Damian on Maroseyka The Church of Kosma and Damian in Shubin The Church of the Lesser Ascension the Church of Nicholas the Wonderworker in Zvonari The Church St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Klenniki The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Podkopai The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Sapozhka (destroyed in 1930) The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Stolpy (demolished in 1938)
The Church of Peter and Paul at the Yauz Gate The Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos on Kulishki The Church of St. Nicholas in Stary Vagankov The Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Krapivniki The Church of Sophia the Wisdom of God at the Cannon Yard The Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior on Glinishchi (was destroyed in 1931.
In its place, a residential building was built at the address: Lubyansky Ave., 17) The Church of the Three Saints on Kulishki The Church of the Holy Trinity in Khokhly The Church of the Holy Trinity on Gryazekh at the Pokrovsky Gate The Church of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos on Pokrovka (demolished in 1936) The Church of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Assumption Vrazhka The Church of Flora and Lavra at the Myasnitsky Gate (demolished together with adjacent buildings in 1934-1935) Moscow Central Church of Evangelical Christians Baptists Lutheran Church of Saints Peter and Paul
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Cultural heritage
Russian Federation, object No. 7701818000
object # 7701818000
Moscow Kremlin Kitay Gorod Zemlyanoy Gorod History of the administrative division of Moscow
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Николай Nikolay Varkoch.
XVI century.
// Kudryavtsev M. P. "Moscow — the Third Rome" p. 83 ↑ website of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Libson V. Ya., Domshlak M. I. et al.
Bely gorod / / Monuments of architecture of Moscow.
- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1989 — - 380 p — - 50 000 copies.
Vaskin A. A. ..
Save Pushkin Square.
Moscow, 2011.
A. L. Batalov, L. A. Belyaev.
The sacred space of medieval Moscow.
- M.: Feoria, Design.
Information.
Cartography, 2010.
- 400 p.
— ISBN 978-5-4284-0001-4.
Naidenov N. A. — Moscow.
Cathedrals, monasteries and churches.
Part II: Bely gorod.
M., 1882, 6 p, 59 l.
Architectural monuments of Moscow.
White city.
Moscow, 1989, 378 p. Palamarchuk P. G.-Forty sorokov.
Vol. 2: Moscow within the boundaries of the Garden Ring.
Moscow, 2004, 744 p., 16 l.
il — - ISBN 5-7119-0013-7 (vol. 2); ISBN 5-212-00500-0.
Sytin P. V.
-From the history of Moscow streets.
- Ed. e 3 e, add.
- Moscow: Moskovsky rabochy, 1958-843 p., fig. pp.
117-124.
Kudryavtsev M. P. — "Moscow — the Third Rome".
- Moscow: Sol System, 1994 — - ISBN 5-85316-008-7.
Church archeology of Moscow.
Churches and parishes of Ivanovskaya Gorka and Kulishek.
- Under the general editorship of Doctor of Art History Batalov A. L.-M., 2006 — - ISBN 5-91150-014-0.
Falkovsky N. I.
-Moscow in the history of technology.
- Moscow: Mosk.
worker, 1950, White City p. 35-40.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
White City on Wikimedia Commons?
Temples of the White City Kondratiev I. K. Bely Tsarev city
[show] Rings of Moscow
Historical walls and ramparts: Kremlin • Kitay Gorod • Bely Gorod • Zemlyanoy Gorod • Kamer Kollezhsky Val
Automobile rings: Boulevard Ring • Garden Ring • Third Transport Ring • Fourth transport Ring • MKAD
Metro: The Ring line of the metro • The Third transfer circuit (under construction) • The Big ring of the metro (project)
Railway transport: Small ring of MZhD • Large ring of MZhD
Ground public transport: Trolleybus # B • Tram # A (now incomplete)
Ring roads of the Moscow region: A107 Moscow Small Ring • A108 Moscow Big Ring • Central Ring Road (project)
Rings of skyscrapers : Stalin's Skyscrapers • The New Ring of Moscow (project)
Other rings: Defense: Golden Ring of Air Defense; * electric power industry: Moscow Electric Power Ring
[show] Historical localities and districts in Moscow Historical localities Right Bank
rivers of Moscow:
Babiy gorodok • Berezhki • Vorobyovy Gory • Danilovka • Dorogomilovo • Zamoskvorechye • Kadashi • Kanatchikovo • Tanners • Boilers • Red meadow • Poklonnaya Gora • Potylikha • Setun • Tatarskaya sloboda
Island:
Balchug • Bersenevka • Swamp • Gardeners
The left bank
rivers of Moscow
before Yauza:
Balkan • Borovitsky hill • Butyrki • Butyrsky farm • Vagankovo • Vasilievsky meadow • Vsekhsvyatskaya grove • Devichye field • Ermakova grove • Zhabensky meadow • Zaneglimenye • Zaryadye • Ivanovskaya hill • Kashenkin meadow • Koshelnaya Sloboda • Krasnoe Selo • Kulishki • Kuchkovo field • Luzhniki • Likhobory • Miuses • Novinskoye • Oktyabrskoye field • Printers • Podkopaevo • Presnya • Samoteka • Serebryanyki • Serebryany Bor • Straw lodge • Sushchevo • Syromyatniki • Testovo • Three mountains • Usachevka • Khamovniki • Khitrovka • Khodynskoye field • Ts yerkovnaya hill • Shiryaevo field • Yamskoye field
The left bank
rivers of Moscow
beyond the Yauza:
Arbatets • Annengofskaya grove • Blagusha • Vvedenskiye gory • Elokhovo • Zayauzye • Krasny Kholm • Lefortovo • Moose Island • German settlement • Pererva • Pokrovskoe Rubtsovo • Matting • Simonovo • Sokolinaya Gora • Sukino Swamp • Taganka • Tyufeleva grove • Shvivaya hill
Historical districts Areas within
historical walls
and shafts:
Kremlin • Kitay Gorod • Bely Gorod (within the Boulevard Ring) * Earthen City (within the Garden Ring) • the territory within the Chambers of the Collegiate Shaft
Historical districts,
named by
localities:
Alekseevskoe • Brattsevo • Butovo • Dangaurovka • Dubrovka • Izmailovo • Karacharovo • Kudrino • Medvedkovo • Tushino • Fili • Cherkizovo • Chertanovo
Areas of mass
residential development:
Alyoshkino • Babushkin • Beskudnikovo • Bibirevo • Biryulyovo • Veshnyaki Vladychino • Volkhonka ZIL • Golyanovo • Degunino • Ivanovo • Lenino Dacha • Medvedkovo • New Kuzminki • Orekhovo Borisovo • Otradnoye • Sandy streets • Tushino • Fili Mazilovo • Khimki Khovrino • Khoroshevo Mnevniki • Southwest: Belyaevo Bogorodskoe • Davydkovo • Zyuzino • Konkovo Village • Matveevskoe • New Cheryomushki • Teply Stan • Troparevo • Cheryomushki • Chertanovo • Yasenevo • Yuzhnoye Izmailovo
[show] History of Moscow
Early history
The foundation of Moscow • Etymology of * Kuchkov • Defense of Moscow (1238)
The center of the Moscow Principality
Grand Duchy of Moscow • Dmitry Donskoy's Kremlin • Litovshchina • The Invasion of Tokhtamysh • The Siege of Edigey • Fryazhsky style • The Siege of Moscow (1521) • Fire and Rebellion (1547 • * China City • White City • Third Rome
The center of the Russian Kingdom
Burning by the Crimean Tatars • Siege by Bolotnikovites • Occupation by Poles • The Uprising against the Poles • Moscow Battle (1612 • * Siege by Vladislav's troops • Salt Riot (1648) • Copper Riot (1662) • Moscow Pattern • Streletsky Riot (1682) • Streletsky Riot (1698) • German settlement • Naryshkin Baroque • Loss of metropolitan status (1712)
During the Russian Empire
Temporary return of the capital's status (1727-1730 • * The Trinity Fire (1737) • The Plague Riot (1771) • Napoleon's Capture • The Fire of Moscow (1812) • The Commission on the structure • The Khodynka Tragedy (1896) • December unrest (1905)
During the First World War and
Civil War
State Conference (1917 • * Military Revolutionary Committee (1917) • Bolshevik Uprising and fighting in the City (1917) • Capital of the RSFSR (1918) • Tactical Center (1918-1919) • Moscow National Center (1919) • Emergency Commission • Red Terror
Moscow in the Soviet years and
during the Great Patriotic War
Stalin's Reconstruction • Stalinodar * Parade on November 7, 1941 • Defense of Moscow • Moscow Panic • Extension to the MKAD
Modernity
The August coup • The shooting of the White House • Terrorist attacks • Luzhkovsky style • Expansion of the territory
Thematic resources: Portal "Moscow" | Project "Moscow"
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Categories: Historical districts in Moscow Objects of cultural heritage of Russia Rings of Moscow Disappeared fortresses Archaeological sites in Russia
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