Arbat
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This toponym has other meanings, see Arbat (meanings).
Arbat
Street
Moscow
Vecherniy Arbat General information Country Russia
The city of Moscow
CAO District
Arbat District
Length of 1.2 km
The nearest metro stations are Arbatskaya
Arbatskaya
Smolenskaya
Smolenskaya
Former names of Orbats (1493)
Smolenskaya Street (mid XVII century)[1]
ZIP code 119019 houses 1, 2, 4, 6, odd 9-15
119002 houses 10, 12, 16-23, 25-38, 40-49, 51-55
Phone numbers +7(495)XXX xx xx
OMK UM Classifier
on OpenStreetMap on Yandex.
Maps on Google Maps Arbat on Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 55°44'57" s.
w.
37°35'26" VD / 55.74917° s.
w.
37.59056° vd / 55.74917; 37.59056 (G) (O) (I)
Arbat Street is a street in the Central Administrative District of Moscow (Arbat district).
It runs from Arbatsky Gate Square to Smolenskaya Square, lies between Prechistenka Street and Novy Arbat Street.
The numbering of houses is carried out from the Arbat Gate Square.
Content
1 Geographical location 2 Origin of the name 3 History 3.1 First mentions 3.2 XVII century 3.3 XVIII century the beginning of the XX century 3.4 Arbat in Soviet times 3.5 Pedestrian street 3.6 Arbat today
4 Notable buildings and structures 4.1 On the odd side 4.1.1 Alfa Arbat Center (No. 1) 4.1.2 Apartment house of O. S. Burgardt Gvozdetsky (No. 9, p. 1) 4.1.3 Apartment house (No. 9, p. 2) 4.1.4 Apartment house of the Joint Stock Company "Moscow Private Pawnshop" (No. 11) 4.1.5 Apartment house (No. 13) 4.1.6 Apartment house of S. Y. Bobovich (No. 15/43) 4.1.7 Apartment house (No. 17) 4.1.8 Residential house (No. 19) 4.1.9 Residential house of A. A. Lazarik (No. 21, p. 1)
4.1.10 apartment house and hotel Echkina (No. 23, pp. 1, 2) 4.1.11 House Society of Russian doctors (No. 25) 4.1.12 apartment house with shops Tryndin S. E. A. and Depotivo (No. 27) 4.1.13 apartment house and hotel YM thick (No. 29) 4.1.14 apartment house (No. 31) 4.1.15 houses M. O. Laparoscope (No. 33/12, p. 1, 2) 4.1.16 Profitable house of A. T. Filatova — J. M. Filatov ("House of knights") (No. 35/5)
4.1.17 the Main house of the city estate of count A. A. Bobrinsky (House of the Military district court[131]) (No. 37) 4.1.18 estate No. 39, pp.
1 4.1.19 house (no 41 — demolished) 4.1.20 house (No. 43) 4.1.21 house (no 45/24) 4.1.22 house (no 47/23) 4.1.23 house (No. 49) 4.1.24 apartment house V. P. Panyusheva (No. 51) 4.1.25 House N. S. Khitrovo (Museum apartment of A. S. Pushkin) (No. 53, p. 1)
4.1.26 Apartment house and hotel of M. I. Khromova, M. A. Obukhov (No. 55/32)
4.1.27 Hotel of the "Society of Proletarian Tourism and excursions" (No. 57/32/23)
4.2 On the even side 4.2.1 Restaurant "Prague" (No. 2/1) 4.2.2 Apartment house of A. A. Lazarik A. L. Shanyavsky (hotel "Stolitsa") (No. 4)
4.2.3 Apartment house of V. K. Tisheninov (No. 6/2) 4.2.4 Shopping center "Staraya Street" (No. 10) 4.2.5 Apartment house of the Orlovs (No. 12, p. 1) 4.2.6 Residential house ("Haunted House") (No. 14)
4.2.7 Residential house (No. 16) 4.2.8 Residential house (No. 18) 4.2.9 Residential house of the cooperative "Red Corner" (No. 20) 4.2.10 Vinogradov's Shop (No. 22/2) 4.2.11 Property No. 24 4.2.12 Building of the State Academic Theater named after Evg.
Vakhtangov (No. 26/2)
4.2.13 Apartment house of M. A. Skvortsov (No. 28/1)
4.2.14 Apartment house of A. I. Titov (No. 30/3) 4.2.15 Apartment house of A. I. Urusov (No. 32) 4.2.16 Apartment house (No. 34) 4.2.17 Main house of the city estate of I. A. Korolev — P. P. Insurance — Testov (No. 36/2) 4.2.18 Apartment house of Chulkov (No. 38/1) 4.2.19 Apartment house of P. I. Gromov (No. 40) 4.2.20 House captain E. P. Khvoshchinskaya (No. 42) 4.2.21 The main house of the city estate of R. Turgenev (No. 44) 4.2.22 The building of the Arbat PBX (No. 46) 4.2.23 The residential house (No. 48) 4.2.24 The House with the grocery store "Smolensky" (No. 50-52)
5 Monuments and memorial plaques 5.1 Monuments and sculptures 5.2 Memorial plaques and commemorative signs
6 Street musicians of Arbat 7 Artists of Arbat 8 Arbat in works of literature and art 9 Notes 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Sources
10 Literature 10.1 Historical guidebooks and toponymic literature 10.2 Publications on architecture and urban planning 10.3 Reference books and encyclopedias 10.4 Articles
11 Links
Geographical location[edit / edit wiki text]
Arbat Street runs from Arbat Gate Square to Smolenskaya Square, lies between Prechistenka Street and Novy Arbat Street.
The numbering of houses is carried out from the Arbat Gate Square.
The length of the Arbat is 1.2 kilometers.
On the right, Arbatsky, Serebryany, Maly Nikolopeskovsky, Bolshoy Nikolopeskovsky, Spasopeskovsky and Troilinsky lanes overlook the Arbat; on the left — Bolshoy Afanasyevsky, Starokonyushenny, Kaloshin, Krivoarbatsky, Plotnikov and Money lanes.
Origin of the name[edit / edit wiki text]
Arbat in summer
The street got its name from the name of the area — Orbat (Arbat), which lay to the west of the Kremlin 2].
In the XVI—XVII centuries, Arbat was the name of a vast area lying between modern Znamenka and Bolshaya Nikitskaya streets, while the main street of the district was Vozdvizhenka, which was mainly called Arbat.[3]
The name of the Orbat was first mentioned in 1475: "Nikifor Basenkov completely burned in the Orbit" There is still no unambiguous conclusion about the origin of this toponym.
According to the version first proposed by archaeographer P. M. Stroev[5] and spread as the main one in a number of guidebooks, the name Arbat was formed from the Mongolian word arba: in the area of modern Volkhonka there was a Kolymazhnaya Sloboda, where various carts, including cart — arbas, were made.[6] [5] [7]
The hypothesis put forward by the historian V. K. Trutovsky was widely spread, [5] according to which the name Arbat came from the Arabic word Arbad, which is the plural of rabad — "suburb", "suburb", [8] which was probably brought to Moscow by merchants from the East — Crimean Tatars or other Eastern merchants.
P. V. Sytin, Yu.
A. Fedosyuk, V. V. Sorokin, E. Ya.
Dvinsky, G. P. Smolitskaya, M. V. Gorbanevsky and other historians, toponymists and Muscovites adhere to this hypothesis in their works.[5][9][10][11][12][13][14]
There are other versions of the origin of the toponym.
Thus, the historian I. E. Zabelin suggested that the word Arbat may be basically Russian speaking and come from the adjective of the short form Gorbat, reflecting the features of the area, which "depicting a curved line, went into the city for 150 fathoms".[5][15]
Less common versions associate the origin of the toponym with the Arabic word rabat (ribat) — "caravanserai, a hospitable house", [16] with the Russian word orba (ploughing), [17] with the Latin arbutum (cherry), [18] as well as with the word bat, which, in combination with the formant p - and the prefix a - forms the meaning "a big mountain without a river".[19]
There are also hypotheses about the origin of the street name from the words arbuy ("pagan", "medicine man") and ropaty (a non religious temple) [20]
By the decree of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in 1658, the street was renamed Smolenskaya, but this name did not take root and was fixed only for the previously unnamed continuation of the Arbat towards the modern Borodinsky Bridge.[9][21]
Often the adjective "old" is added to the name of the street — the Old Arbat.
History[edit / edit wiki text]
At the turn of the XV XVI centuries, the area located behind the modern Arbat Gate Square was called "Vspol", that is, it was an uninhabited space adjacent to the city suburbs.
The approaches to them were protected by a moat that existed already in the second half of the XIV century.
From here the ancient Mozhaisk road [2] began, connecting Moscow with Mozhaisk and Smolensk.
First mentions[edit / edit wiki text]
The formation of urban development at the beginning of the Mozhaisk Road route, apparently, began in the last years of the reign of Grand Duke Ivan III, who undertook a large scale reconstruction of the city with the participation of Italian masters.
One of the results of this reconstruction was the establishment of palace settlements on the outskirts of the city suburbs, on the "vspoli", inhabited by artisans who used open fire in their production.
Beyond the Arbat, on the Sivtsev Vrazhka, on the left side of the Mozhaisk road, blacksmiths, saddlers, bridlers and other artisans were settled, who provided for the needs of the grand ducal stables and became the first residents of the Stable settlement.
This is how the imperial ambassador Sigismund Herberstein described the panorama of Moscow, who visited the Russian capital twice in the first third of the XVI century:
"The city itself is made of wood and is quite extensive, and from a distance it seems even more extensive than it really is, because the extensive gardens and courtyards at each house make a great addition to the city; it is even more enlarged from the blacksmiths and other artisans who work with fire stretched out in a long row at the end of its houses, besides meadows and fields are between these houses..." [22]
Initially, the name Arbatskaya (Orbatskaya, Bolshaya Arbatskaya) Street meant Vozdvizhenka: in 1547, "the Church of the Exaltation of the Red Cross behind Neglinnaya on Arbatskaya Street on the Island caught fire"[23].
Later it spread to the current Arbat.
The first mention of the street at the place where Arbat Street runs today is contained in the chronicle news, which tells about the establishment of the oprichnoi estate of Ivan the Terrible in 1565, when the emperor ordered:
"On the posad, take the streets to oprishnina from the Moscow River: Chertolskaya Street and z Semchinsky village and to vspolya, and Arbatskaya Street on both sides and with the Sivtsov Enemy and to Dorogomilovsky vspolya, and half of the street to Nikitskaya Street, from the city go on the left side and to vspolya..."[24]
Probably, the foundation of the first Streletskaya settlement on the Arbat, which occupied a vast space at the beginning of the right side of the street, belongs to the same time.
Its main parish church was the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "Revealed", built in stone in 1600 by decree of Tsar Boris Godunov[25].
In its modern limits, Arbat Street took shape at the end of the XVI century, having received the beginning at the Arbat gate of the White City, and the end at the gate of the same name Skorodom (Wooden City).
XVII century[edit / edit wiki text]
After the end of the Time of Troubles, under the new royal dynasty, Arbat remains the place of concentration of palace and Streletsky settlements.
The most extensive territory on the left side of the street (the area of modern Gagarinsky, Starokonyushenny and Maly Vlasyevsky lanes) was occupied by the Konyushennaya Sloboda, which by the middle of the XVII century was already called the Old Konyushennaya.
Its population consisted of draught people of various professions, who were under the jurisdiction of the Stable Order.
At the beginning of the street, two small palace settlements — Ikonnaya and Tsaritsyna adjoined Starokonyushennaya Sloboda, and from the west (in the area of modern Krivoarbatsky and Plotnikov lanes) — Carpenter's Sloboda[26], in which state owned carpenters who took part in the restoration of Moscow after its ruin by Polish interventionists were originally settled.
The parish church of the settlement was the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (the Life Giving Trinity), which is in Carpenters, known since 1625[27].
Behind the Carpenter's settlement lay the land of the Streletskaya settlement, founded near the fortifications of the Earthen City in 1634.
Her Sloboda church became the church of the Life Giving Trinity[28], known in 1642 as located in Grigoriev by the order of Onichkov.
The Streletsky order of Grigory Mikhailovich Onichkov (Anichkov), presumably brought to serve in Moscow from Novgorod, was the last of four Streletsky orders placed by this time on the Arbat.
The settlements of three other Streletsky orders (since 1682 — regiments) stretched almost in a continuous strip along the right side of Arbatskaya Street.
The fate of the Arbat Streletsky regiments turned out to be different.
Two of them — the Afanasyev regiment of Chubarov and the Ivanov regiment of Cherny took part in the Streletsky riot of 1698 and almost completely laid down their heads during mass executions.
Two other regiments were withdrawn to serve in other cities and later took part in the Northern War of 1700-1721.
The settlements of all the Moscow Streletsky regiments were liquidated by special royal decrees in 1699.
The former Streltsy lands were sold to persons of various ranks.
The memory of the Streletsky past of the Arbat is preserved in the name of the Maly Kakovinsky Lane, named after one of the Streletsky commanders, and in the names of the Nikolopeskovsky lanes, which inherited their names from the Streletsky church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "on the Sands", dismantled in 1932[29].
Table: the command structure of the Streletsky regiments stationed on the Arbat in the XVII century.
Parish of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Revealed Parish of the Church of the Three Saints Peter, Alexey and Jonah of Moscow Miracle Workers (St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "on the Sands") Parish of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior "on the Sands" Parish of the Church of the Life Giving Trinity 1613-1624 Boris Ivanovich Poltev 1624-1648 Alexey Borisovich Poltev 1st half of the 1630s Baku (Bokin) Gavrila Vasilyevich 1633-1645 — Anichkov Filon Mikhailovich 1634-1645 — Anichkov Grigory Mikhailovich 1655-1668 — Poltev Semyon Fedorovich the beginning of the 1650s — Kaftyrev Ivan 1648-1657 — Azariev Leonty Romanovich 1668-1679 — Poltev Ivan Fedorovich 1655-1665 — Kokovinsky Stepan Semenovich 1656-1676 — Poltev Timofey Matveevich 1667-1675 - Zhidovinov Ivan Vasilyevich 1679-1682 — Stepan Yanov (Fyodor) Ivanovich 1668-1671 Stepan Yanov (Fyodor)
Ivanovich 1682-1684 Voeykov Semyon 1684-1689 Efimiev Roman Sergeevich 1689-1696 Obukhov Alexey Lavrentievich 1696-1698 Chubarov Afanasy Alekseevich 1696-1699 Krivtsov Mikhail Fomich 1690-1706 Annenkov Grigory Ivanovich 1696-1698 Chernoy Ivan Ivanovich
An important milestone in the history of Arbat was the decree of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in 1658, according to which Arbatskaya Street was renamed Smolenskaya.
This name existed until the XVIII century, but it never took root among Muscovites, being fixed only for the continuation of the Arbat to the Dorogomilovsky Bridge, which did not have a name until then.
XVIII century the beginning of the XX century[edit / edit wiki text]
Arbat at the beginning of the XX century
During the fire of 1736, the Arbat burned out badly, after which it was decided to expand it.
Since that time, the Arbat has become one of the most aristocratic streets in Moscow, where the most famous Russian noble families settled — the Tolstoys, Rostopchins, Gagarins, Dolgoruky, Kropotkins, Sheremetevs, Golitsyns, Trubetskys.
Small Empire style mansions and wooden houses surrounded by gardens were being built; there were almost no shops on the Arbat.
During the reconstruction of the Arbat after the fire of 1812, the building acquired a special character: small one and two story mansions with a mezzanine and a mezzanine, placed with a gap on the red line of the street and surrounded by small gardens and courtyards without services.
In 1806, the construction of a wooden theater on the Arbat Square began according to the project of K. Rossi.
The memoirist S. P. Zhikharev wrote about this:
This idea is good, because most of the noble families live on or near the Arbat [30].
At various times, A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, L. N. Tolstoy, M. Saltykov Shchedrin, the Aksakov brothers, A. P. Chekhov, A. Blok, Andrey Bely (B. Bugaev) lived or repeatedly visited the Arbat.
By the end of the XIX century, the ancestral aristocracy was increasingly replaced by a diverse intelligentsia who settled on the Arbat, which gradually began to acquire a look close to the modern one: the number of shops increased, the construction of multi storey apartment buildings began.
Hotels, shops, and restaurants appeared near Smolenskaya and Arbatskaya squares.
The names of the owners of the best Arbat stores became known throughout Russia: Filippov's buns, wines from Shustov's cellars, Einem's sweets.
Merchant Semyon Tararykin opened the Prague tavern at the end of the XIX century, which after the revolution turned into an exemplary dining room of Mosselprom and where Ippolit Matveyevich Vorobyaninov from the "Twelve Chairs" took Lisa to lunch.
Since the 1880s, a horse drawn tram began to run along the Arbat, in 1908 an electric tram was launched.
Gradually, the Arbat became a street of full blooded life in Moscow.
Vasily Polenov wrote his "Moscow Courtyard" in Spasopeskovsky Lane, now there is a school 1231 that bears his name on this place.
Sergey Yesenin was reading his new poem "Pugachev" in the Arbat "Literary Mansion".
The Russian composer S. Rachmaninov lived in Serebryany Lane, and A. Scriabin lived nearby.
The famous "yellow blouse" of Vladimir Mayakovsky flashed in the cafe "Arbat basement".
The fame of Sergei Yutkevich and Sergei Eisenstein began with the Mastfor theater studio on the Arbat.
Art Electro Theater, 1912
A society of Russian doctors appeared on the Arbat, whose members organized a well known hospital for the whole of Moscow here.
Doctors took" for advice " a small fee, compared with the usual fees — 20 kopecks, or even treated for free.[31]
In 1909, Alexander Khanzhonkov opened the cinema "Khudozhestvenny" (then called the "Art Electro Theater") on Arbatskaya Square, where in 1931 the premiere of the first Soviet sound film "A Ticket to Life"took place.
The revolutionary events of 1917 could not but affect the Arbat.
In the premises of the cinema "Khudozhestvenny" in the October days of 1917, white cadets were enlisting in the White Guard; red prisoners were also kept there.
And the Red Guards, in turn, hoisted a machine gun on the highest Arbat house No. 51 and, according to the poet Andrei Bely, "the Bolshevik won the whole district by one house," as a result, the junkers were forced to retreat from their favorite cinema.[32]
Arbat in the Soviet era[edit / edit wiki text]
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This mark was set on February 3, 2009.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the image of the street changed in the spirit of constructivist aesthetics.
The silhouette of the Arbat was smoothed, many houses were built over and brought under a single cornice.
The architects, the Stenberg brothers, developed a unified color scheme of buildings in an ash gray scale; a number of buildings were dismantled.
New houses on the right side of the Arbat were built with an offset from the red line to expand the street.
And once aristocratic mansions and comfortable apartments of apartment buildings turned into cramped communal apartments, where the builders of a new society, who flocked to Moscow from all over the country, were moved.
The war and the approach of the front line to Moscow could not but affect the Arbat.
As a result of one of the air raids, the theater was completely destroyed.
Vakhtangov; people were killed.
And the residents of Arbat who did not leave for evacuation and survived picked up the bright colorful remnants of theatrical scenery scattered along the street and the surrounding alleys.
In the 1930s and 1950s, the Arbat was the state highway along which Stalin and his motorcade passed to the Kremlin, so the street was the object of close attention of the NKVD—MGB.
For example, in April 1944, a group of young people was arrested who were going to spend time in a room of a communal apartment on the Arbat — this youth company included then students Valery Frid, Yuli Dunsky, Mark Kogan, the future wife of V. L. Ginzburg Nina Ermakova it was in her room on the Arbat that young people gathered.
They were charged with preparing the murder of Stalin during the passage of the motorcade through the Arbat (although the window of the room did not look out on the Arbat itself, but into the alley).
Many memoirs have been written about this time (for example, human rights activist Lyudmila Alekseeva) and works of art, one of the most famous is the autobiographical novel "Children of the Arbat" by Anatoly Rybakov.
In 1952, a high rise building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was built on Smolenskaya Square, which marked the exit of the Arbat to the Garden Ring.
Kalinin Avenue, built in the 1960s (now Novy Arbat) I pulled part of the Old Arbat transport to myself, the state highway also moved there 33].
By the 1980s, the population of Arbat had become very diverse: old Moscow intellectuals lived here, families of high ranking party officials settled in new elite houses, and some rooms in communal apartments in old houses were given to "limiters" — the so called people who came from different cities to Moscow for hard work.
Pedestrian street[edit / edit wiki text]
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Fountain "Princess Turandot" on the Arbat.
The project of turning the Arbat into a pedestrian zone was developed and implemented in 1974-1986 by the team of architects of the NIiPI General Plan of Moscow and Mosproekt 2 (architects M. V. Posokhin, A. E. Gutnov, Z. V. Kharitonova, T. V. Malyavkina, O. A. Baevsky, V. A. Filatov, engineers Yu.
K. Bolbot, T. V. Chuveleva and others).[34]
How does Z resonate?
Kharitonova, architects " made a careful analysis of the color scheme of the facades, because before that they were simply painted with an even yellow color from a spray gun.
We worked with each house separately, found natural colors and shades, there was no white color in our collection at all.
The first floors were painted more intensely, the upper ones were more relaxed, and the details were lighter.
The whole street began to shimmer like mother of pearl.
We used Moscow expanded clay plaster, this is a unique technology, the secrets of which were known only by old painters, we attracted them to work, they worked with brushes that I bought myself."[35]
The feasibility study of the project was ready by 1978.
The project was not limited to simply banning automobile traffic on the street, it also included work on street improvement, reconstruction and restoration of building facades.
In 1979, the project was approved.
Practical work began in 1982.
The route of trolleybus 39, which had previously passed through the Arbat, was changed — the song "The Last Trolleybus"by Bulat Okudzhava is dedicated to him Arbat was an ordinary Moscow street with two way automobile traffic; people moved along narrow sidewalks.
During the reconstruction, traffic was completely blocked; in a few years, the street was dug up: the entire sewer system and underground utilities were replaced.
The first stage of the reconstruction of the Arbat was completed by 1985.
"The tiles with a thickness of 10 centimeters were made at the factory specifically for the Arbat," recalls the architect, author of the pedestrian Arbat project Zoya Kharitonova.
- We leveled 25 thousand square meters of such a stone with special rubber hammers.
And all this was laid without cement!"[36]
Finally, in 1986, the Arbat appeared in a new guise: instead of asphalt, a cobblestone pavement, flowerpots with flowers in the middle of the street and benches for strolling nearby, retro style lanterns.
The reconstruction of the Arbat caused mixed assessments.[34]
After the reconstruction, the phrase "Arbat Ofonarel" appeared, attributed to Bulat Okudzhava.[37]
On April 1, 1986, the celebration of the Day of Laughter was held on the Arbat.
A few days before the event, the construction of stages, stages, platforms for performances of artists, fences and screens for puppeteers began.
Real fair performances were being prepared.
In the middle of the day on April 1, the fun began.
Very soon there were so many people that they had to urgently block the street to avoid a stampede.
As a result, only the residents of the street and the revelers who arrived ahead of time managed to take part in the holiday.
For most Muscovites, the entrance was closed.
No more similar events were held on the Arbat, but amateur concerts continued.
Arbat today[edit / edit wiki text]
By now, the street has become one of the most popular places among foreign tourists.
Following the example of American Hollywood, the Russian "alley of stars"is arranged on the Arbat.
It is not difficult to get into the Russian stars: you need to call the specified phone number, notifying about the desire that has arisen, and pay for your own "stardom" [38][39].
Notable buildings and structures[edit / edit wiki text]
[ch 1]
On the odd side[edit / edit wiki text]
Alfa Arbat Center (No. 1)[edit / edit wiki text]
The Alfa Arbat Center shopping and office complex, which occupies half of the block between the Arbat, Arbat Gate Square and Bolshoy and Maly Afanasyevsky Lanes, was built in 2000-2005 by order of Alfa Group [40] according to the project of architect M. M. Posokhin.
The eight storey complex, according to the architectural historian, Professor V. A. Rezvin, "falls monstrously out of scale and literally crushed the modest "Prague"."[41]
Art critic and researcher architects S. V. Zagraevsky considers the construction of the center on this site among the most gross violations of the urban historical environment.[42]
The chief architect of Moscow, A.V. Kuzmin, recognized the construction of the building as an urban planning mistake.[43][44]
According to a survey of a number of Moscow architects conducted in early 2010 by Forbes magazine, the Alfa Arbat Center shopping and office center took the second place in the list of "the ugliest modern buildings in the capital".[40]
Before the construction of the shopping and office complex, there was a historical building of the first half of the XIX century that had urban planning significance on this place.
The houses No. 5 and No. 7 on Arbat that stood here were demolished in the second half of the 1990s.[45]
By 2003, the houses that stood on Arbatskaya Square were also demolished (No. 1/2, p . 1, 1a, 3). [46]
In the house No. 5, which belonged to Tararykin, at the beginning of the XX century there was a private hospital of a doctor V. I. Kedrovsky[47], who himself lived in this building.[48]
Bibina and Zh.
Byurban's pastry shops also worked here.[49]
In the early 1900s, the famous lawyer P. N. Malyantovich lived in the house, since the 1910s — the founder of Russian and Soviet karst studies A. A. Kruber. [50]
In the 1920s, the publishing house "Our Banner"worked in the house.[51]
"All of Moscow for 1923" indicates that the Arbat Jewish Prayer House was located here.
In the 1930s, the Moskvoshvey Trust store worked in the house.[52]
In the 1920s, 1950s and 1970s, local historian I. M. Kartavtsov lived here.[53]
A little further along the Arbat was the house No. 7, demolished in 1970.
In 1863, a "Library for reading" by Kashkadamova was opened in this house, and since November 1865 it was owned by M. N. Turgeneva.
It was one of the best private libraries in Moscow; it contained books by authors banned or not cherished by the emperor: Radishchev, Herzen, Chernyshevsky, Ogarev, Mikhailov, K. Marx, Fr. Lassalle, Tkachev, Prygov, etc. — for this reason, in 1875, the library was sealed by the police and ceased to exist.
In 1906, the Office of the trade unions of builders, Textile workers, Painters and other organized proletarians was located in this house, which was closed on August 15, 1906.
[54].
In 1907 or 1908, the Grand Parisien cinema opened in this building, which was visited by Leo Tolstoy (Tolstoy did not like the cinema).
After the October Revolution, the Moscow House of Printing was opened here and with it the cafe "Literary Mansion", where "there was no end to the performances of poets" ; here, in early August 1921, Sergei Yesenin read his new poem "Pugachev".
Right there, at the same time, from 1920 to 1924, there was a theater studio "Mastfor" (the Workshop of N. M. Foregger), where S. M. Eisenstein, S. I. Yutkevich, S. A. Gerasimov, T. Makarova, B. V. Barnett began their creative path, who later became famous, V. Z. Mass, O. M. Brik, M. I. Blunter, F. Knorre and many others worked there.
The theater existed until 1924, when a special decree banned the activities of all plastic and rhythmoplastic studios in the country.
The apartment house of O. S. Burgardt Gvozdetsky (No. 9, p. 1)[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1879, the niece of L. N. Tolstoy, Elizabeth Valeryanovna Obolenskaya (January 23, 1852 — April 15, 1935), lived in one of the buildings that stood on this site, with whom the writer stayed. [55]
The three storey apartment house of Osip Stanislavovich Burghardt Gvozdetsky was built in 1873-1874 by the architect N. I. Gushchin, who rebuilt and combined two previously existing residential buildings on this site.[56]
In the 1870s, an electrical engineer V. N. Chikolev lived in the house. [57]
In 1897-1899, the house was rebuilt again it was tripled in length.
The facade of the house is designed in eclectic forms and decorated with small stucco decor.
In 1898, according to the project of the architect I. A. Ivanov Shits, original showcases were created in the building.[58]
At the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, the building housed the editorial office of the magazine "Cricket".
Before the revolution, D. I. Filippov's bakery and the Central Store, which sold hats, worked in the house.[59]
On the site of Filippov's bakery, the bread store continued to operate in Soviet times.[60]
In the 1920s, there was a cafe "Arbat Basement" in the building, where V. V. Mayakovsky, S. A. Yesenin and Isadora Duncan, A. Bely, A. Blok, B. Pasternak and others visited.
In 1994-1998, the house was built on the fourth floor by the architect E. G. Rubtsov.
Currently, the house houses the National Cultural Center of Ukraine in Moscow, [61] the Ukrainian Book store, which has been operating here since the 1950s,[62] the Ukrainian Sunday school named after Pavel Popovich.[63]
The National Center of Ukraine has published two books dedicated to its activities and the history of the street "Ukraine on the Arbat, 9" and "The Flag of Ukraine on the Arbat".[64]
The building is a valuable city forming object.[65]
Apartment house (No. 9, p. 2)[edit / edit wiki text]
The five storey apartment building was built in 1909 according to the project of architect N. A. Eichenwald[65][58].
Alfa Arbat Plaza (No. 1) The apartment house of O. S. Burgardt Gvozdetsky (No. 9, p. 1) Profitable house of the Joint Stock company "Moscow private Pawnshop" (No. 11)
Profitable house of the Joint Stock company "Moscow private Pawnshop" (No. 11)[edit / edit wiki text]
At the beginning of the XX century, the property, like the neighboring No. 9, belonged to S. O. Burgard Gvozdetsky.
The existing apartment building was built for the Joint stock company "Moscow Private Pawnshop" in 1911, designed by architect N. D. Strukov. [66]
The facade of the building is decorated with lion masks bearing the features of the Italian Renaissance.
Initially, the three storey house was built on two floors in 1933.[58]
At the time of construction, the house of the "Moscow Private Pawnshop"was the only office building on the Arbat.
The building housed the Arbat branch of a Moscow private pawnshop that issued loans secured by furs, jewelry and other property, [67] the famous Baulin barber shop worked.[68]
In Soviet times, there was a publishing house "Pervina", [69] shops "Notes" and "Stationery".
For a long time, the house houses a second hand bookstore, which eventually turned into an antique store.
M. Klimov, an antique dealer who worked in this store, left his memoirs "Notes of an antique dealer".
The house also houses the editorial office of the newspaper "Moskovskaya Perspektiva", published since 1957.[70]
Apartment house (No. 13)[edit / edit wiki text]
The four storey apartment house on the corner with Bolshoy Afanasyevsky Lane was built in 1885 by the architect P. P. Zykov's son.[71]
Originally, the corner of the house at the level of the second floor was decorated with a long balcony.
In 1932, the building was extended to five floors.
The house was renovated in 2001.[65]
In the house lived: in 1905-1909 — artist A.V. Moravov (1878-1951); later opera singer, Honored Artist of the Republic E. K. Pavlovskaya.[72][57]
In the 1910s, the Moscow Society of Factory Doctors was located in Apartment No. 1.[73]
The building is classified as valuable city forming objects[65].
Apartment house of S. Y. Bobovich (No. 15/43)[edit / edit wiki text]
In the two story house that stood here was the brokerage office of A. Khlebnikov, in which on January 23, 1831, A. S. Pushkin issued documents on renting an apartment in the house of N. N. Khitrovo (Arbat, No. 53).[57]
In 1906, on the second floor of a house that already belonged to the Moscow merchant S. Yu.
Bob A. B. Gekhtman, a Moscow philistine, opened the Bolshoi Paris Theater cinema, which became the founder of the first Moscow cinema chain.
According to the review of the correspondent of the magazine "Blue Fono", "the theater, rebuilt from a residential building, was a staircase, at the top of which the gallery audience almost propped up the ceiling with their heads.
The stuffiness in the theater was unbearable, but the audience willingly sat out until the end of the session and, despite the external inconveniences in the form of crowding and heat, willingly visited this theater and gave it preferences over other theaters."[74]
In 1910, the architect F. A. Konovitsky [75] built a multi storey apartment house instead of a two story house for S. Y. Bobovich, who owned it until 1917.[76]
The famous bookstore of P. D. Putilova "Moskovsky"was located in the house[77] and the shoe store of the St. Petersburg Association of mechanical production of shoes "Skorokhod".[78]
The building is classified as valuable city forming objects[65].
Apartment house (No. 17)[edit / edit wiki text]
The property on this place belonged to A. I. Fonvizin, the father of the Decembrist M. A. Fonvizin and the brother of D. I. Fonvizin, and their relatives Khlopov; then the father of the writer V. A. Sollogub.[57]
In 1898, a four story apartment building was built according to the project of architect A. O. Gunst.[65]
Gunst was a versatile and talented person he was engaged in architecture, teaching, was fond of music and dramatic art.
Together with E. B. Vakhtangov, he founded the Studio of Dramatic Art, which later served as the basis for the creation of the Vakhtangov Theater (house No. 26).[79]
In the family of A. O. Gunst's descendants, there is also a legend that it was he who owned the idea of building a colonnade of the Prague restaurant building (No. 2).[80]
Artists K. K. Pervukhin and K. F. Yuon,[57] biologist A. G. Bannikov lived here.[81]
In 1905, from this house to the opposite number 12, the street was blocked by a barricade.[82]
Before the revolution, Antipenkov's jewelry store and Pavlov's children's toy store worked in the house[83][84]; in the 1920s, a bread store, one of the few stores that worked up to 24 hours, worked in the house.[60]
In 1935, the house was built on the fifth floor and brought under a single cornice with the neighboring building.
In 1947-1965, the writer and translator N. K. Chukovsky lived here[85].
The building is a valuable city forming object.[65]
Residential building (No. 19)[edit / edit wiki text]
A modern residential building was built in the depth of the property in 1994.[65]
The first floor is located on the red line of the street, there are various cafes and shops in it.
Colonel General of the Internal Service, Minister of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR (1989-1990) V. P. Trushin lived in the house[86].
In the wooden house of the merchant of the first guild O. F. Bromley, which stood on this place, there was a confectionery shop of the supplier of the court of His Imperial Majesty " A. Siu and K", the bookstore of A. Pavlova [87] and the fashion store of the trading house "Korolev and Fokin".[88]
S. A. Epifanov, a writer, an acquaintance of A. P. Chekhov, lived here at the end of the XIX century.[89]
In Soviet times, one of the most popular antique shops worked in the house.
Apartment house (No. 13) Apartment building (No. 15/43) Residential building (No. 19)
Residential house of A. A. Lazarik (No. 21, p. 1)[edit / edit wiki text]
The residential building in the Empire style was built in 1847-48 according to the project of the architect B. S. Piotrovsky, it was rebuilt in 1860.[82][65]
In the 1890s, the pianist and teacher of the Moscow Conservatory K. A. Kipp lived here. [57]
At the beginning of the XX century, Goberman's surgical hospital and his antique shop worked.[90][91]
In the 1950s and 1990s, the Military Book store worked in the building.[62][82]
The house is classified as identified objects of cultural heritage[65].
Apartment house and hotel of Yechkin (No. 23, p . 1, 2) [edit / edit wiki text]
Until the beginning of the XX century, there was a large wooden mansion on a stone basement with a mezzanine on this place.[92][93]
In the 1830s, a historian, archaeographer, author of the "Dictionary of Memorable People of the Russian Land" D. N. Bantysh Kamensky lived here.
The Bantysh Kamenskys rented the house to the Nechaevs, one of whose sons, V. V. Nechaev, painted a watercolor with a street view from the window of this house in 1831-1836.
It is believed that this painting, exhibited in the memorial museum of Pushkin's apartment (house No. 53), fairly reliably conveys the appearance and location of houses on the street in the 1830s and is the only image of the Arbat of Pushkin's time.[94]
After some time, the mansion was sold, and in 1841, the philosopher A. S. Khomyakov and his family settled in the same house[95].
In 1879-1901, the house belonged to V. M. Przhevalsky — a well known lawyer and public figure, editor of the "Legal Bulletin".
Przhevalsky was visited by his brothers the traveler N. M. Przhevalsky and the mathematician E. M. Przhevalsky.[57]
One of the owners of the house, the historian S. B. Veselovsky
In 1902-1903, a modern 4 — storey house was built on the site of the mansion according to the project of architect N. G. Lazarev[96] for A. K. Yechkin, the owner of an institution for the manufacture of various carts, as well as for renting carriages, bricks and rulers.
At the beginning of the XX century, Yechkin became one of the founders of the Slavic Charitable Society in Moscow, whose secretary was V. A. Gilyarovsky.[97]
The building was built on a plot of irregular shape, in connection with which the brandmaur walls of the apartment building are beveled.[98]
The Hotel of Yechkin is one of the largest works of N. G. Lazarev. [99]
The symmetrical facade of the house is effectively decorated with stucco and metal elements in the style of "decorative" Art Nouveau,[58] which, according to art critic M. V. Nashchokina, are made using motifs of the Austrian secession, French and Belgian Art Nouveau.
Unlike many buildings built in the Soviet era, the Yechkin apartment building has retained its original silhouette.[98]
In the design of the house, the shape and pattern of window sashes and facing with small ceramic tiles, characteristic of Moscow Art Nouveau, are also used.
The composition and plastic of the facade distinguish the building from other buildings of the Art Nouveau style, including from another work of Lazarev on the Arbat the hotel of Ya.
M. Tolstoy (No. 29).[99]
The house was equipped with an electric elevator, an internal telephone, sofas for relaxation were provided on each floor, and a doorman was on duty in the front lobby.
On the ground floor of the building, rooms were provided for six shops — three to the right and left of the main entrance.
The entrance to each store was equipped from the sidewalk, next to the storefront.
Behind each store in the courtyard part, small apartments were equipped for the owners of retail outlets.[100]
On the upper floors there were apartments that were rented to tenants at high prices.[101]
Before the revolution, Rusanovich's stationery store, Keleynikov's Hats, Hats, Muffs and Boas, a metal products store of the Czech company Brabets, Karpov's fruit store, Gelzer's Pharmacy store and Budnikov Salishchev's armory worked in the house.[102]
Portrait of S. Konenkov by P. Korin on a postage stamp of the USSR
In 1910, Yechkin sold the house to the historian S. B. Veselovsky, who registered the ownership in the name of his wife, who received an inheritance from her father, a shareholder of the "Gunter Cotton Factory Society".[101]
The Veselovsky family settled in a spacious apartment on the 4th floor of the building.
In the summer of 1914, a new brick five story house (No. 23, building 2) was built by architect L. V. Stezhensky[65] on the site of a wooden courtyard wing, which housed a garage for cars of the Sharon brand.[101]
After the construction of the new building, the Veselovsky family moved into it, occupying the entire fifth and half of the fourth floors.[103]
In 1916, S. B. Veselovsky sold the entire household with two buildings to Zeldovich.
After the revolution, the Veselovsky family was consolidated.[104]
At the beginning of the XX century, the workshop of the sculptor S. T. Konenkov was located in the attic of the house.
During the revolutionary events of 1905, a barricade appeared near the house, in the construction of which the sculptor himself participated, and in his workshop the revolutionaries kept grenades and weapons.
At this time, Konenkov met the revolutionary Konyaeva, who later became his wife.[105]
From 1920 until February 1934, the artist P. D. Korin and his brother, the restorer and painter Alexander, who were visited here by A.M. Gorky, lived and worked in the same attic.[82][54]
Their uncle, the artist and graphic artist A.M. Korin, lived and worked here since 1920.[106]
According to the memoirs of the writer S. M. Golitsin, the Korins at that time lived "in terrible poverty, not caring about earnings."[107]
Building No. 1 is an object of cultural heritage of regional significance, building No. 2 is a valuable city forming object[65].
House of the Society of Russian Doctors (No. 25)[edit / edit wiki text]
At the beginning of the XIX century, the property belonged to N. Ya.
Tinkov, a relative of A. S. Griboyedov.
In 1826, Denis Davydov lived here and received A. S. Pushkin here.
In 1869, the ownership passed to A. A. Porokhovshchikov, who built two houses here: the corner house was built in 1869-1870 by the architect R. A. Gedike [108][109].
Some decorative details decorating the facade belong to the Gothic style of the mid XIX century.[58]
The building was leased to them.[58]
The Society of Russian Doctors was located here from 1870 to 1917.
In 1900-1917, the "Drawing and Painting Classes" of Konstantin Yuon and Ivan Dudin were located on the second floor.
R. Falk, V. Favorsky, A. Kuprin, D. Burlyuk, S. Gorodetsky, V. Mukhina, the Vesnin brothers and others passed through the classes of Yuon.
K. F. Huon himself also lived in this house in a small apartment attached to the studio.
In December 1905 students built barricades on the Arbat, which cost Huon a lot of trouble and almost led to the closure of the studio[110].
In 1908-1935, the mathematician N. N. Luzin, the founder of the Moscow Mathematical Scientific school, an academician, lived and worked in apartment No.
8. At the beginning of the XX century, the building housed the People's University of the Moscow Society of People's Universities, which held public lectures in various classrooms in Moscow and the Moscow region.
The chairman of the University was Professor of Medicine V. D. Shervinsky, and his deputy was lawyer B. I. Syromyatnikov[111].
The House of the Society of Russian Doctors is an identified object of cultural heritage[65].
Residential house of A. A. Lazarik (No. 21, p. 1) Yechkin's apartment house, a detail of the facade (No. 23, p. 1) House of the Society of Russian Doctors (No. 25)
Apartment house with shops of S. E. Tryndin and A. Shchepotyeva (No. 27) [edit / edit wiki text]
It was built in 1910-1912 by the architect S. F. Kulagin.
Neoclassical decorative details are used in the decoration of the facade of the building.
However, the light turret that accentuates the corner of the apartment building, the arched forms of windows and doorways and the overall spatial solution make the building related to the buildings of the Art Nouveau period.[112]
In the mid 2000s, the tower was built with an attic floor, which significantly distorted its proportions.
Here lived a famous urologist surgeon, the founder of his own clinic, which later became the maternity hospital.
Grauermann, Professor P. D. Solovov.[54]
The apartment house of S. E. Tryndin and A. Shchepotyeva is a declared object of cultural heritage[65].
Apartment house and hotel of Y. M. Tolstoy (No. 29)[edit / edit wiki text]
The apartment house and hotel of Y. M. Tolstoy was built according to the project of the architect N. G. Lazarev in 1904-1906.[96]
The building is stylistically close to the Yechkin Hotel (No. 23), built by the same architect.
The central attic of the building is solved in the forms of Art Nouveau.[112]
The house has preserved unique lattices of balconies made in the form of intertwining branches.
Their pattern is similar to the pattern of the grilles of the first stations of the Paris metro.
The outstanding opera singer of the Bolshoi Theater and director V. A. Lossky lived here.
The building has partially preserved the original interior decoration.
The apartment building is classified as identified objects of cultural heritage[65].
Apartment house (No. 31)[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1839, after returning from exile, N. P. Ogarev settled in the house, the walls of which were included in the left part of the existing building.
The Moscow freedom loving intelligentsia gathered at Ogarev's.
One of the participants of these meetings, A.M. Herzen, wrote about this house:
His house once again became a center where old and new friends met…Ogarev was gifted with a special magnetism...[82]
In 1846, the Decembrist A. A. Tuchkov (1800-1878) lived here; in the 1890s a mechanical engineer, professor of the Moscow Technical School (since 1905 director of the Moscow State Technical University), author of the course "Technology of Metals", chairman of the Polytechnic Society A. P. Gavrilenko (1861-1914); in the 1920s — 1930s violinist, professor of the Moscow Conservatory A. I. Yampolsky.[54]
In the 1910s, the Kalashnikova hat shop, Trandafilov rubber products, Shchukina toys and the Progress tobacco store worked in the house.[113][114]
In the early 1970s, the house housed a second hand book store.[115]
The house was rebuilt in 1887 according to the project of the architect M. G. Piotrovich.[116]
Then it became residential with communal apartments.
The design and manufacture of entrance doors to the building was carried out by students of the Stroganov School.[117]
The building is an object of cultural heritage of regional significance[65].
Apartment house with shops of S. E. Tryndin and A. Shchepotyeva (No. 27) To
