Comic book
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Comics (from the English comic — funny) - hand drawn stories, stories in pictures.
The comic combines the features of such art forms as literature and fine art.
Among other names of this type of art and its individual varieties are drawn stories, for large — scale comics graphic novels (they are also graphic novels), for short ones — strips.
In some countries with a developed industry of hand drawn stories, there is a name for them.
So, in the French speaking world, the comic is called fr. bande dessinée (hand drawn tape) or BD, Japanese comics are called manga.
Content
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1 Definition 2 Standard composition of a comic book 3 History of its origin 3.1 Stories in pictures 3.2 Comics come to the USA 3.3 The Golden Age 3.4 The Silver Age 3.5 The Bronze Age 3.6 The Modern Age 3.7 The development of the comics industry in the USA
4 Types of comics 4.1 Comics based on historical events 4.2 Fantastic comics
5 Comics in the USSR and Russia 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
Definition[edit / edit wiki text]
There are many definitions of a comic book, but all of them, in general, boil down to the fact that a comic book is a series of images in which a story is told.
According to most researchers, a comic book is a unity of narrative and visual action.
Scott McCloud, author of the book "The Essence of Comics" (English: Understanding comics), offers a brief definition of "sequential images", and a more complete one — "adjacent drawings and other images in a semantic sequence"[1].
Georges Sadoul defines comics as "stories in pictures"[2].
Comics do not necessarily have text, there are also "dumb" comics with an intuitive plot (for example, "Arzak" by Jean Giraud).
But most often, direct speech in a comic is transmitted with the help of a philacter — a "word bubble", which, as a rule, is depicted as a cloud coming from the mouth, or, in the case of an image of thoughts, from the character's head.
The author's words are usually placed above or below the frames of the comic.
Comics can be any kind of literary genre and drawing style.
Even the works of classics of literature are adapted in the form of comics.
But historically, the most common genres of comics are adventure and caricature.
This stereotype has long spoiled the reputation of comics.
The drawing in the comic has a certain amount of conventionality.
It is simplified for the speed of drawing and the convenience of perception and identification of the reader with the character.
In terms of volume, comics range from short "strips" of several (usually 3) pictures to three dimensional graphic novels and TV series from many issues.
Comics are closely connected with cinema, and especially with animation.
As the same McCloud notes, " A film on film is a very slow comic.
Space for a comic book means the same as time for a movie"[1].
In English, the word "cartoon" — "caricature" can mean both a comic book and a cartoon In fact, almost all Japanese anime cartoons are adaptations of Japanese manga comics.
The standard composition of the comic[edit / edit wiki text]
The cover conveys the main meaning of the comic.
In addition to the drawing, the cover may contain: the name, the company's logo, price, advertising, date, signatures of artists.
The cover can be on two sheets, the right side of the cover is "front", the left side is "back".
Frontispiece a drawing in front of the title page.
Gives the reader the opportunity to learn more about the comic.
The title page — it can contain: a brief introduction, the names of authors, artists, contourers, etc.
It can be accompanied by small illustrations.
The main part is pages, the number of which is unlimited, but in standard comics there are from 20 to 40.
Pin Up Page — additional drawings from the main artists or from other people who have something to do with the comic, for example, alternative cover versions.
The history of the origin[edit / edit wiki text]
Stories in pictures[edit / edit wiki text]
Drawings by Rodolphe Tepfer
The tradition of stories in pictures dates back to the XVI and XVII centuries, when in Valencia and Barcelona they began to sell pictures for the people, most often on religious topics.
This is a retelling of the lives of the saints in a series of small engravings printed on sheets of colored paper ("hallelujah").
Drawings on secular subjects were called" (Spanish aucas) " (from Spanish. jeu de l'oie).
"Hallelujah" in the XVI and XVII centuries were widely distributed in Flanders, France and Germany.
In the XIX century, the factory production of stories in pictures was established in Epinal.
So, at the Pellerin factory, 600 stories were published, consisting of 16 square pictures with captions (the classic Spanish "hallelujah" consisted of 48 pictures).
In 1830-1846, the Swiss Rodolphe Toepfer released in Geneva a series of albums about the adventures of Mr. Jabot and Mr. Crepin.
The romantic artist Valentin published albums of pictures based on Perrault's fairy tales.
After 1870, illustrated weeklies in Europe began to use one of the forms of popular "Epinal pictures".
Louis Lumiere borrowed the plot of "The Sprinkler" from such picture albums.
2].
Comics are coming to the USA[edit / edit wiki text]
Little Sammy Sneezes (1904-06).
Artist Winsor McKay
The first American comic strip "Bears and the Tiger" was published in 1892 in the magazine "The San Francisco Examiner" (editor William Randolph Hearst) [2].
The Hearst Printing Trust made extensive use of illustration, and with the advent of comics, they become the favorite weapon of the Hearst press, as well as the press of his rival Joseph Pulitzer.
In 1894, the first machine was installed in the printing house "World", which printed in four colors, and the resulting prints no longer looked like fried eggs with tomatoes.
On November 18, "World" released the first really successful comic in the Sunday issue.
Richard F. Autcolt, a draftsman for the Electric World newspaper, supplied her with comics in which the main characters were a clown and a shepherd dog.
So the first comic series appeared in the Sunday newspaper.
- Winkler, William Hearst's historiographer[2]
Later, Richard F. Outcault released the series "Hogan's Alley".
A minor character in it was a little boy in a yellow suit, who was very fond of New Yorkers.
Outcolt makes him the main character.
Hearst began to fill the Sunday edition of his newspaper, the Morning Journal, with comics.
The" Yellow Baby "in" World " was drawn and colored by George B. Lux[2].
In the fall of 1899, Hearst changed the printing press, which printed 4 pages of color drawings, to a machine that prints 16 pages.
The Sunday newspaper publishes comics first on 8 pages, and then on 16 [2].
One of Hearst's most prominent draughtsmen at that time was Winsor McKay, who was considered more of an expert on political caricature than on comics.
He collaborated in Hearst's New York newspaper "New York American" and in his spare time drew the cartoon "Gertie the Dinosaur".
Thanks to these color series, the newspapers of Hearst and Pulitzer became known as the"yellow press".
- Georges Sadoul[2]
The Golden Age[edit / edit wiki text]
Plastic Man #1 comic book cover, 1943.
Plastic was one of the most popular characters of the golden age.
Main article: The Golden Age of Comics
In the XX century, the comic book became one of the popular genres of popular culture.
By this time, comics had mostly lost the comicality for which they received their name.
The main genre of comics has become adventure: action movies, detective stories, horror, science fiction, stories about superheroes.
The Golden Age of Comic Books is the name of a period in the history of American comics that lasted (according to various estimates) from the late 1930s to the mid 1950s.
The first serious steps in the development of the art of graphic novels were made at the beginning of the XX century, in search of new ways of graphic and visual communication and self expression.
At first, the comics were purely humorous in nature.
This is largely due to the etymology of the English word that determined their name.
This situation radically changed in June 1938, when the character Superman appeared in the United States.
The beginning of the golden age is considered to be the first appearance of Superman in Action Comics #1, published in 1938 and published by DC Comics.
The appearance of Superman was very popular, and soon superheroes literally flooded the pages of comics[4].
Other characters that have long been popular are Plastic Man, published by Quality Comics, as well as Detective Spirit under the authorship of cartoonist Will Eisner, which was originally published as an add on, combined with the Sunday edition of the newspaper[5].
In total, more than 400 superheroes were created during this period.
Most of them strongly resembled Superman and did not survive to this day, but it was then that such heroes as Batman and Captain America were born.
The Second World War had a serious impact on the content of superhero comics — now the heroes were fighting with the Axis countries, and the covers depicted superheroes fighting with the leader of the Nazi movement.
After the victory over fascism, superheroes with nuclear abilities began to appear, for example, the Atomic Thunderer and the Atomic Man[6][7][8].
Historians of that time believe that children's characters helped to ease the fear of young readers about the prospects of an atomic war[9].
In addition, the heroes began to fight the Communists, and some were involved in the Korean War.
However, after the end of the Second World War, the popularity of superheroes began to decline.
In general, it was during the golden age that a new and to this day the main direction in comics appeared — superheroes and new worlds.
The Silver Age[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Silver Age of Comics
The Silver Age of Comic Books is the name of a period in the history of American comics that lasted from 1956 to about 1970, and then was replaced by the Bronze Age[10].
The Silver Age began with the comic book Showcase #4, released by DC Comics in October 1956. [11][12]
In it, the company introduced a new version of the already existing superhero Flash.
In the 60s, the Marvel company also enters the world arena.
The notorious Stan Lee, Steve Ditko and Jack Kirby create some of the most popular heroes in the history of comics: The Fantastic Four, Spider Man, Hulk, Thor, X Men, Iron Man and many others.
The main center of the comics industry remains the United States, where they are very popular.
The largest world famous companies are Marvel, DC, Dark Horse and Image Comics.
The Bronze Age[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Bronze Age of Comics
The Bronze Age of Comic Books is the name of a period in the history of American comics, and although there is no exact framework for this period, it is generally assumed that it began in the early 1970s and ended in about 1985.
The plots of the comics became more realistic and adult, now they touched on such topical topics as drug use, alcoholism and environmental pollution.
One event that is most often called the beginning of the Bronze Age was the death of Gwen Stacy, Spider Man's lover in The Amazing Spider Man #121-122, released in 1973. [13][14]
The modern age[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Modern Age of Comics
The last, currently highlighted, period in the history of the development of comics lasts from the mid 1980s to our time.
The exact framework, as in the case of the Bronze Age, does not exist.
In addition, there are several versions of the name of the period.
The modern age is characterized by even greater realism in comics, the appearance of anti heroes and the gloom of the plots.
At the end of the XX century, Asian comic genres became very popular: Japanese manga and, somewhat less well known, Chinese manhua and Korean manhwa.
The development of manga in Japan began with the end of World War II, but in the West, the Asian comic remained little known until many of the manga were filmed in the form of anime (a genre of Japanese animation).
At the beginning of the XXI century, comics received a new incarnation due to new computer technologies used in coloring comics, as well as a number of talented artists, such as Ashley Wood, Todd MacFarlane, Sam Keith, Paolo Rivera, Greg Capullo, Humberto Ramos, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Tomm Moore, etc.
Comics began not only to draw with a pencil, but also to write in oil, as well as to combine the first and second in combination with graphic digital technologies.
Many of the comics were filmed in Hollywood, and the films are an incredible success all over the world.
The development of the comic book industry in the United States[edit]
March 1897 The newspaper" New York American " was the first mention of the comic book.
It was the artist Richard Autkolt.
Of course, few people paid attention to this new phenomenon, and only in the early twenties began to appear short stories about "Matt and Jeff", "Fax Grand", "Buster Brown" and "Barney Googly" ...
1922 The magazine "Comic Monthly" begins to regularly allocate a column specifically for comics.
From 1929 to 1933.
George Delacott printed 36 issues of the comic called "The Funnies" — this was the first color separate edition of the comic.
one thousand nine hundred thirty three This idea was picked up by employees of the New York firm Eastern Color Printing Company.
They printed a thirty two page comic "Funnies On Parade" with a circulation of 10 thousand copies, which soon grew to a quarter of a million.
Comics began to sell out in a matter of days.
From 1933 to 1940.
Comics began to be published regularly in various newspapers and published in separate books.
But the most important thing is that the monthly magazine "Famous Funnies" began to be published, the circulation of which was already initially large (400 thousand copies).
1938.
The beginning of the "Golden Age".
There was another magazine - "Action Comics" — the main character of which was Superman, and a little later there was a gloomy hero Batman.
From 1944 to 1952, a whole flurry of new super comics, such as "Captain America", "Amazing Woman", the series "Military comics", "Police comics" and a whole set of cartoon characters: "Bugs Bunny Rabbit", "Donald Duck", "Mickey Mouse", "Porky Pig", etc.
A series of patriotic, anti war, anti fascist comics, the first appearances of horror comics with the villain Frankenstein and much more.
1953-1959 A slight decline in the sale of comics due to their relatively low quality.
1956 The end of the "Golden Age", the beginning of the "Silver Age".
1960-1970 Again the rise, and the biggest with the genesis was the appearance in August 1962 of a comic book with Spider Man, it was invented by writer Stan Lee, and drawn by artist Steve Ditko.
1970.
The end of the "Silver Age", the beginning of the"Bronze Age".
A new boom has produced the TV series "Conan the Barbarian" based on the novel by Robert Howard.
1970-1980 A furious competition begins in the comics business between the two largest printing companies "Marvel" and "Dell".
"Dell" begins to reissue comics of the 30s 50s, and "Marvel Comics" responds to this with a series of original and entertaining adventures of Spider Man.
1977.
Three months before the release of George Lucas 'sensational science fiction film "Star Wars", the Marvel Comics company began publishing a series of comics based on the scripts of this film.
"Star Wars" exceeded all expectations, breaking all record circulation.
The agency Warner Communications also did not sleep, attracting readers with the characters of the Hulk, Doctor Strange, Dick Tracy and Flash Gordon.
Subsequently, art and animated films were shot based on these comics.
Even the music magazine "Heavy Metal" pleased with the avant garde comic book of the best European artists.
1980-1990 The comic book industry is in full bloom.
1984 A real sensation was made by "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", which was released by Mirage Studious, screenwriters Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird.
A comic book series is being produced, an animated series of the same name (1987) and a feature film (1991) are being released.
1985 is the end of the "Bronze Age", the beginning of the "Modern Age".
1988.
The company Mirage Studious, sells part of the rights to the Ninja Turtles to Archie Comics.
The comics under its auspices were called "TMNT Adventures".
Actually, this series began the distribution of comics about TMNT in other countries.
In Britain, these comics were produced by the brand "Fleetway Publications".
In Russia, they were published by the Makhaon publishing house.
The year 1989 was the fiftieth anniversary of Batman.
A series of comics was timed to coincide with this year and a feature film "Batman" was shot, in which such famous actors as Michael Keaton (Batman) and Jack Nicholson (The Joker) participated, the film became the highest grossing in the list of American rental in the history of cinema this year.
one thousand nine hundred ninety The series "Classics in illustrations" is published, which included "Moby Dick", "The Raven", poems by Edgar Poe," Great Hopes "by Dickens," Alice through the Looking Glass " by Lewis Carroll.
1993.
Matt Groening (author of the comic book "Life in Hell"), together with colleagues, creates the "Bongo Comics Group".
They produce many comics based on the animated series "The Simpsons".
And later "Futurama".
2000.
Marvel Comics relaunches the most popular classic comics, for the modern generation.
Under the general name Ultimate Marvel (Modern)
The company "Dark Horse" begins to print comics based on films such as" Alien"," Predator","Terminator".
At a time when comics companies are competing with each other, the Walt Disney Company is engaged in the production of children's stories with Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Donald Duck, Pluto and other characters, being out of competition, as it were.
Rock music is another topic that is found in comics of the 1990s, stories in pictures are published about almost all rock stars.
The comics even reflected almost all the topics and events in the Persian Gulf in 1990, they were especially acutely perceived by Americans.
Comics with a bias towards pornography and violence also appeared.
This attracted the attention of the Institute of American Censorship in the Field of Art.
Tough measures were taken — on the covers of the most "bold" comics there are inscriptions "Only for adults" (English adults only!).
Types of comics[edit / edit wiki text]
Comics based on historical events[edit / edit wiki text]
Canadian animators, Oscar nominees 2007, Maciek Shcherbowski and Chris Lavis have been leading the popular comic "The Untold Tales of Yuri Gagarin" in the first international free youth lifestyle magazine Vice Magazine for 10 years.
The main character of the comic was Yuri Gagarin.
Fantastic comics[edit / edit wiki text]
A kind of comics based on a fantastic theme.
Dmitry Zlotnitsky in his article "Fantastic Comics" in the magazine "World of Fiction" identifies 5 areas of fantastic comics: comics based on famous TV series, comics based on literary works, comics based on game universes, comics based on TV series that have lost popularity (comics based on the adventures of Indiana Jones, the comic series Xena, the warrior Queen, comics based on the Red Sonya, mini — series based on Conan, a series of comics about a Highlander by Dynamite Entertainment, comics based on Robotech by Wildstorm 2003, numerous comics based on transformers by Marvel, DreamWave and IDW Publishing) and original comics by the author without connection with existing fantastic works
(Richard and Wendy Pini ElfQuest - "The Saga of the Forest riders" in 1978, the world of Warlands by DreamWave and Image Comics, the Sojourn series by Crossgen Comics, the world of Soulfire, V for Vendetta and the series about the city between the worlds of GrimJack)[15].
This section is not completed.
You will help the project by correcting and supplementing it.
Comics in the USSR and Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
The poster "Windows of Growth", created by Vladimir Mayakovsky, his propaganda posters used the technique of a comic book
Main article: The history of comics in Russia
In Soviet Russia, the comic was not widely distributed[16].
However, some examples still existed.
Thus, the comic book technique was used by Vladimir Mayakovsky in his propaganda posters of the Window of Satire of GROWTH.
In 1937, the children's book album "Stories in Pictures" by the artist Nikolai Radlov was published.
In 1955, Yuri Pavlovich Lobachev, the father of Russian (emigrant) and Serbian comics, moved from Romania to the USSR, but after the only permitted attempt in 1966 in the pioneer magazine "Koster", he was forced to return to political caricature.
Small stories in pictures were published in "Funny pictures" for children and in the magazine "Crocodile" for adults, occasionally foreign comics were published in the magazine "Science and Life".
In 1991-1994, the magazine "Mukha"was published.
The enterprise of the Russian Union of veterans of Afghanistan "Veles VA"[18][19][20] in 1990-1998, it published comics magazines focused mainly on the patriotic education of young people[21], there were also just entertaining comics; the magazine is considered successful[22][23] and comics are still being reprinted[24].
From 1999 to 2003, the magazine "Magnificent Adventures"was published.
However, until the 2010s, comics were not very popular in Russia, and many said that the comic culture in Russia did not develop.
In the mid 2010s, Russia is experiencing a comic book boom for the first time in its history[25][26].
Drawn stories are published by more than a dozen publishing houses, among them - "42", XL Media, Bubble, "Comics Art", "Panini", "Abc".
The most famous foreign graphic novels are published in Russian, specialized comic book stores are emerging.
The Commission Comics Festival is held annually.
According to a number of publishers, this boom is associated with the success of comic book adaptations and the emergence of comic fandom[25][27].
In 2012, the comic book "The Illustrated Constitution of Russia"was published[28][29].
Also, in 2012, the publishing house "Bubble Comics" began publishing four series of its comics: "Major Thunder", "Besoboy", "Red Fury" and "Enok"; two years later, two new series were released - "Exlibrium" and "Meteora".
Portal "Comics" Comics in Wiktionary?
A comic book on Wikimedia Commons?
The Comics Project
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Show compactly
↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 Scott McCloud.
"The essence of the Comic" ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zh.
Sadul.
The universal history of cinema.
Volume 1.
- Moscow: "Art", 1958.
↑ Translation from the "English Russian Dictionary of General Vocabulary "Lingvo Universal" ABBYY Lingvo ↑ Comics Timeline — Infoplease.com ↑ Andelman, Bob, Will Eisner: "A Spirited Life", ISBN 1-59582-011-6 ↑ Comic Books from the Atomic Age, Scientific American magazine ↑ Dagwood Splits the Atom scan ↑ Christopher, Tom, "Atomic Age Comics" ↑ Ferenc M. Szasz, " Atomic Comics: The comic book industry Confronts the Nuclear Age", chapter of the book Atomic Culture: How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, authors Scott C. Zeman and Michael A. Amundson (Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 2004), ISBN 0-87081-764-7 ↑ Reynolds, Richard.
Super Heroes: A Modern Mythology.
- University Press of Mississippi, 1994.
- pp.
8-9.
— ISBN 0878056947.
↑ CBR News Team DC Flashback: The Flash.
Comic Book Resources (July 2, 2007).
Accessed June 27, 2008.
Archived from the original source on February 9, 2012.
↑ Zicari, Anthony Breaking the Border - Rants and Ramblings.
Comics Bulletin (August 3, 2007).
Accessed June 27, 2008.
Archived from the original source on February 9, 2012.
↑ SpiderFan.org — Comics: Amazing Spider Man (Vol. 1) #121 ↑ The Night Gwen Stacy Died: The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age ↑ Dmitry Zlotnicki the Gates of the Worlds: Fantastic comics // the World of fiction.
- May 2007.
- No.
45. Вит Vitaly Shishikin On the anger of the day: "Funny pictures".
Comics in the USSR and Russia / / "The World of Fiction".
- June 2011.
- No.
94. Статья Article about the artist on the website "Art and Architecture of the Russian abroad" ↑ Dmitrieva D. G.
The phenomenon of the American superhero in the context of the visual culture of the XX century.
- dissertation, p .
168-170 ↑ Our comics: in Russia, super Putin, and in Ukraine, Rambo Cossacks // Today.ua ↑ Russian comics of the early 90s / / Belarusian newspaper "Virtual Joys" ↑ Veles comics ↑ Kunin A.
: "In Russia, I see the future not of comics, but of hand drawn stories" Вол Volkov A., nicknamed "Bitch" ↑ website of the publishing house "Tien", which republishes the comics of the publishing house ↑ Go to: 1 2 The boom of comics in Russia: the opinion of publishers.
The world of fiction No. 128; April 2014 ↑ Blaster.
"Comics in Russia".
Special opinion ↑ How comics are made and sold in Russia: interview with Artem Gabrelyanov ↑ " About comics.
With love."
The magazine "Your Leisure" (St. Petersburg) No. 09 (April 29, May 12, 2013): "And in 2012 the comic book "The Illustrated Constitution of Russia" was published at all, in 2013 the second edition was published.
And this means... life goes on! "
↑ "The comic book Constitution received the "Honorary illiteracy" "Moskovsky Komsomolets" No. 26185 of March 14, 2013: "The comic book Constitution contains many unique pictures."
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Dmitry Zlotnitsky Gates of the Worlds: Fantastic comics / / World of Fiction.
- May 2007.
- No.
45.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Scott McCloud.
"The Essence of the Comic Book" by Evgeny Kharitonov.
The Ninth Art (The History of a foreign fantastic comic book) is graphic prose.
A guide to the world of fantastic comics The history of foreign comics and its influence on the development of Russian comics The anatomy of the superhero image The revival of the Sci Fi genre in comics | Comixbook Frenkel L.
People of Books in the world of comics / / People of Books in the world of books.
2015.
No. 114.
(rus.)  [show]
Comics Formats Animated comic · Web Comic (Hypercomix · Infinite Canvas · Sprite Comics) · Graphic Novel · Comic Strip (Zombie Strip) · Manga · Manhwa · Manhua · Mobile Comics · Photo Comics · Digital Comics · Trade paperback Creators Comics Artists · Comic Writers Periods Golden Age · Silver Age · Bronze Age · Modern Age Genres Autobiographical Comics * Alternative Comics · Underground Comics · Adult comics · Western comics · Military Comics · Superhero Comics · Crime Comics · Horror Comics · Science Fiction Comics · Romantic Comics · Fantasy Comics · Educational Comics Festivals Comic Con · Boomfest · Comiket · Commission Related concepts Filmstrip · Stories in pictures · Splint · Animation · Superhero · Comic Book adaptations
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