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Home / Analytics / Energy saving objects / Apartment buildings
About buildings with a "zero" energy balance and plans to" reset " abroad
More on the topic: Administrative buildings
The article published on the AVOC website provides the basic principles and concepts applicable to buildings with a "zero" energy balance.
The concept of a building with a zero energy balance is based on the idea that a building can meet all its energy needs at the expense of inexpensive, geographically accessible, environmentally friendly, renewable energy sources.
At the same time, the amount of renewable energy generated must be equal to or exceed the annual energy consumption of the building.
It should be noted that, according to European experts, about half of all energy consumption in the EU countries is accounted for by buildings.
This is the price of the issue.
Both for us and for Europeans.
Academician Yu.
A. Tabunshchikov: "An energy efficient building is the result of the skill of an architect and an engineer.
When designing an energy efficient building, the architect solves the problem of using the positive energy influence (impact) of the outdoor climate in the best possible way and neutralizing the negative influence of the outdoor climate on the thermal balance of the building as much as possible.
At the same time, the engineer solves the problem of organizing a building climate control system that provides the required indoor microclimate parameters with the least energy consumption.
It is extremely important perhaps this is the most important idea for the construction of the XXI century nature is not a passive background of our activities: as a result of our activities, a new natural environment can be created that has higher comfortable indicators for urban planning and is at the same time an energy source for the climate of buildings."
Written in 2001, these words are implemented in today's ambitious plans and projects, which is confirmed by the statement of the President of ASHRAE, Mr. Gordan Holness (Gordon V. R. Holness): "The ultimate goal of our strategic plan "To create a sustainable future based on the reconstruction of our past" is to create buildings with zero energy consumption (Net Zero Energy Building) and, accordingly, reduce our impact on environmental pollution."
It is impossible to achieve the goal of creating a building with zero energy consumption only by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building and improving heating and ventilation systems.
This goal can be achieved only as a result of the joint creative work of the architect, engineer, researcher and nature itself, based on the optimization of the orientation and shape of the building, the use of daylight and natural ventilation, the use of heat pumps and renewable energy sources, etc.
The term "Net Zero Energy Building" is widely used in the modern international community and has an ambiguous interpretation.
Let's try to figure out what is meant by this term – a building with a zero energy balance (or a "zero" building).
Formation of a "zero" energy balance.
Examples of events
Reduction of energy consumption due to the use of architectural and engineering solutions Orientation and shape of the building, daylight, high efficiency HVAC equipment, natural ventilation, evaporative cooling, etc.
Use of renewable energy sources located in the building Solar panels, solar water heating systems and wind power plants located directly on the building
Use of renewable energy sources located on the territory adjacent to the building
Solar panels, solar water heating systems, hydro and wind power plants located on the territory adjacent to the building
Use of renewable energy sources located outside the territory adjacent to the building
Biomass, wood fuel pellets, ethanol or biodiesel
Purchase of energy from third party renewable sources
Purchase of energy from solar, wind power installations of third party specialized systems or the use of other "green" energy purchase schemes.
Sometimes hydroelectric systems are used
Sale or storage of excess electricity
Excess electricity is exported to an external power system or its local storage is organized
Buildings with zero energy balance.
Concept
The concept of a building with a zero energy balance is based on the idea that a building can meet all its energy needs at the expense of inexpensive, geographically accessible, environmentally friendly, renewable energy sources.
At the same time, the amount of renewable energy generated must be equal to or exceed the annual energy consumption of the building.
If the building's own energy production does not cover the energy consumption of the building for some period, traditional energy sources such as electricity and natural gas are used.
During the period when the own production exceeds the needs of the building, the excess electricity is exported to the external power system or their local storage is organized.
For a building with a zero energy balance, various technologies are available for supplying energy from renewable sources (solar panels, heating water with solar energy, using wind energy, hydropower and biofuels), which are certainly preferable to traditional energy sources.
At the same time, renewable energy sources can be located inside the building and on the adjacent territory (for example, solar panels and solar water heating systems located on the roof of the building, and solar or wind energy systems located on the territories adjacent to the building).
The main measures that affect the reduction of energy consumption of the building and aimed at achieving a zero energy balance of the building are shown in the table.
Depending on the goals facing the designer, there are several types of buildings with a zero energy balance.
In the first four variants, the building is connected to an external network, using "green" energy from various renewable energy sources:
The" zero " building at the location.
The territory where the building is located produces at least as much "green" energy as the building consumes during the year.
During periods when there is not enough of its own energy from renewable sources, the building consumes energy from the grid and, if there is an excess of its own energy, exports it back to the grid.
This type can be considered the gold standard of buildings with a zero energy balance.
When designing it, innovative technologies are used, all the necessary calculations are made directly on the spot and dependence on external factors is minimized.
This type of building is interesting for owners who pay great attention to the cost of energy supply.
The building is" zero " in terms of resources.
The energy source of the building produces at least as much initial energy as the building consumes during the year (calculated for the source).
The source energy is the primary energy spent on the production and delivery of energy to the building.
To calculate the total initial energy of the building, the imported and exported energy is multiplied by the corresponding conversion coefficients of the source site.
This type of building is interesting for government agencies that set the task of reducing the consumption of primary or fossil energy.
The building is "zero" in terms of energy consumption costs.
The money that the energy sales company pays to the owner of the building for the energy exported by the building to the energy system is at least equal to the amount that the owner of the building pays to the energy sales company for energy services and energy used during the year.
This type of building is interesting for owners who are interested in reducing the energy consumption of the building from the point of view of the requirements of energy supply organizations.
The building is" zero " in terms of emissions.
The building produces at least as much energy from renewable sources without atmospheric emissions as it uses from sources with atmospheric emissions.
This type of building is interesting for organizations that control environmental pollution and are interested in reducing atmospheric emissions.
"Zero" autonomous building.
A building that produces at least 75% of the energy it needs from renewable sources.
The term "zero" autonomous building is used for those buildings that operate outside the general network and cannot be attributed to one of the types listed above.
A building with a zero energy balance can simultaneously belong to several types.
For example, a building that is" zero " in terms of location is almost always "zero" in terms of emissions.
Main features
All constructed buildings with zero energy balance have a number of common features and characteristics.
Small size
One or two storey buildings with an area of less than 1,400 m2.
According to experts, this trend indicates rather that the concept of a "zero" building is still at the development stage, and not that a building of this type can only be of a small size.
However, there is no doubt that the size and especially the shape of the building are an important factor in achieving a zero energy balance, since they affect the degree of use of the directed action of the outdoor climate and the amount of energy production required from renewable sources.
Energy efficiency
The better a building is designed in terms of energy consumption, the less energy it is necessary to produce or buy for its needs.
The main methods for achieving maximum energy efficiency of a building are the following:
Reducing the load.
It is necessary to minimize the entire load on energy consumption and eliminate unnecessary loads.
The efficiency of the systems.
The remaining necessary load should be used as efficiently as possible.
Optimization of both the entire energy supply system of the building as a whole and its individual components is required.
Regenerativeness of systems.
It is necessary to use waste energy as efficiently as possible (heat from the removed ventilation air, heat from the sewage system, etc.).
The use of renewable energy sources.
One of the most significant factors for improving energy efficiency is the fact that in parallel with increasing the efficiency of ventilation, heating, air conditioning and lighting systems, it is necessary to pay attention to reducing the consumption of electricity by household electrical appliances.
Therefore, to achieve a zero energy balance, a careful selection of the most energy efficient electrical appliances is necessary.
Design and operation of a building as a unified energy system
The creation of a building with a zero energy balance is possible only if all participants in its construction and operation from contractors, engineers and architects to owners work closely with each other and pursue a common goal.
Moreover, even people who live in the building and use its equipment and household appliances should actively help in achieving this goal.
Generating energy from renewable sources directly in the building
The generation of energy from renewable sources located in the building provides the greatest stability of the functioning of engineering systems.
If there are available external producers of solar or wind energy, the building owner may have a desire not to rush to develop his own renewable energy and increase energy efficiency.
However, the purchase of energy from solar and wind power installations of third party specialized systems does not lead to an incentive for energy saving.
In addition, "external" power plants may eventually have a more profitable client for them.
Integration with a common power grid
Buildings with a zero energy balance are very beneficial for utilities, since they (buildings) use less energy, thus reducing the load, and produce additional electricity during peak hours.
For the owners of such a building, it is cheaper and more convenient to be connected to the network than to be autonomous, since in the latter case it is necessary to independently develop expensive energy storage technologies.
The need for monitoring and control
In a building with a zero energy balance, it is necessary to constantly monitor and control.
This is mainly necessary for the timely identification and correction of problems in the systems.
Also, building owners who share monitoring information contribute to the development of knowledge by providing up to date information.
This information helps to reduce future risks and speed up the process of constructing new "zero" buildings.
Interesting fact
Some US states and cities have adopted rules for access to solar energy, according to which the right to use a natural resource – solar energy – is a property right.
For example, in the city of Boulder, California, the rules guarantee access to sunlight to all homeowners and tenants.
This rule protects the right of access to sunlight for existing buildings, limiting the shadow that new developments can throw on neighboring buildings, and preserving the possibility of using renewable energy systems in buildings.
Prospects for the construction of "zero" buildings
Today, there are a number of programs in the world that stimulate the construction of buildings with a zero energy balance.
According to the European resolution from 2009 to 2019, all newly constructed buildings will have to produce as much energy as it consumes.
Also in 2009, the Massachusetts Group for the Study of Buildings with zero Grid Energy Consumption released a report detailing the strategy for the worldwide introduction of "zero" building technologies by 2030.
According to the Long term Energy Efficiency Strategy of the State of California adopted in September 2008, it is actively recommended to switch to the construction of all residential buildings as "zero" by 2020, and public buildings by 2030.
The US Department of Energy's Net Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative (CBI) aims to ensure the commercial attractiveness of the construction of "zero" buildings in all climatic zones by 2025.
Moreover, section 422 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 directs the CBI to develop and disseminate technologies and standards in order to ensure: the construction of all public buildings in the United States as "zero" by 2030; the functioning of 50% of the total fund of public buildings as "zero" by 2040; the functioning of all public buildings as "zero" by 2050.
At the same time, it should be noted that, according to European experts, about half of all energy consumption in the EU countries is accounted for by buildings.
This is the central issue for us and for the Europeans.
21.02.2012 |
Apartment buildings
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