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The political history of France of the XX century Textbook CHAPTER I. FRANCE AT the BEGINNING of the XX CENTURY The political system and political associations Economic development The Colonial Empire Internal politics France in the system of international relations France in the First World War France after the First World War CHAPTER II.
FRANCE IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD The National Bloc in power The rule of the Left bloc of the Government of "National Unity" "Second edition" of the Left bloc The Second Coalition of "National Unity" Popular Front France on the eve of World War II CHAPTER III.
FRANCE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR The beginning of the war The Surrender of France and the Vichy regime "Free France" Resistance Movement French National Liberation Committee CHAPTER IV.
The PROVISIONAL REGIME The revival of the political life of the country The activities of the Provisional Government Political development CHAPTER V.
The FOURTH REPUBLIC The rule of the coalition of the "Third Force" The center right bloc The Republican Front The Crisis of the Fourth Republic CHAPTER VI.
THE FIFTH REPUBLIC The Presidency of Charles de Gaulle The Presidency of Georges Pompidou The Presidency of Valery Giscard d'Estaing CHAPTER VII.
FRANCE AT THE END OF THE XX CENTURY The First presidency OF Francois Mitterrand The Second presidency of Francois Mitterrand The First Presidency OF Jacques Chirac LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX PRESIDENTS AND GOVERNMENTS OF FRANCE (1899-2002) THIRD REPUBLIC VICHY REGIME PROVISIONAL REGIME FOURTH REPUBLIC FIFTH REPUBLIC REFERENCES
The political history of France of the XX century Textbook CHAPTER I. FRANCE AT the BEGINNING of the XX CENTURY The political system and political associations Economic development The Colonial Empire Internal politics France in the system of international relations France in the First World War France after the First World War CHAPTER II.
FRANCE IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD The National Bloc in power The rule of the Left bloc of the Government of "National Unity" "Second edition" of the Left bloc The Second Coalition of "National Unity" Popular Front France on the eve of World War II CHAPTER III.
FRANCE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR The beginning of the war The Surrender of France and the Vichy regime "Free France" Resistance Movement French National Liberation Committee CHAPTER IV.
The PROVISIONAL REGIME The revival of the political life of the country The activities of the Provisional Government Political development CHAPTER V.
The FOURTH REPUBLIC The rule of the coalition of the "Third Force" The center right bloc The Republican Front The Crisis of the Fourth Republic CHAPTER VI.
THE FIFTH REPUBLIC The Presidency of Charles de Gaulle The Presidency of Georges Pompidou The Presidency of Valery Giscard d'Estaing CHAPTER VII.
FRANCE AT THE END OF THE XX CENTURY The First presidency OF Francois Mitterrand The Second presidency of Francois Mitterrand The First Presidency OF Jacques Chirac LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX PRESIDENTS AND GOVERNMENTS OF FRANCE (1899-2002) THIRD REPUBLIC VICHY REGIME PROVISIONAL REGIME FOURTH REPUBLIC FIFTH REPUBLIC REFERENCES
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The political history of France of the XX century Marina Arzakanyan.
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To the beginning 1 2 3
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The political history of France of the XX century
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The Political History of France of the XX century Textbook
CHAPTER I. FRANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
Political system and political associations
In the last quarter of the XIX century, a republican regime was established in France The Second Empire was replaced by the Third Republic The Constitution of 1875 became the main law of the country, the state symbol is the blue white red flag, the anthem is the "Marseillaise", the main national holiday is July 14 — Bastille Day.
Democratic freedoms were introduced in the country — the right to vote, freedom of association in unions and associations, meetings, rallies, processions, speech, religion, etc.
According to the Constitution of 1875, the head of the executive power in the country was the President of the Republic.
He appointed and dismissed the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and other ministers, but was deprived of the right to make any important decisions alone.
The President of the Republic represented France in the international arena, signed decrees and promulgated laws, could return laws to Parliament for re discussion, had the right to pardon.
Legislative power in the country belonged to a bicameral parliament.
The lower house — the Chamber of Deputies — was elected at general elections for a term of four years, the upper — the Senate — by special electoral colleges for nine years with the re election of a third of its members every three years (not counting several dozen senators for life).
Only men at least 21 years old, except for military personnel, had the right to vote.
The Congress, a joint session of both chambers, elected the President of the Republic for a term of seven years and adopted amendments to the Constitution.
Both chambers were engaged in the consideration and adoption of laws and the approval of the budget.
The Senate had the right of a "delaying veto", i.e. it could return for reconsideration the laws adopted by the Chamber of Deputies.
However, the center of the country's political life was the lower house of parliament.
The parties and associations that had the majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies formed a government that was responsible to the Parliament.
The Cabinet was obliged to resign if more than half of the deputies demanded it.
Representatives of various political trends sat in the French parliament of the late XIX century: monarchists, Republicans, clerics, radicals, socialists, etc.
During the formation of the Third Republic, the highest state officials and the parliament of the country received permanent residences that exist to this day.
The Elysee Palace became the residence of the President of France, the Matignon Palace became the chairman of the Council of Ministers.
The meetings of the Chamber of Deputies were held in the Bourbon Palace, the Senate — in the Luxembourg.
The beginning of the XX century.
for France, it was the time of the formation of the main political parties of the country and the formation of the classic French multi party system.
On the right flank of the French political spectrum were the Democratic Alliance and the Republican Federation.
The Democratic Alliance was formed in 1901 by Republicans of various shades, representing small political groups.
The main slogan of the party was the conservative motto "no revolution, no reaction".
In 1903, moderate Republicans proclaimed the creation of a Republican Federation.
The party actively defended the traditional way of life, criticized reforms aimed at modernizing public relations, especially anti clerical legislation, and also preached nationalism.
Both right wing parties expressed the interests of the French big bourgeoisie.
The Republican Party of Radicals and the Radical Socialists (Radicals), which emerged in 1901, united the left forces committed to the ideals of a democratic republic while preserving private ownership of the means of production.
The program of the radicals was of a moderately reformist nature and provided for the strengthening and protection of republican institutions, as well as an active social policy, the fight against clericalism.
The most left flank of the French party political system was represented by the Socialist Party.
It was formed in 1905 and officially bore the name of the French Section of the Workers ' International (SFIO).
The party widely propagandized socialist slogans, but in fact followed the path of social reformism.
The associations that emerged in France at the beginning of the XX century did not immediately acquire a distinct organizational form.
Their interests were not shared by all political and state figures.
Many of them represented small movements and groups or were independent at all.
Among the French politicians of the period of the Third Republic, along with radicals and socialists, there were moderate Republicans, opportunist Republicans, independent socialists, etc.
During the period of their career, individual politicians left the ranks of one association and joined another, and sometimes of the opposite kind.
So the radicals and socialists sometimes moved to the right camp.
Within each individual party, as a rule, there were several directions.
In this regard, the following were quite appropriate
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To the end
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