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Ice battle
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Ice Battle The main conflict: The Livonian campaign against Russia
Ice battle.
Miniature of the Front chronicle arch, mid XVI century.
Date April 5, 1242
Place Lake Peipsi
The result is the victory of Novgorod
Opponents
Novgorod Republic,
Vladimir Suzdal Principality Livonian Order,
Denmark
Commanders
Alexander Nevsky,
Andrey Yaroslavich Andreas von Velven
Forces of the parties
15-17 thousand people.[1]
10-12 thousand people.[1]
Losses
unknown 400 knights (800 - according to the Simeon chronicle) and chudi "without number" were killed,
50 knights captured[source not specified 251 days]
Audio, photo, video on Wikimedia Commons
The ice battle (German: Schlacht auf dem Eise, Lat. PrœLium glaciale — "Ice Battle"), also the Battle of Lake Peipus (German: Schlacht auf dem Peipussee) — a battle that took place on the ice of Lake Peipus on April 5, 1242 (Saturday) with the participation of Izhora, Novgorodians and Vladimirites led by Alexander Nevsky, on the one hand, and the army of the Livonian Order, on the other hand.
It is the Day of Military Glory of Russia — the Day of the victory of the Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipsi (Ice Battle) (celebrated on April 18).
Content
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1 The beginning of the war 2 The course of the battle 3 The scale and significance of the battle 4 The memory of the battle 4.1 Films 4.2 Music 4.3 Literature 4.4 Monuments 4.4.1 The monument to the squads of Alexander Nevsky on Mount Sokolikha 4.4.2 The Monument to Alexander Nevsky and the Poklonny Cross
4.5 In philately and on coins
5 Facts 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
The beginning of the war[edit / edit wiki text]
Map 1239-1245
In December 1237, Pope Gregory IX proclaimed the second Crusade to Finland, and in June 1238, the Danish King Valdemar II and the master of the united order Herman Balk agreed on the partition of Estonia and military actions against Russia in the Baltic States with the participation of the Swedes[2].
In December 1237, Pope Gregory IX proclaimed the second Crusade to Finland, and in June 1238, the Danish King Valdemar II and the master of the united order Herman Balk agreed on the partition of Estonia and military actions against Russia in the Baltic States with the participation of the Swedes[2].
The Russian lands in these years were weakened by the Mongol invasion.
On July 15, 1240, the Swedes were defeated on the Neva River, and in August 1240, the Order began a campaign against Russia.
Russian Russians were opposed by the Livonian knights (the landmaster of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, Andreas von Velven, did not take part in the battle), the militia of the Bishop of Dorpat, Herman, the squad of the Russian Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, the army of the Estonians and the army of the king, mentioned in the Livonian rhymed chronicle[3] and other Western sources[4] (Danish — see comm.; or Swedish[1]).
The Germans took Izborsk, defeating the Pskov people who came to his aid, 800 of whom died[5], and besieged Pskov, whose gates were opened a week later by their supporters from the Pskov boyars.
These events did not prevent the Novgorodians from expelling Alexander to Pereyaslavl Zalessky in the winter of 1240/1241, and only when the Germans seized the land of Vozhan and Koporye and approached Novgorod at a distance of 30 versts, the Novgorodians turned to Yaroslav for the prince.
He sent Andrey to them, but they insisted on Alexander's candidacy.
Arriving in Novgorod in 1241, Alexander marched on Koporye, took it by storm and killed most of the garrison.
Some of the knights and mercenaries from the local population were captured, but released, and the traitors from among the Chudis were executed.
In March 1242, Alexander waited for Vladimir's help, led by Andrei, and took Pskov.
The knights concentrated their forces in the Bishopric of Dorpat.
Alexander then led the troops into the possession of the Order, and after the defeat of the advanced Russian detachments on the feed, the main forces retreated to the lake ice for a decisive battle.
The course of the battle[edit / edit wiki text]
The Russian army goes to Lake Peipsi.
Chronicle miniature
Due to the variability of the hydrography of Lake Peipus, historians for a long time could not accurately determine the place where the Ice Battle occurred.
In 1958-1959, an expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences conducted archaeological excavations under the leadership of G. N. Karaev at the proposed site of the battle — a section of the Warm Lake located 400 meters west of the modern shore of Cape Sigovets, between its northern tip and the latitude of the village of Ostrov, but no finds linking this place with the battle of 1242 were found[6].
The opposing armies met on the morning of April 5, 1242[7].
The "Rhymed Chronicle" describes the moment of the beginning of the battle as follows:
The Russians had many shooters who courageously came forward and were the first to take the onslaught in front of the prince's squad
Then:
The banners of the brothers penetrated the ranks of the shooters, it was heard how swords rang, helmets were cut, as the fallen fell on the grass from both sides
Russian Russian Chronicles combine the news about the Russian order of battle with the reports of the Russian chronicles about the allocation of a separate rifle regiment in front of the center of the main forces (since 1185).
In the center, the Germans broke through the Russian formation:
The Germans and the chud have made their way through the shelves like a pig
But then the troops of the Teutonic Order were surrounded by the Russians from the flanks and destroyed, and other German detachments retreated to avoid the same fate:
Those who were in the army of the brothers of the knights were surrounded.
The knight brothers resisted quite stubbornly, but they were defeated there.
Some of the Dorpat residents came out of the battle, it was their salvation, they were forced to retreat.
The Russians chased those running on the ice for 7 versts.
It is noteworthy that, unlike the battle of Omovzha in 1234, sources close to the time of the battle do not report that the Germans fell through the ice; according to Donald Ostrovsky, this information penetrated into later sources from the description of the battle of 1016 between Yaroslav and Svyatopolk in the "Tale of Bygone Years" and "The Legend of Boris and Gleb"[8].
One of the most popular misconceptions says that the ice broke on the lake under the weight of the plate armor of "German" soldiers.
In fact, the Russian and German soldiers were protected approximately equally.
Knights, like Russian warriors, wore a steel helmet, chain mail, a mirror, plate armor, or a brigantine (a leather shirt with steel plates) before the battle, the warrior's arms and legs were covered with bracers and greaves.
And full plate armor began to be used only in the XIV—XV centuries[9].
In the same year, the Teutonic Order concluded a peace treaty with Novgorod, renouncing all its recent seizures not only in Russia, but also in Letgol.
There was also an exchange of prisoners.
Only 10 years later, the Teutons tried to re capture Pskov.
The scale and significance of the battle[edit / edit wiki text]
The Chronicle says that in the battle there were 60 Russians for every German (which is recognized as an exaggeration), and about the loss of 20 knights killed and 6 prisoners in the battle.
"Chronicle of the Grandmasters "("Die jungere Hochmeisterchronik", sometimes translated as" Chronicle of the Teutonic Order"), the official history of the Teutonic Order, written much later, speaks of the death of 70 knights of the Order (literally "70 order gentlemen", "seuentich Ordens Herenn"), but unites those who died during the capture of Pskov by Alexander and on Lake Peipus.
In the Novgorod first chronicle it is reported: "and the fall of Chudi beshisla, and There are 400, and 50 by the hands of Yasha and brought to Novgorod"[10] (variant: "and pade Chudi beschisla, and Not 500, but 50 with the hands of Yasha and bring him to Novgorod"[11]).
According to the traditional point of view in Russian historiography, this battle, together with the victories of Prince Alexander over the Swedes (July 15, 1240 on the Neva River) and over the Lithuanians (in 1245 near Toropets, near Lake Zhiztsa and near Usvyat), was of great importance for Pskov and Novgorod, delaying the pressure of three serious enemies from the west — at the very time when the rest of Russia was greatly weakened by the Mongol invasion.
In Novgorod, the Ice battle, along with the Nevsky victory over the Swedes, was remembered at litanies in all Novgorod churches back in the XVI century.
In Soviet historiography, the Ice Battle was considered one of the largest battles in the entire history of German chivalric aggression in the Baltic States, and the number of troops on Lake Peipsi was estimated at 10-12 thousand people from the Order and 15-17 thousand people from Novgorod and their allies[source not specified 177 days] (the last figure corresponds to the assessment of the numbers of Russian troops by Henry of Latvia[12] when describing their campaigns in the Baltic States in the 1210s — 1220s), that is, approximately at the same level as in the Grunwald in the battle (1410) - up to 11 thousand people in the Order and 16-17 thousand people in the Polish Lithuanian army[13].
The Chronicle, as a rule, reports on the small number of Germans in those battles that they lost, but even in it the Ice Battle is unequivocally described as a defeat of the Germans, unlike, for example, the Battle of Rakovor (1268).
As a rule, the minimum estimates of the number of troops and losses of the Order in the battle correspond to the historical role that specific researchers assign to this battle and the figure of Alexander Nevsky as a whole (for more information, see the Estimates of Alexander Nevsky's activities).
V. O. Klyuchevsky and M. N. Pokrovsky did not mention the battle at all in their works.
The English researcher J. Fennel believes that the significance of the Ice Battle (and the Battle of the Neva) is greatly exaggerated: "Alexander did only what numerous defenders of Novgorod and Pskov did before him and what many did after him, namely, they rushed to protect the extended and vulnerable borders from the invading detachments."
Russian professor I. N. Danilevsky also agrees with this opinion.
He notes, in particular, that the battle was inferior in scale to the Battle of Saul (1236), in which the master of the order and 48 knights were killed by the Lithuanians, and the battle of Rakovor; modern sources even describe the Battle of the Neva in more detail and attach more importance to it[14].
However, in Russian historiography, it is not customary to remember the defeat at Saul, since the Pskov people took part in it on the side of the defeated knights.
German historians believe that, while fighting on the western borders, Alexander Nevsky did not pursue any integral political program, but the successes in the West gave some compensation for the horrors of the Mongol invasion[15][16].
Many researchers believe that the very scale of the threat that the West posed to Russia is exaggerated[17][15].
Memory of the battle[edit / edit wiki text]
Russian Russian ice battle played a role in the formation of the Russian national myth, in which Alexander Nevsky was assigned the role of "defender of Orthodoxy and the Russian land "in the face of the" Western threat"; victory in the battle was considered a justification for all the prince's political steps.
The cult of Nevsky was especially actualized in the Stalin era, serving as a kind of visual historical example for the cult of Stalin himself.
The cornerstone of the Stalinist myth about Alexander Yaroslavich and the Ice Battle was the film by Sergei Eisenstein (see below)[15].
Pa mint to the squads of Alexander Nevsky on Sokolikha Mountain in Pskov
Movies[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made a feature film "Alexander Nevsky", in which the Ice Battle was filmed.
The film is considered one of the most prominent representatives of historical films.
It was he who largely formed the modern viewer's idea of the battle.
In 1992, the documentary film "In memory of the past and in the name of the Future" was shot.
The film tells about the creation of a monument to Alexander Nevsky to the 750th anniversary of the Ice Battle[18][19].
In 2009, a full length anime film "The First Squad" was shot by the joint forces of the Russian, Canadian and Japanese studios, where the Ice battle plays a key role in the plot.
Music[edit / edit wiki text]
The musical accompaniment to the film by Eisenstein, written by Sergei Prokofiev, is a symphonic suite dedicated to the events of the battle.
Heavy metal band Aria in the album "Hero of asphalt" (1987) released the song "Ballad of an Old Russian warrior", which tells about the Ice battle.
This song has gone through many different treatments and reissues.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Konstantin Simonov's poem "The Ice Battle" (1938) In the spring of 1942, the German emigrant writer Arnold Zweig in an unpublished essay compared the defeat of the German army with an Ice battle[15].
Monuments[edit / edit wiki text]
Pa mint to the squads of Alexander Nevsky on Mount Sokolikha[edit / edit wiki text]
The monument to the squads of Alexander Nevsky was installed in 1993 on Sokolikha Mountain in Pskov, almost 100 km away from the actual site of the battle.
Initially, it was planned to create a monument on the Raven Island, which would be a geographically more accurate solution[20].
Monument to Alexander Nevsky and the Cross of Worship[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1992, on the territory of the village of Kobylye Gorodishche of the Gdovsky district[21], in a place as close as possible to the proposed site of the Ice Battle, an armored monument to Alexander Nevsky and a wooden cross of worship were installed near the Church of the Archangel Mihai la[22].
The Church of the Archangel Michael was created by the Pskov people in in 1462.
In the chronicles, the last mention of the legendary "Raven Stone" is associated with this church (Pskov chronicle of 1463).
The wooden cross was gradually destroyed under the influence of adverse weather conditions[23].
In July 2006, on the 600th anniversary of the first mention of S. Kobylye Gorodishche in the Pskov chronicles, it is replaced by a bronze one[24].
The bronze cross of worship was cast in St. Petersburg at the expense of patrons of the Baltic Steel Group (A.V. Ostapenko) [25].
The prototype was the Novgorod Alekseevsky Cross.
The author of the project is A. A. Seleznev[26].
The bronze sign was cast under the direction of D. Gochiyaev by the foundries of JSC "STCKT", architects B. Kostygov and S. Kryukov.
When implementing the project, fragments from the lost wooden cross of the sculptor V. Reschikov were used[24].
Memorial cross to the squads of Alexander Nevsky
Monument in honor of the 750th anniversary of the battle
Monument in honor of the 750th anniversary of the battle (fragment)
In philately and on coins[edit / edit wiki text]
Postage stamp of Russia, 1992
Commemorative Coin of Russia, 1992
Alexander Nevsky (Stamp of 1967 with a fragment of a triptych by Pavel Korin, created in 1942).
Facts[edit / edit wiki text]
Due to incorrect calculation of the date of the battle according to the new style, the Day of Military Glory of Russia is the Day of the Victory of Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the Crusaders (established by Federal Law No. 32 FZ of March 13, 1995 "On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia") it is celebrated on April 18 instead of the correct one according to the new style on April 12[27].
The difference between the old (Julian) and the new (first introduced in 1582 Gregorian) style in the XIII century would be 7 days (counting from April 5, 1242), and the difference of 13 days is used only for dates from 1900-2100.
In other words, the Victory Day on Lake Peipsi (April 5, old style) is celebrated on April 18, corresponding to it in the new style at the present time (XX XXI centuries).
At the end of the XX century, in Russia and some republics of the former USSR, many political organizations celebrated the unofficial holiday of the Day of the Russian Nation (April 5), designed to become the date of unity of all patriotic forces[28][29].
On April 22, 2012, on the occasion of the 770th anniversary of the Ice Battle, a Museum of the History of the expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences to clarify the place of the Ice Battle of 1242 was opened in the village of Samolva, Gdovsky district, Pskov Region[30].
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
The Army of Ancient Russia The Novgorod Army The Second Swedish Crusade
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Show compactly
Перейти Go to: 1 2 3 Razin, E. A.
The military art of the armed organization of Russia in the XII XIII centuries.
Уж Uzhankov A.
Between two evils.
The historical choice of Alexander Nevsky ↑ The Elder Livonian Rhymed Chronicle Бег Begunov Yu.
K., Kleinenberg I. E., Shaskolsky I. P. Written sources about the Ice battle Хрони Chronicle of the Teutonic Order ↑ The Ice battle of 1242: The works of a complex expedition to clarify the place of the Ice Battle — - M.-L., 1966 — - 253 p — - pp.
60-64.
Новг The Novgorod first Chronicle of the elder izvod.
Its date is considered more preferable, since in addition to the number it also contains a link to the day of the week and church holidays (the day of remembrance of the martyr Claudius and praise of the Virgin).
In the Pskov chronicles there is a date of April 1.
↑ Donald Ostrowski Alexander Nevskii’s “Battle on the Ice”: The Creation of a Legend (English) / / Russian History/Histoire Russe.
— 2006.
— Vol. 33, no.
2-3-4.
— P. 304—307.
7 common historical misconceptions.
Air Poster (August 4, 2015).
Verified on August 29, 2015 .
Новг The Novgorod first Chronicle of the elder izvod.
Новг The Novgorod first chronicle of the younger izvod.
Ген Henry of Latvia.
Chronicle of Livonia.
Razin, E. A. Military art in the war of the Slavs with the Teutonic Order.
Danilevsky, I. Ice battle - a change of image.
<url>.
April 15, 2005.
↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 Dittmar Dahlmann.
Der russische Sieg über die «teutonische Ritter» auf der Peipussee 1242// Schlachtenmythen: Ereignis — Erzählung — Erinnerung.
Herausgegeben von Gerd Krumeich und Susanne Brandt.
(Europäische Geschichtsdarstellungen.
Herausgegeben von Johannes Laudage. — Band 2.)
— Wien Köln Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, 2003.
— S. 63—76.
↑ Werner Philipp.
Heiligkeit und Herrschaft in der Vita Aleksandr Nevskijs // Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte.
— Band 18.
— Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1973.
— S. 55—72.
↑ Janet Martin.
Medieval Russia 980—1584.
Second edition.
- Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- P. 181.
↑ Part 1.
Video 20 min. 20 sec.
↑ Part 2.
Video 15 min. 39 sec.
Interview with the organizer of the work on the creation of the monument to Alexander Nevsky / / Gdovskaya zarya: gazeta.
— 30.3.2007.
Нов Novogorodetsky posad of Alexander Nevsky in the Kobyl Settlement ↑ "In memory of the past and in the name of the future" (photo and narration text) ↑ Memorial wooden cross to the squads of Alexander Nevsky (photos).
Перейти Go to: 1 2 A bronze cross will be installed on the site of the Ice Battle as a sign of respect for the history of the Pskov Land (unavailable link from 25-05-2013 (937 days) - history, copy)//Official website of the Pskov region, July 12, 2006] Сел Seleznev Alexander Alexandrovich, author of the project Auto VECHE of Russia.
Открытие Opening of the Cross of Worship to the squads of Alexander Nevsky in the Kobyl Settlement (July 16, 2006).
Перевод Translation of dates of the Julian calendar to other calendars.
Завтра The newspaper "Tomorrow".
Э Radio "Echo of Moscow".
↑ The museum of the history of the expedition to clarify the place of the Ice battle was opened in the Gdovsky district.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Lipitsky S. V. Ice battle.
- M.: Voenizdat, 1964.
- 68 p — - (The heroic past of our Motherland).
Mansikka V. Y.
The Life of Alexander Nevsky: Analysis of editions and text.
- St. Petersburg, 1913 — - "Monuments of ancient writing".
- Issue 180.
The Life of Alexander Nevsky / Subg.
of the text, translation and commentary by V. I. Okhotnikova / / Monuments of literature of Ancient Russia: XIII century.
- Moscow: Fiction, 1981.
Russian Russian literature monument of the XIII century: "The word about the destruction of the Russian land" - M.-L.: Nauka, 1965.
Pashuto V. T. Alexander Nevsky M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1974.
- 160 p.
- The series "The life of wonderful people".
Karpov A. Yu.
Alexander Nevsky M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 2010.
- 352 p.
- The series "The life of wonderful people".
Khitrov M. Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky.
A detailed biography.
- Minsk: Panorama, 1991.
- 288 p.
- Reprint ed.
Klepinin N. A. Holy Blessed and Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.
- St. Petersburg: Aleteya, 2004.
- 288 p.
- Series "Slavic Library".
Prince Alexander Nevsky and his epoch: Research and materials / Edited by Yu.
K. Begunov and A. N. Kirpichnikov.
- St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1995.
- 214 p. Fennel J.
The crisis of medieval Russia.
1200-1304 - Moscow: Progress, 1989.
- 296 p.
The ice battle of 1242: The works of a complex expedition to clarify the place of the Ice battle / Ed. by G. N. Karaev.
- M.-L.: Nauka, 1966 — - 241 p. Tikhomirov M. N.
About the place of the Ice battle / / Tikhomirov M. N. Ancient Rus: Collection of Art.
/ Edited by A.V. Artsikhovsky and M. T. Belyavsky, with the participation of N. B. Shelamanova.
- M.: Nauka, 1975.
- pp.
368-374.
- 432 p — - 16,000 copies.
(in the lane, superl.)
Nesterenko A. N. Alexander Nevsky.
Who won the Ice Battle., 2006.
Olma Press.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
An ice battle on Wikimedia Commons?
On the question of writing the concept of the museum reserve "Ice Battle", Gdov, November 19-20, 2007.
The place of the victory of Russian troops over German knights in 1242 (unavailable link from 25-05-2013 (937 days) - history, copy) / / Monuments of history and culture of Pskov and Pskov Krai, consisting under state protection The Conquest of Russia by the Tatar Mongols.
Interactive map Monument of History and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation (monument code: 6000000460) The place where the battle with the German knights took place in 1242 "Ice Battle" 430 kilogram bell "Blagovestnik" left St. Petersburg to the place of the Ice battle Sokolov B. V.
"One hundred great Wars" Baranov A.
The number of brothers of the Teutonic Order Ostrowski, Donald Alexander Nevsky's "Battle on the Ice".
The Creation of a Legend.
Selart, A. Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Third Century.
- Leiden: Brill, 2015 — - ISBN 978-9-004-28474-6. (English)  [show]
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