All about the USA History A brief history of the USA Colonization of North America The War of Independence The Louisiana Purchase Slavery in the USA The Anglo American War of 1812-1815 Prerequisites of the Civil War The Civil War in the USA The Great Depression of the USA in World War II The US Army Why are Americans called Yankees?
Symbols Flag of the United States Great Seal of the United States Anthem of the United States Declaration of Independence of the United States Constitution of the United States Who is Uncle Sam?
Attractions Attractions of the USA Capitol White House Statue of Liberty Highway 66 Brooklyn Bridge Grand Canyon Bryce Canyon Mount Rushmore Central Park (New York) Hollywood Sign Pentagon Chrysler Building Empire State Building Monument of Four Corners Monument Valley Independence Hall Lincoln Memorial Mesa Verde Liberty Bell Famous bridges of the USA The tallest skyscrapers of the USA Famous train stations of the USA Ports of the USA Airports of the USA Roads of the USA The largest stadiums of the USA Hoover Dam Rockefeller Center Hollywood Alley Glory Times Square Niagara Falls Madison Square Garden
Presidents Presidents of the United States 1.
George Washington 2.
John Adams 3.
Thomas Jefferson 4.
James Madison 5.
James Monroe 6.
John Quincy Adams 7.
Andrew Jackson 8.
Martin Van Buren 9.
William Henry Harrison 10.
John Tyler 11.
James Knox Regiment 12.
Zachary Taylor 13.
Millard Fillmore 14.
Franklin Pierce 15.
James Buchanan 16.
Abraham Lincoln 17.
Andrew Johnson 18.
Ulysses Simpson Grant 19.
Rutherford Burchard Hayes 20.
James Abram Garfield 21.
Chester Alan Arthur 22.
Stephen Grover Cleveland 23.
Benjamin Harrison 24.
Stephen Grover Cleveland 25.
William McKinley 26.
Theodore Roosevelt 27.
William Howard Taft 28.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson 29.
Warren Gamaliel Harding 30.
John Calvin Coolidge 31.
Herbert Clark Hoover 32.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 33.
Harry S. Truman 34.
Dwight David Eisenhower 35.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy 36.
Lyndon Baines Johnson 37.
Richard Milhouse Nixon 38.
Gerald Rudolph Ford 39.
Jimmy Carter 40.
Ronald Reagan 41.
George Herbert Walker Bush 42.
William (Bill) Clinton 43.
George Walker Bush Jr.
44. Barack Hussein Obama II Interesting facts about US Presidents
About the dollar The history of the US dollar The evolution of the US dollar The Mystery of the two dollar bill The Anniversary series Myths about 2 dollars The collection of quarters About the dollar
Hotels Flights Green Card Green Card (Green Card) Instructions for filling out the application GC Photo requirements Questions and answers about the Green Card lottery.
FAQ What to do after winning a Green Card?
How long can a Green Card holder stay outside the United States?
What is a Re entry Permit and how do I get it?
Does participation in the Green Card lottery draw affect the receipt of a nonimmigrant visa?
Results of the DV 2016 drawing Help in filling out the Green Card lottery participant questionnaire
Visa Chances of obtaining a tourist visa to the United States How to get a tourist visa to the United States How to fill out the DS 160 form yourself Business immigration to the United States
Life in the USA General information about the USA Minimum wage in the USA in 2014 Minimum wage in the USA in 2015 Average salary in the USA in 2014 Average salary in the USA in 2015 The most popular professions in the USA Food prices in the USA The cost of renting housing in the USA The cost of utilities in the USA The average cost of travel in the USA The average cost of real estate in the USA The main ways to obtain a residence permit in the USA Which city should I choose to move to the USA?
How much money do I need to have with me when moving to the United States?
How to rent an apartment in New York How much do programmers earn in the United States What should you pay attention to when choosing a place of residence in the United States?
What kind of pension is received in the United States?
Real Estate Miami How to open your own business in the USA?
Health insurance in the United States How to get political asylum in the United States?
Mortgages in the United States for Americans and foreign citizens
States Geography of the United States States of the United States Origin of the names of the American States of Washington (DC) Iowa Idaho Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas Wyoming Washington Virginia Vermont Wisconsin Delaware Hawaii Georgia West Virginia Illinois Indiana California Kansas Colorado Kentucky Connecticut Louisiana Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Michigan Missouri Montana Maine Maryland Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York New Mexico Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island North Dakota North Carolina Tennessee Texas Florida South Dakota South Carolina Utah
Cities Cities USA New York Manhattan Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Indianapolis San Francisco
Maps Maps of the USA Maps of New York Maps of Los Angeles
Universities US Universities Princeton University University of Pennsylvania Yale University Cornell University Work and Travel Program
Holidays Independence Day How to celebrate Christmas in the United States How to celebrate the new year in the United States Thanksgiving Day Halloween Calendar of holidays in the United States in 2016
Articles Advertising
The American Civil War
The American Civil War (the War of the North and the South) of 1861-1865 was a war between the abolitionist states of the North and eleven slave owning states of the South.
The fighting began with the shelling of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 and ended with the surrender of the remnants of the Southern army under the command of General K. Smith on May 26, 1865.
During the war, there were about 2,000 battles.
In this war, more US citizens died than in any other war in which the United States participated.
Causes of the American Civil War
In the first half of the XIX century, two systems developed in the United States - slavery in the south of the country and capitalism in the north.
These were two completely different socio economic systems that coexisted in one state.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that despite the stable population growth and the growth of economic development, the United States was a federal country.
Each state lived its own political and economic life, integration processes proceeded slowly.
Therefore, the South, where slavery and the agrarian economic system were widespread, and the industrial North were separated into two separate economic regions.
Entrepreneurs and the bulk of emigrants sought to the North of the United States.
Machine building, metalworking, and light industry enterprises were concentrated in this region.
Here, the main labor force was numerous emigrants from other countries who worked in factories, factories and other enterprises.
There were enough workers in the North, the demographic situation here was stable and the standard of living was high.
The situation is completely opposite in the South.
During the Mexican American War, the United States received huge territories in the south, where there was a large amount of free land.
Planters settled on these lands, who received huge land plots.
That is why, unlike the North, the South has become an agrarian region.
However, there was one big problem in the South - there were not enough workers.
Most of the emigrants went to the North, so from Africa since the XVII century, Negro slaves were imported.
By the beginning of the secession, 1/4 of the white population of the South were slave owners.
The South was an agricultural "appendage" of the United States, tobacco, sugar cane, cotton and rice were grown here.
The North needed raw materials from the South, especially cotton, and the South needed the machines of the North.
Therefore, for a long time, two different economic regions coexisted in one country.
Despite all the differences between the regions, the same social changes were carried out in the South as in the North.
In the North, a flexible tax policy was implemented, money from state budgets was allocated to charity, the government tried to improve the living conditions of the white population to a certain extent.
However, in the conservative and closed South, measures were not taken to emancipate women and equalize the rights of blacks with whites.
An important role in the worldview of Southerners was played by the so - called "elite" - wealthy slave owners who had large land plots in private ownership.
This "elite" played a certain role in the politics of the southern states, as it was interested in maintaining its dominant position.
The collapse of the Union
Political and public organizations that opposed slavery formed the Republican Party in 1854.
The victory in the presidential election of 1860 of the candidate of this party, Abraham Lincoln, was a signal of danger for slaveholders and led to secession, secession from the Union.
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina set an example, followed by:
Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861).
The legal justification for such actions was the absence in the US Constitution of a direct ban on the withdrawal of individual states from the United States (although there was also no permission for this).
These 6 states formed a new state in February 1861 - the Confederation of the States of America.
On March 1, Texas declared independence, which joined the Confederacy the next day, and in April and May, his example was followed:
Virginia (independence April 17, 1861, joining the CSA May 7, 1861),
Arkansas (independence May 6, 1861, joining the KSHA May 18, 1861),
Tennessee (independence May 7, 1861, joining the KSHA - July 2, 1861),
North Carolina (independence May 20, 1861, joining the KSHA May 21, 1861).
These 11 states adopted a constitution and elected former Senator from Mississippi Jefferson Davis as their president, who, along with other leaders of the country, declared that slavery would exist "forever"on their territory.
Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy the southern States of America.
The capital of the Confederacy became the Alabama city of Montgomery, and after the annexation of Virginia - Richmond.
These states occupied 40% of the entire territory of the United States with a population of 9.1 million people, including over 3.6 million Negroes.
On October 7, an Indian territory became part of the Confederation, the population of which was not loyal either to the Confederation (most of the Indians were expelled from the territories where slave owning states were formed), or to the US government, which actually authorized the deportation of Indians from Georgia and other southern states.
However, the Indians did not want to give up slavery and joined the Confederacy.
The Senate of the KSHA was formed by two representatives from each state, as well as one representative from each Indian republic (there were 5 republics in total in the Indian territory according to the number of Indian tribes: Cherokee - the most slaves - Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw and Seminole).
Indian representatives in the Senate did not have the right to vote.
23 states remained in the Union, including the slave owning Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri and Maryland, which, not without a struggle, chose to remain loyal to the federal Union.
Residents of a number of western counties of Virginia refused to obey the decision to secede from the Union, formed their own authorities and in June 1863 were admitted to the United States as a new state.
The population of the Union exceeded 22 million people, almost the entire industry of the country was located on its territory - 70% of railways, 81% of bank deposits, etc.
The first period of the war (April 1861 April 1863)
The battles of 1861
The fighting began on April 12, 1861, with the battle for Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, which was forced to surrender after 34 hours of shelling.
In response, Lincoln declared the southern states in a state of rebellion, proclaimed a naval blockade of their coast, called for volunteers in the army, and later introduced conscription.
At first, the advantage was on the side of the South.
Even before the inauguration of Lincoln, a lot of weapons and ammunition were brought here, seizures of federal arsenals and warehouses were organized.
The most combat ready units were located here, which were replenished by hundreds of officers who left the federal army, including T. J. Jackson, J. I. Johnston, R. E. Lee, etc.
The main goal of the northerners in the war was the preservation of the Union and the integrity of the country, the southerners - the recognition of the independence and sovereignty of the Confederation.
The strategic plans of the parties were similar - an attack on the enemy's capital and the dismemberment of its territory.
The first serious battle took place in Virginia at the Manassas railway station on July 21, 1861, when poorly trained northern troops, crossing Bull Run Creek, attacked the southerners, but were forced to begin a retreat that turned into a flight.
By the fall, the Union had a well armed army in the eastern theater of operations under the command of General J. B. McClellan, who became commander in chief of all armies on November 1.
McClellan turned out to be a mediocre military commander, often avoiding active actions.
On October 21, his units were defeated at Balls Bluff near the American capital.
The blockade of the Confederate sea coast was carried out much more successfully.
One of its consequences was the capture on November 8, 1861 of the British steamer Trent, on board of which were emissaries of the southerners, which put the United States on the verge of war with Great Britain.
Union and Confederation
The battles of 1862
In 1862, the northerners achieved the greatest success in the western theater of military operations.
In February and April, the army of General W. S. Grant, having captured a number of forts, drove the Southerners out of Kentucky, and after a hard won victory at Shiloh, cleared Tennessee of them.
By the summer, the state of Missouri was liberated, and Grant's troops entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama.
April 12, 1862 went down in the history of the war thanks to the famous episode with the theft of the locomotive "General" by a group of Northerners volunteers, known as the Great Locomotive Race.
The capture of April 25, 1862 (during a joint amphibious operation of the units of General B. F. Butler and the ships of Captain D. Farragut)was of great importance New Orleans, an important commercial and strategic center.
In the east, McClellan, nicknamed "the sluggard" by Lincoln, was removed from the post of commander in chief and sent at the head of one of the armies to attack Richmond.
The so called "Campaign on the Peninsula" has begun.
McDowell hoped to use numerical superiority and heavy artillery to win the war in one campaign, without harming civilians and without bringing the matter to the liberation of the Negroes.
While McDowell planned to advance on Richmond from the east, other units of the Union Army were to move on Richmond from the north.
There were about 60,000 of these units, but General Jackson, with a detachment of 17,000 men, managed to delay them in the Valley Campaign, defeat them in several battles and prevent them from reaching Richmond.
Meanwhile, in early April, more than 100,000 federal soldiers landed on the Virginia coast, but instead of a frontal attack, McClellan preferred a gradual advance in order to hit the flanks and rear of the enemy.
The Southerners were slowly retreating, Richmond was preparing to evacuate.
In the Battle of Seven Pines, General Johnston was wounded and Robert Lee took command.
This battle was also marked by the first experience of using machine guns in the history of military conflicts.
Then, due to the imperfection of the design, they could not somehow significantly affect the course of the battle.
But in the army of both northerners and southerners, machine guns of different designers began to appear.
Of course, they were not the usual models with an automatic reloading system and relative compactness.
Early machine guns in terms of dimensions and characteristics were closer to the Mitralese and Gatling machine gun.
General Lee managed to stop the northern army in a series of clashes of the Seven Day Battle, and then completely oust it from the peninsula.
McClellan was removed, and General Pope was appointed in his place.
However, the new commander was defeated in the second Battle of Bul Rana on August 29-30.
Lee entered Maryland, intending to cut off the communications of the federal army and isolate Washington.
On September 15, Southern troops under the command of T. J. Jackson occupied Harpers Ferry, capturing its 11 thousandth garrison and significant supplies of equipment.
On September 17, at Sharpsburg, Lee's 40,000 strong army was attacked by McClellan's 70,000 strong army.
During this "bloodiest day" of the war (known as the Battle of Antietam), both sides lost 4,808 people killed, 18,578 people were wounded.
The battle ended in a draw, but Lee chose to retreat.
The indecision of McClellan, who refused to pursue the enemy, saved the Southerners from defeat.
McClellan was ousted, replaced by Ambrose Burnside.
England and France, who were going to officially recognize the Confederation and intervene in the war on its side, abandoned their intention.
During the war, Russia took a benevolent position towards the Union, the visit of the Russian squadrons to San Francisco and New York in the autumn of 1863 and in the spring of 1864 became an example of the diplomatic use of naval force.
On December 30, 1862, Lincoln signed the" Emancipation Proclamation " of slaves from January 1 of the following year.
This "Proclamation", as well as the decision to recruit Negroes into the army, radically changed the goals of the war - it was now about the destruction of slavery, although only slaves of states hostile to the Union were declared free, and it did not concern slavery on the territory of the Union itself.
The path of slavery to the "free lands" of the West was closed even earlier by the Homestead act adopted in May 1862, which gave every American family the opportunity to receive a land allotment of 160 acres (64 hectares).
The year 1862 was also marked by the first battle of ironclad ships in history, which took place on March 9 off the coast of Virginia.
The end of the year turned out badly for the northerners.
Burnside launched a new offensive on Richmond, but was stopped by General Lee's army at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13.
The superior forces of the federal army were completely defeated, losing twice as many killed and wounded as the enemy.
Burnside conducted another unsuccessful maneuver, known as the "Mud March", after which he was removed from command.
The second period of the war (May 1863 April 1865)
The battles of 1863
In January 1863, Joseph Hooker was appointed commander of the federal army.
He resumed the offensive on Richmond, this time choosing a maneuvering tactic.
The beginning of May 1863 was marked by the Battle of Chancellorsville, during which the 130 thousandth army of the northerners was defeated by the 60 thousandth army of General Lee.
In this battle, the southerners for the first time successfully used the tactics of attacking in a loose formation.
The losses of the parties amounted to: the northerners have 17,275, and the southerners have 12,821 people killed and wounded.
In this battle, General T. J. Jackson was mortally wounded , who received the nickname "Stone Wall"for his steadfastness in battle.
The northerners retreated again, and Lee, bypassing Washington from the north, entered Pennsylvania.
In this situation, the outcome of the three day battle for Gettysburg in early July became of great importance.
After bloody battles, Lee's troops were stopped and pushed back to Virginia, clearing the Union territory.
On the same day, in the western theater, Grant's army, after a siege of many days and two unsuccessful assaults, captured the fortress of Vicksburg (July 4).
On July 8, the soldiers of General N. Banks took Port Hudson in Louisiana.
This established control over the Mississippi River Valley, and the Confederacy was divided into two parts.
Despite two terrible defeats, the southerners were not yet broken.
In September, General Braxten Bragg's army defeated Admiral Rosencrans ' Army of Ohio at the Battle of Chickamauga and surrounded its remnants in the city of Chattanooga.
However, General Ulysses Grant managed to unblock the city, and then defeat Bragg's army at the Battle of Chattanooga.
In the battles for Chattanooga, the northerners used barbed wire for the first time in history.
The battles of 1864
During the war, there was a strategic turning point.
The plan of the 1864 campaign was developed by Grant, who led the Union armed forces.
The main blow was dealt by the 100 thousandth army of General W. T. Sherman, which began the invasion of Georgia in May.
Suffering heavy losses and destroying everything in her path, she moved forward and entered Atlanta on September 2.
Grant himself led the army that opposed Lee's formations in the eastern theater.
On May 4, 1864, Grant's 118 thousandth army entered the Wilderness forest, met the 60 thousandth army of the southerners and a bloody Battle began in the Wilderness.
Grant lost 18,000 men in the battle, the southerners 8,000, but Grant continued the offensive and made an attempt to occupy Spotsilvaini to cut off the North Virginia army from Richmond.
On May 8-19, the Battle of Spotsilvaini followed, in which Grant lost 18,000 men, but failed to break the Confederate defenses.
Two weeks later, the Battle of Cold Harbor followed, which turned into a kind of trench warfare.
Unable to take the fortified positions of the southerners, Grant made a detour and reached Pittersburg, beginning his siege, which took almost a year.
Having regrouped his units, on November 15, Sherman began the famous "march to the sea", which led him to Savannah, which was taken on December 22, 1864.
Military successes affected the outcome of the presidential elections of 1864.
Lincoln, who advocated the conclusion of peace on the terms of the restoration of the Union and the prohibition of slavery, was re elected for a second term.
The 1865 campaign
On February 1, Sherman's army marched north from Savannah to join Grant's main force.
The advance through South Carolina, accompanied by significant damage to it, ended with the capture of Charleston on February 18.
A month later, the Union armies met in North Carolina.
By the spring of 1865, Grant had an army of 115,000 men.
Lee had only 54,000 men left, and after the unsuccessful battle of Five Fox (April 1), he decided to leave Pittersburg and evacuate Richmond on April 2.
The retreating remnants of the Southern army surrendered to Grant at Appomattox on April 9, 1865.
The surrender of the remaining units of the Confederate Army lasted until the end of May.
After the arrest of Jefferson Davis and members of his government, the Confederacy ceased to exist.
The life of President Lincoln was also sacrificed on the altar of victory.
On April 14, 1865, an attempt was made on him.
Lincoln was mortally wounded and without regaining consciousness, died the next morning.
Statistics of the American Civil War
Warring countries
The population of 1861.
Mobilized
Killed
Wounded
Died of wounds
Died of diseases
Died for other reasons
USA
22 339 968
2 803 300
67 058
275 175
43 012
194 368
54 682
KSHA
9 103 332
1 064 200
67 000
137 000
27 000
59 000
105 000
IN TOTAL
31 443 300
3 867 50
134 058
412 175
70 012
253 368
163 796
Results of the war
The Civil War remained the bloodiest in the history of the United States (on all fronts of the Second World War, despite its worldwide scale and the destructiveness of weapons of the XX century, American losses were less).
The losses of the northerners amounted to almost 360,000 people killed and died of wounds and more than 275,000 wounded.
The Confederates lost 258,000 and about 137,000 men, respectively.
The US government's military spending alone has reached $ 3 billion.
The war demonstrated new capabilities of military equipment, influenced the development of military art.
The prohibition of slavery was enshrined in the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, which entered into force on December 18, 1865 (slavery in the rebellious states was abolished in 1863 by presidential decree).
The country has created conditions for the accelerated development of industrial and agricultural production, the development of Western lands, and the strengthening of the domestic market.
Power in the country passed to the bourgeoisie of the northeastern states.
The war did not solve all the problems facing the country.
Some of them were solved during the Reconstruction of the South, which lasted until 1877.
Other problems, including the granting of equal rights to the black population with whites, remained unresolved for many decades.
Tweet
See also:
A brief History of the United States Colonization of North America The War of Independence of the United States The Louisiana Purchase Slavery in the United States The Anglo American War of 1812-1815 Prerequisites of the American Civil War The American Civil War The Great Depression of the United States in World War II The US Army
History of the United States A brief history of the United States Colonization of North America The War of Independence of the United States The Louisiana Purchase Slavery in the United States The Anglo American War of 1812-1815 Prerequisites of the Civil War in the United States The Civil War in the United States The Great Depression of the United States in World War II The US Army Why are Americans called Yankees?
All about the USA in contact
Food prices in the United States
How to rent an apartment in New York
US Universities
Average fare in the United States
What should I do after winning a Green Card?
Popular professions in the USA
The largest airports in the United States
Famous train stations in the USA
The tallest skyscrapers in the United States
The largest stadiums in the United States
The largest US ports
The most famous bridges in the USA
© 2010-2016 " All about the USA"
Republication of materials is allowed only if there is a hyperlink to the usa website info.com.ua
Contact the site administrator - braslolfc@gmail.com
Terms of advertising on the website " All about the USA"
"All about the USA" in social networks:
Site map
Search...
Up
