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George Washington
George Washington
Birthday: 22.02.1732
Age: 67 years
Place of birth: Bridges Creek, Virginia, USA Date of death: 14.12.1799 Place of death: Mount Vernon, Virginia, USA
Citizenship: USA
Similar: George, Washington, George, Washington
Biography
Creator of the American Institute of Presidents (1789-1797)
Website: Celebrities
George Washington stands at the origins of American national history.
He was largely involved in all the initiatives that forced the transformation of the thirteen colonies into a union of sovereign republics and then into the first modern federal state.
In Virginia and in the Continental Congress, he belonged to those who strongly opposed the English colonial policy.
As the commander in chief of the American troops, he organized and led the military resistance that led to independence after eight years of war.
Convinced of the need for a strong central government, he participated in the development and adoption of a new constitution in 1787-88, and as president created the foundations for a republican federal state in which Americans could find their national accord.
George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in a family whose fourth generation already lived in Virginia.
His rise to the colonial elite was by no means predetermined, since he spent his childhood and youth in modest conditions, received a superficial school education and lost his father Augustine, a tobacco plantation owner and surveyor, at the age of eleven.
He was raised by his half brother Lawrence, after whose death he inherited the Mount Vernon estate near Alexandria on the Potomac River in 1752.
The inner uncertainty that arose as a result of a lack of formal education and cultivated manners was manifested in an sometimes excessive desire for public recognition and only gradually gave way to a confident manner of bearing.
In his neighbor, Lord Fairfax, who belonged to the wealthiest landowners in Virginia, Washington found an influential mentor.
Fafex introduced him to the lifestyle of the untitled nobility and supported the first steps on the way to a career as a state surveyor and officer.
and then.
Washington itself has already learned the limits of this cooperative, unanimous government practice, when, for example, the Senate refused to negotiate directly with it on treaty issues.
Willy nilly, Washington limited himself after that to a written exchange of opinions, which, however, did not prevent him from privately confiding in individual senators.
Also, relations with the Supreme Court, whose head Washington appointed New Yorker John Jay, were not without tension, because the president - as his veto justifications show assumed the role of interpreter and guardian of the constitution.
By pointedly refusing to provide him with the requested legal opinion, the judges made it clear to him that he was dealing with an independent third governmental authority.
Despite the problems of restrictions that are inevitable in the system of control and balance, at least the first period of Washington's tenure as president was characterized by a highly internal unity that made purposeful and energetic government possible.
Unlike many Republican theorists, who considered distrust of government power and, especially, of centralized government power as a value in itself, Washington saw in a strong, vigorously acting federal government the best guarantee of freedom and security of citizens.
Thus, the federal element that Madison clearly emphasized in the Federalist newspaper did not like him, because during the war he recognized the state governments more as a hindering factor.
He respected their constitutional rights, but could not imagine "sharing power" with them.
On the other hand, Washington understood the significance of the revolutionary principle of the sovereignty of the people and knew that he could base the power of the federal government only on the consent of his compatriots.
He understood the presidency as a symbol of national unity and as an instrument for shaping the "American character" of the population that has not yet developed.
The tedious trips that he undertook as head of state in the first years of his tenure as president to various parts of the union served to strengthen national harmony and win the loyalty of citizens to the federal government.
At the same time, he skillfully used his personal popularity and charisma to give the institute of presidents a strong authority.
The desire for Republican dignity determined the public style of government, which he developed in New York and has been developing in Philadelphia since the autumn of 1790.
The weekly audiences and ceremonial dinners, at which Washington held himself with a formal and somewhat prim seriousness, were supposed to contribute to the impression that the office of the president forms the political and social center of the nation.
Even Martha Washington, who with her natural modesty found little joy in representation, had to contribute with regular morning receptions and tea parties.
Although this ceremony was, in comparison with the etiquette and pomp of European courts, very modest, there were critics who castigated the "presidential pomp" as a violation of republican mores.
They were even more offended with Washington for allowing the Federalists to organize an official birthday celebration for him, and along with July 4, they established a second national holiday on February 22.
Washington himself attached little importance to the cult of his person; but he granted this right to his supporters, because he accepted their veneration as a manifestation of loyalty to the new order.
Against the background of concerns about the authority of a centralized state and national cohesion, Washington's participation in the creation of the capital provided for in the constitution should be considered.
By the decision to move the District of Columbia to the border between Maryland and Virginia and create a federal city on the Potomac, the majority of Congress went to meet the southern states, which from the very beginning complained about the disadvantaged political and economic situation in the union.
Washington, of course, benefited from this personally, since it was one of the largest landowners in the region.
He constantly traveled from Philadelphia to Georgetown to influence the planning of the city, which since September 1791 was officially called the city of Washington.
In his dreams of the future, he saw it as the metropolis of the American empire, stretching far west to the Mississippi, including areas that he hoped to develop with the help of the Descendant shipping company, taking a financial part in it.
In historiography, Washington is often presented as a president whose practical political influence was inferior to the symbolic one, who implemented the plans of others, especially Hamilton, promoted the consolidation of the federal state, but he himself was not its engine and, ultimately, served only as a rostral figure.
This is an opinion learned from the historian of the XIX
the centuries of excessive glorification of Washington, in the subsequent time gave way to a more positive assessment, according to which Washington had a well thought out and surprisingly coherent general concept, which he purposefully implemented in practice.
As president, he was a "pragmatic prophet" who was able to link conservative, society oriented republicanism with modern economic beliefs aimed at individual freedom.
First of all, he felt obliged to force the integration of the American states in the new constitutional system.
The department, which he headed himself, was assigned the function of the" power center " of the union.
Washington's first period in office was marked by discussions about the national economic and financial program, which Hamilton presented to Congress.
The president almost did not interfere in the legislative work, but he did not allow any doubt that he shared the views of his Secretary of Finance on the financial independence of the federal government from the states, on securing public debts and a single monetary system.
The core of Hamilton's program was the creation of a national bank, which was supposed to manage public finances and provide investment capital for economic development.
This gave rise to the first significant disagreements on the constitution, since Foreign Secretary Jefferson, in his opinion for Washington, disputed the right of Congress to create a bank.
Hamilton argued that the competence of the Congress should not be limited to the tasks explicitly specified in the constitution.
Moreover, Congress could rely on the necessary and proper clause of the constitution in the matter of the bank, which gives it the right to broad, not explicitly expressed competencies in the name of the common good.
When Washington joined such a "broad interpretation" of the constitution and signed the Banking Act in February 1791, the success of Hamilton's package of measures was almost guaranteed.
The financial legacy of the War of Independence was settled, however, unilaterally, in favor of the propertied, wealthy circles, which gave an impetus to the opposition of the Republicans.
But the federal state had, thanks to duties and taxes on imports, as well as a single currency in the form of the dollar, a solid foundation on which, despite the burden of debts, it could constantly develop.
Washington also supported Hamilton's desire to stimulate domestic manufactures in order to make the United States economically independent from Europe.
On this point, they were both far ahead of their time to successfully oppose the agrarian interests and the interests of individual states.
The next great achievement was the Declaration of Rights (Bill of Rights), carried by Madison through Congress and added in 1791 in the form of the first ten amendments to the constitution.
The fulfillment of the promise made during the ratification debate was fully consistent with Washington's line aimed at paralyzing critics of the constitution and achieving broad constitutional agreement.
Again and again, the president almost scrupulously showed his own respect for the constitution, suggesting that this could contribute to the development of constitutional consciousness on a national scale.
In the initial phase of the French revolution, he hoped for the restraint and self control of the people.
To his friend Lafayette, who gave him the key to the Bastille as a symbolic gesture as a gift, he explained in detail the importance of the constitution for a workable government and for protection against demagogues and the rule of the rabble.
Of great concern to Washington was the unclear attitude towards the Indians, who sought protection from the impending settlers in the southwest from the Spaniards, and in the northeast from the British.
The President has repeatedly advocated for fair treatment of the indigenous population, believed in their ability to assimilate and personally negotiated with the leaders.
However, he also spoke about "eradication", when his ideas about the empire were threatened by individual tribes.
As commander in chief, he felt directly responsible for the defeats that the insufficiently armed and poorly led American expeditionary forces suffered from the Indians in the Ohio Valley in 1790 and 1791.
Therefore, he felt proud and relieved when General Anthony Wayne defeated the allied Northeast Indian tribes on Lake Erie a few years later, and the United States was able to exercise its claim to sovereignty in the Ohio region at the peace of Greenville in 1795.
In his messages to Congress, Washington was emphatically optimistic and regularly drew positive conclusions.
In private life, he he was less confident, such a depressed mood was facilitated by the aggravation of the political situation in Europe and, above all, the appearance of tension and cracks in his own government at the end of his first term as president.
Although Washington tried to keep the peace in his cabinet to the point of self denial, he was less and less able to overcome the ideological contradictions between Jefferson and Hamilton, heated by the events in France.
The agrarian egalitarian foreign minister was increasingly convinced that Hamilton was heading for an aristocracy or a monarchy and wanted to use Washington as a signboard.
Jefferson inspired Madison to begin fighting against these dangerous trends in the form of anonymous newspaper articles.
In turn, Hamilton accused the opponents of intending to create "French circumstances" in the United States.
This fear was fully shared by the "not very busy" Vice President Adam.
At the same time, sectional differences were becoming more pronounced, because Jefferson's position was shared by many residents of the southern states, while Hamilton and Adams found support primarily in New York and New England.
Under such circumstances, it is not surprising that Washington sometimes struggled to maintain the proverbial composure and seriously doubted whether to nominate his candidacy for election again.
Again, it took a lot of persuasion from friends to convince him.
For Washington himself, who felt his strength gradually melting away, this concession meant a real sacrifice, which could only be justified by the threatened collapse of the union.
His popularity did not decrease, and the unanimous confirmation of him in office by the members of the electoral college at the turn of 1792-93 served as evidence of this.
In his second inaugural address on March 4, 1793 - a few weeks after the execution of Louis XVI - Washington promised to help ensure that the constitutional form of government took root "in the virgin soil of America."
His entire term in office was marked by the war in Europe, which exacerbated conflicts in the internal situation of the United States.
In matters of foreign policy and diplomacy, Washington from the very beginning won the advantage of the executive over the legislative power and left a lot of space for action.
Prudence and reliable leadership were now required, because the war had made the Americans really aware of their delicate situation: trade with the Caribbean and Europe would depend on the well being of the British and French fleets.
On the borders, insufficiently provided with troops, there were conflicts with the Spaniards in the Mississippi Delta and with the British in the Ohio Valley.
Against this background, Washington did not hesitate to declare the neutrality of the United States on August 22, 1793, although the sympathies of most of his compatriots were on the side of the French "sister republic".
At the same time, he made it clear that the United States recognized the French revolutionary government and considered the American French union of 1778 to be valid.
At first, all the ministers agreed with this, but in the subsequent time the cabinet was increasingly disintegrating.
While Hamilton was betting on the British card, Jefferson was leaning towards the French, whose envoy Genet strongly demanded support and appealed over the president's head to the solidarity of the Americans.
Only Washington itself firmly and consistently adhered to the planned neutrality.
In the end, Jefferson resigned from the post of foreign minister and began, together with Madison, to gather opposition against those forces that he perceived as a "monarchical" party subordinate to England.
Since the increasing number of British violations of neutrality caused the danger of war with England, Washington sent John Jay in May 1794 as an ambassador for particularly important issues to London - another precedent that many of his followers referred to.
While Jay was negotiating in the English capital, the president was faced with a serious crisis in his own country.
In western Pennsylvania and in some neighboring states, farmers refused to pay the whiskey tax that Congress imposed as part of Hamilton's financial program.
Washington not only feared for the hard won authority of the federal government in tax matters, but also seemed to have already seen separatist aspirations in the western regions.
Unlike Hamilton, who insists on a broad demonstration of military force, the president first exhausted all possibilities on the path of negotiations.
Only when the strong core of the resistance was politically isolated, Washington, along with Hamilton, headed to .in October 1794, at the head of a 3,000 strong army (on the way, it increased, thanks to the addition of the state militia, to 13,000 people) from Philadelphia to the west.
In view of this military recruitment, the so called whiskey rebellion ended before it came to real fighting.
The leaders were sentenced to death, but later pardoned and released by Washington.
This was done to mitigate the internal political unrest caused by the enterprise itself, and to a greater extent by Washington's subsequent justification before Congress: in his speech of November 19, 1784, the president announced that about 30 democratic societies, which had meanwhile emerged on the model of the Jacobin clubs in the United States, were responsible for the uprising and the threat to the "indivisible union".
The opposition, which called itself the Republican Party, understood this attack as an unacceptable interference in domestic politics and sharply criticized it.
Thus, the concept of a politically balanced government in Washington almost collapsed, since the president was now unilaterally dependent on the support of the federalists and had to take this fact into account when distributing administrative posts.
Thus, the administration increasingly assumed the character of a federalist party government, dominated by politicians of the northern states.
The most controversial employee, Alexander Hamilton, resigned in January 1795, but this only increased the feeling of loneliness in Washington.
A few months later, a dispute broke out over the treaty with England, which John Jay negotiated in London.
In order to keep the peace, the Ambassador for special issues met the British halfway in many points, for example, in determining smuggling and in regulating some still open issues of the 1783 treaty.
When the Senate, after ratification, published the Jay Treaty in June 1795, a storm of indignation broke out that could have swept away a less powerful president than Washington, along with his government.
The Republicans accused the government of subordination to the British and treason to the French ally.
Even Washington itself began to hesitate, but by mid August it had achieved the signing of the treaty.
His distrust, however, had already gone so far that he began to suspect Foreign Minister Randolph of colluding with the French.
In fact, Randolph, who immediately resigned, became a victim of intrigues that Washington himself could not see.
The dispute between the parties took on a sharp tone, and the personality of the president himself increasingly became the target of hostile attacks by Republican newspaper reporters, even to the accusation that Washington regularly exceeds his annual salary of $ 25,000 and enriches himself at the expense of the state.
In fact, the president paid out of this amount not only the salary of his secretary and all the employees in the house, but also paid all the expenses for travel and receptions.
Washington consoled himself with the thought that such slander was the price for the "limitless advantages" that a free press carries.
In February 1796, the debate over the Jay treaty broke out once again, because the Republican majority in the House of Representatives refused to provide the necessary money to fulfill certain clauses of the treaty.
Washington rejected the deputies ' demand that the president read out all diplomatic correspondence concerning the treaty, citing its executive privileges and preliminary informing of the Senate.
From this, subsequent presidents, ending with Richard Nixon, derived for themselves far reaching rights of non disclosure of secrets.
In reality, it was an exception, since Washington's attitude to Congress was characterized by frankness.
In this case, he accepted the test of political forces, because no less than the constitutional privilege of the president, which he constantly uses, to determine the directions of foreign policy, was at stake.
The conflict was mitigated when the Republican speaker of the House, a German by birth, Frederick A. Muhlenberg, in a decisive vote on April 28, 1796, with a tie vote, cast his vote for the provision of money.
After the treaty finally entered into force, the Paris Directory terminated the alliance of 1778.
This negative reaction was, however, pre balanced by the fact that another Washington ambassador for special Affairs, Thomas Pinckney, concluded in October 1795 a lucrative contract with the Spanish government, which provided Americans with free navigation on the Mississippi and duty free export of their goods through New Orleans.
His second term in office was mainly "crisis management".
Washington's soberly calculated, cautious policy of neutrality has preserved peace for Americans, strengthened the position of the United States on the American continent and stimulated economic recovery.
The passion with which Americans followed the French Revolution has cooled, and in Congress, as well as the pre - of course, the federalists set the tone.
Washington made it clear in advance that a third term was out of the question, although the constitution did not provide for any time limits.
Since the spring of 1796, he has been engaged in his farewell address to the American people.
The starting point was the sketches of the text made in 1792 by the end of Madison's first term, which Washington revised and updated with the help of Hamilton.
The final farewell address, which appeared in the newspapers on September 19, 1796, fully corresponded to Washington's own beliefs and values.
His main aim was to warn against parties and party spirit, which, instigated by foreign powers, jeopardize the survival of the nation.
To reflect this danger, the President recommended observing the basic principles of religion and morality as "the great pillars of human happiness".
Educational institutions should promote a truly enlightened public opinion, and all financial commitments made should be rewarded in order to maintain confidence in the new government system.
Washington's concern for national unity and social harmony was justified; in assessing the essence of the party, however, the president deliberately overlooked that he himself ruled, ultimately, as a "member of the party".
This reveals a secret position that Washington shared with many contemporaries: he claimed to serve the common good, and left the label "party" for political opponents.
In practice, the first American two party system was formed during his reign.
Nevertheless, his farewell address had a response: Washington's advice to trade as much as possible with Europe, without involving itself in intra European trade, to conclude alliances only if necessary and in no case for a long time, remained the main direction of the foreign policy of all American governments until the twentieth century.
(The warning against confusing conjunctions, which is often referred to in this connection, is borrowed from Thomas Jefferson's first inaugural speech of 1801.)
Washington had little influence on the election of his successor, but noted with satisfaction that Vice President Adams was able to resist Jefferson, a former friend and confidant who became the leader of the opposition.
After eight years of the presidency, Washington has rightfully summed up the positive results.
Of course, not all hopes were realized.
For example, the president constantly called for the creation of a national university, but Congress did not respond to this.
He owed a lot to his employees, first of all to Hamilton.
His consultative leadership style did not hide the fact that he made all important decisions, especially in foreign policy issues, himself and that the talents of his advisers were revealed only thanks to him.
He made up for the lack of brilliance with a solid, methodical leadership style, a sense of duty, predictability and reliability.
According to his qualities, abilities and spiritual prerequisites, he was most capable of throwing a bridge from the old colonial America through the revolution to the new, constitutionally democratic federal state.
He personified the power of the government, limited by law and the law, created the prerequisites for the integration and expansion of the continental American republic and during his lifetime became a symbol of the "national character", the formation of which he attached great importance.
He proved his historical greatness not by the traditional way of usurping or expanding power, but by responsible, moderate use of democratically legitimate power and creating opportunities for an orderly, peaceful change of it.
After bidding farewell to Philadelphia in March 1797, Washington continued to live and work as the first ex president with his wife in Mount Vernon.
He often visited the city - or, better to say, the large construction site that bore his name.
When the United States was threatened with war with France the following summer, he declared his readiness to take command and create an army.
But the crisis subsided before he took office.
His last public statement was directed against the resolutions of Virginia and Kentucky proposed by Jefferson and Madison, which gave the right to individual states to annul the laws of the union.
Washington died on December 14, 1799 at the age of 67 from acute inflammation of the larynx, for which there were no effective remedies at the then level of medicine.
At one of the many funeral ceremonies held throughout the United States, his friend Henry Lee praised him as " the first in war, the first in peacetime and the first in the hearts of his countrymen."
The president's will provided for the release of all the slaves that belonged to him after the death of his wife.
Washington rejected slavery as incompatible with the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and considered its rapid abolition practically impracticable.
By this order in the will, which Martha Washington executed herself before she died in 1802, he was able, at least, to ease his conscience.
Most of the former slaves remained on the plantations, since the laws of the southern states provided African Americans with few opportunities to make reasonable use of their freedom.
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Date of publication: 02.02.2002 01: 02:03
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ORGANIZER AND TEACHER AERON 2006-01-06 23: 20:36
For America, George Washington is a guiding thread
thank you ncux 2006-05-03 07:42: 17
you saved my life!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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As it is written on the monument in Washington: "Masson and the first US president" Andrey 2007-05-31 16: 29:51
...And there is also his monument in the same place where he sits in the pose of Baphomet...
A little about the massons and their symbolism: the whole planet has long been drowned in massonism.
Russia, in particular, starting with the first Rurik(who has 13 red flags on his shield), and the double headed eagle (actually a Phoenix) is an ancient symbol of the "Shkot" massons...
And the former history of Russia (or whatever it was called, the last ones were wiped and will continue to be wiped.
For example, the roots of the Slavic script are not Greek, but Coptic (Egypt Hemite is more precise) Ra Arc, Ra Dost, U Ra l, etc.
The six terminal star has nothing to do with David, in fact, it was chosen by one of the Rothschilds several centuries ago and this sign is the symbol of Saturn, the second and real homeland of the dragonoids - (serpents of the type that the Massons and Jews serve) after Sirius, the symbol of the latter is a five pointed star with dashes between the petals.
And an ordinary star (drawn continuously) repeats the trajectory of Venus.
An unfinished star in one of the links (like the streets of Washington with the White House at the head) hints at the entrance for ... actually, read the Massonian poet Goethe... :)
Inverted zdezda, this is like with runes - the opposite direction of energy...
But now I wonder how soon will my record be erased ?! :)
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Dmitry Nagiyev: The charm of brutality/Dmitry Nagiyev [1418]
A bodybuilder with cerebral palsy/Alana Clarke [1397]
4 kilograms of hair in the belly of a Kyrgyz girl/Ayperi Alekseeva [1377]
Alan Rickman: A talent for embodying villains/Alan Rickman [1316]
Lymphodema: 10 years with a swollen leg/Megan Barnard [1302]
Huge boxer nicknamed 'Scarecrow Giovanni'/Primo Carnera [1288]
Svetlana Permyakova: A strong weak woman/Svetlana Permyakova [1257]
Vladimir Mayakovsky: Revolution, Love, death/Vladimir Mayakovsky [1251]
News
[ A\'Studio · 03.03.2016 03:03:59]
Baigali Serkebayev's daughter shot a video for The Jigits · Read more ... [Natalia Krachkovskaya · 03.03.2016 03: 03:55]
Actress Natalia Krachkovskaya has died · Read more ... [ ZAYN · 03.03.2016 03: 03:52]
Zayn Malik's debut album is already on sale · Read more ... [Theodor Currentzis · 03.03.2016 03: 03:44]
Classics in a new format · Read more ... [ Fifth Harmony · 03.03.2016 03: 03: 40]
Fifth Harmony is back!
· Read more ... [Richard Klayderman · 02.03.2016 09:03:43]
Richard Klayderman is back in Russia · Read more ... [ Aria · 02.03.2016 09:03: 13]
"Aria" will perform with the symphony orchestra · Read more ... [Keiko Matsui · 01.03.2016 09:03: 49]
Keiko Matsui will give a concert in Moscow · More detailed...
Editor's Choice of the Week
Long lived record holder with Down syndrome (Kenny Krige); Jason Miller: Wins and Losses (Jason Miller);
The killer of his own children (Alfred Moton);
The Queen of Cloche Hats (Caroline Rebu);
A vegan who eats out of dumpsters (Raphael Fellmer);
A fighter against drug trafficking (Egor Bychkov);
Every fashion show as an entertainment show (Thierry Mugler); 'The Man Who Started It All' (Benny Binion); Glamorous Hollywood Fashion (Pauline Triger);
The oldest killer in the world (Clara Tan);
Random jokes
[Linda ] - I saw a clip of Linda yesterday.
She has, imagine, three earrings in her lip.
- So what?
- Well, you know... three earrings in the lip suggest the absence of ears!
Add · More...
New articles
[ 29.02.2016 ]
The widow of the ' soap Opera King '(Candy Spelling); Mormec Championship Titles (Jean Marc Mormec);
The founder of game theory (Kenneth Binmore);
Representative of the Australian stage (James Rein);
The inventor of clothing pret a porte (Daniel Esther); Baritones of the world: Jonathan Sells (Jonathan Sells); Super food for the heart and blood vessels (Sarah Flower); 200 operations of an American transsexual (Monique Allen); 15 year old scout from the village of Brigadirovka (Tolya Komar);
The Monster from the island of Crete (Minotaur);
[ 01.03.2016 ]
Roberto Alagna: The Divine Voice of France (Roberto Alagna); "Educational standard" by Grigory Dmitryuk (Grigory Dmitryuk);
The writer prolifer (Helen Keller);
The National Treasure of England (Kathleen Mary Ollerenshaw);
The role of the domestic in racing (Carlos Sastre);
The Ageless style of Van Noten (Dries Van Noten);
The Brilliant Entrepreneur (Graham Kirkham);
The murder of a child 50 years ago (Ruby Klokou); Zac Efron: The Irresistible Lucky Guy (Zac Efron);
In the style of time ( Propaganda);
[ 02.03.2016 ]
Gerard Depardieu: From Delinquent to Star (Gerard Depardieu); Speed limits on water and land (Henry Segrave); The' Golden Boy ' of Wrestling (Arnold Skaaland);
The killer of his own children (Alfred Moton);
The creator of the first 'table of life' (John Graunt);
The largest collection of paintings in the United States (Roy Neuberger);
A multi faceted personality (Willy Rezetaritz); 'Idol' of a teenage audience (Scott Walker);
The Queen of Cloche Hats (Caroline Rebu);
A Taste of Glory (Philip Roth);
A vegan who eats out of dumpsters (Raphael Fellmer);
[ 03.03.2016 ]
The first Black Supreme Court Justice (Thurgood Marshall); Oleg Gazmanov: "Ovations" and " Golden Gramophones "(Oleg Gazmanov); Prostate Cancer: Non surgical Treatment (Ralph Tripp);
A romance fueled by alcohol and infidelity (Caitlin McNamara);
A fighter against drug trafficking (Egor Bychkov); Supporting Actor (Martin Benson);
Every fashion show as an entertainment show (Thierry Mugler); High level striker (Danny Welbeck); 'The Man Who Started It All' (Benny Binion);
The Holocaust and personal experience of camp existence (Arnosht Lustig);
[ 04.03.2016 ]
The initiator of tax cuts in the United States (Bob Riley); Hedge Fund Manager (Michael Steinhardt);
The first deaf head of Gallaudet University (Irwin King Jordan); Glamorous Hollywood Fashion (Pauline Triger); Federico Baamontes: 'The Mountain King' (Federico Baamontes);
The oldest killer in the world (Clara Tan);
The Norse god in the Marvel Comics (Thor); High pitched Songs of a Ladies ' Man (Jimi Van Heusen);
A woman cut out a child from a pregnant guest (Dinel Lane);
How overrated are dietary supplements for weight loss? (Nick Fuller)
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