Jobs, Steve
Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
This is the stable version, released on December 22, 2016.
The state is unpatrolled
Go to: navigation, Search
Steve Jobs Steve Jobs
Jobs demonstrates the iPhone 4 smartphone at the Worldwide Developers Conference in 2010 Birth name: Steven Paul Jobs
Occupation: entrepreneur, co founder and CEO of Apple, NeXT and Pixar
Date of birth: February 24 1955(1955-02-24)[1][2][3]
Place of birth: San Francisco, California, USA
Citizenship: USA USA
Date of death: October 5 2011(2011-10-05)[4][1][5][3] (56 years old)
Place of death: Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California, USA
Father: biological:
Abdulfatta "John" Jandali (born 1931)
reception:
Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922-1993)
Mother: Biological:
Joan Carol Schieble (born 1932)
reception:
Clara Jobs (Hagopian) (1924-1986)
Spouse: Lauren Powell (since 1991)
Children: by Chris Ann Brennan:
Lisa Brennan Jobs (born 1978),
from Lauren Powell:
Reed Jobs (born 1991), Erin Jobs (born 1995), Eve Jobs (born 1998)
Awards and prizes:
(1985) Jefferson Award (1987), Grammy Board of Trustees Award (2012, posthumously)
Autograph:
Steve Jobs on Wikimedia Commons
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (February 24, 1955 (19550224), San Francisco, California — October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California) was an American entrepreneur who was widely recognized as a pioneer of the era of IT technologies[6][7].
One of the founders, chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO of Apple Corporation.
One of the founders and CEO of the Pixar film studio.
In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal computers that had great commercial potential.
The Apple II computer was the first mass produced product of Apple, created on the initiative of Steve Jobs.
Later, Jobs saw the commercial potential of a mouse controlled graphical interface, which led to the introduction of the Apple Lisa computers and, a year later, the Macintosh (Mac).
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a company that developed a computer platform for universities and businesses.
In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of the Lucasfilm film company, turning it into the Pixar studio.
He remained CEO of Pixar and a major shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest private shareholder and a member of the Disney board of directors.
Difficulties with the development of a new operating system for Mac led to the purchase of NeXT by Apple in 1996, to use NeXTSTEP OS as the basis for Mac OS X.
As part of the deal, Jobs received a position as an adviser to Apple.
By 1997, Jobs had regained control of Apple, heading the corporation.
Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and a year later began to make a profit.
Over the next decade, Jobs led the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad, as well as the development of the Apple Store, iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore.
The success of these products and services, which provided several years of stable financial profits, allowed Apple to become the most expensive public company in the world in 2011.
Many commentators call the revival of Apple one of the greatest achievements in the history of business.
At the same time, Jobs was criticized for his authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, and the desire for total control over products even after they are sold to the buyer.
Jobs has received public recognition and a number of awards for his influence on the technology and music industry.
He is often called a "visionary" and even the "father of the digital revolution".
Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took the presentation of innovative products to a new level, turning them into exciting shows.
His easily recognizable figure in a black turtleneck, worn jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a kind of cult.
After eight years of fighting the disease, Steve Jobs died of pancreatic cancer in 2011[8].
Content
1 Childhood 2 School 2.1 "Blue box"
3 Reed College 4 Work at Atari 5 "Home Computer Club" 6 Apple Computer 6.1 Apple I 6.2 Apple II 6.3 Apple III 6.4 Apple Lisa 6.5 Macintosh 6.5.1 1984
6.6 Crisis and dismissal
7 NeXT Computer 8 Pixar and Disney 9 Return to Apple 9.1 Think Different 9.2 iMac 9.3 Apple Store 9.4 iTunes 9.5 iPod 9.6 iTunes Store 9.7 iPhone 9.8 iPad 9.9 Retirement
10 Business 10.1 Status 10.2 Management Style 10.3 Inventions and Projects
11 Relations with IT industry figures 12 Public Activities 13 Scandals 13.1 Retroactive Stock options 13.2 Unauthorized biographies 13.3 Harassment of bloggers 13.4 Censorship on iPhone and iPad 13.5 Disposal of electronic waste
14 Personal life 14.1 Search for biological relatives 14.1.1 Acquaintance with the biological mother 14.1.2 Acquaintance with the biological sister
14.2 Relationships with the biological family 14.3 Relationships with Women 14.3.1 Chris Ann Brennan 14.3.2 Barbara Jasinski 14.3.3 Joan Baez 14.3.4 Jennifer Egan 14.3.5 Tina Redse
14.4 Marriage to Lauren Powell 14.5 Housing 14.6 Health problems
15 Death 15.1 Media coverage
16 Awards and public recognition 17 Criticism 18 In Culture 18.1 Books 18.2 Documentaries 18.3 Feature Films 18.4 Theater
19 Notes 20 References 21 References
Childhood
Stephen Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955.
His parents were unregistered students: Syrian born Abdulfattah (John) Jandali and Joan Schible from a Catholic family of German immigrants.
Joan was studying for a master's degree at the University of Wisconsin, and Jandali also worked there as a teaching assistant.
Since Joan's relatives objected to their relationship, and her father, who was dying, threatened to disinherit her altogether, she had to go to a private doctor in San Francisco to give birth and then give the child up for adoption[9].
The boy was adopted by Paul Jobs and an American of Armenian descent[10] Clara Jobs, nee Hagopian[11].
The Jobs could not have their own children[12].
They named their adopted son Stephen Paul.
Joan wanted Stephen's adoptive parents to have a higher education, and when she learned that Clara had not graduated from college, and Paul was only in high school, she signed the adoption papers only after they gave a written commitment to pay for Stephen's college education[13].
Jobs always considered Paul and Clara to be father and mother, he was very annoyed if someone called them foster parents: "They are my real parents 100 %."
According to the rules of official adoption, the biological parents did not know anything about the whereabouts of their son, and Steve met his own mother and younger sister only after 31 years[13].
When Steve was two years old, the Jobs adopted a girl, Patty, and three years later the family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View[14].
Paul was an auto mechanic and worked for the financial company CIT.
In the family garage, he repaired old cars for sale to earn money for Steve's education and fulfill obligations to his biological parents.
Paul also tried to instill in his son a love for the profession of an auto mechanic[14].
This activity did not appeal to Steve, but through cars, his father introduced him to the basics of electronics[15].
Together they disassembled and assembled radios and televisions, as a result, Steve became interested and carried away with such a technique[16].
Clara Jobs worked as an accountant at Varian Associates[17] — one of the first high tech companies that later became part of Silicon Valley[18].
She taught Steve to read before he went to school[19].
School
Paul and Clara Jobs ' house on Crist Drive in Los Altos.
This is where Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded Apple Computer in 1976
School classes disappointed Steve with their formalism.
Teachers at Mona Loma Elementary School described him as a prankster, and only one teacher, Mrs. Hill, was able to see in her student extraordinary abilities and find an approach to him.
When Steve was in the fourth grade, Mrs. Hill gave him "bribes" for good studies, in the form of sweets, money and DIY kits, thereby stimulating his learning.
This quickly bore fruit: soon Steve began to study diligently without any reinforcement, and at the end of the school year he passed the exams so brilliantly that the director offered to transfer him from the fourth grade immediately to the seventh.
As a result, by the decision of his parents, Steve was enrolled in the sixth grade, that is, in high school.
It was a school in Crittenden, a few blocks from Mona Loma, but in a completely different, criminal area.
Both on the street and in the school itself, bullies did not give Jobs a pass.
A year later, Steve gave his parents an ultimatum about transferring to another school.
The family had to use their last savings to buy a house in a more decent area, in south Los Altos[20].
Jobs later attended high school and Homestead High School in Cupertino.
After the family moved, my father got a job as a mechanic in the neighboring town of Santa Clara in the heart of the future Silicon Valley, in the company Spectra Physics, which produced lasers[21].
Steve was talking to engineer Larry Lang, who lived next door to the old Jobs house.
Lang brought Steve to the Hewlett Packard Research Club.
"An engineer from some laboratory was invited to the class, he came and told what he was working on now," Jobs later recalled.
Here, Steve first saw a personal computer (programmable calculator) 9100A[en], which made a huge impression on him.
The participants of the circle were working on their own scientific projects, and Steve decided to build a digital frequency meter[22].
When he needed parts manufactured by Hewlett Packard to implement the plan, thirteen year old Jobs, without thinking twice, called the head of the company, Bill Hewlett, at home.
As a result, he received not only the necessary parts, but also a job on the assembly line at HP at the end of his first year at Homestead, thanks to a personal invitation from Hullet.
In addition to this job, which aroused the envy of his peers, Steve delivered newspapers, and the next year he worked in a warehouse at the Haltek electronics store[23].
By the age of fifteen, Jobs already had his first car of his own — a two color Nash Metropolitan, bought with the financial participation of his father.
Paul Jobs also installed an engine from MG on the car.
A year later, Steve, having saved up more money, was able to exchange this car for a red Fiat 850 Coupe.
At the same time, Steve Jobs began to communicate with hippies, listen to Bob Dylan and The Beatles, smoke marijuana and use LSD, because of which he clashed with his father for some time[24].
Jobs became friends with his classmate Bill Fernandez, who was also interested in electronics.
Fernandez introduced Jobs to a graduate who was fond of computers, a real "legend" of the school, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"), who was five years older than him[25].
In 1969, Woz and Fernandez began assembling a small computer, which they called "cream soda" and showed Jobs[26][27].
So Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak became best friends:
We sat with him for a long time on the sidewalk in front of Bill's house and shared stories — we told each other about our practical jokes and about the devices we had developed.
I felt that we had a lot in common.
It's usually hard for me to explain to people all the subtleties of electrical devices that I collected, but Steve grabbed everything on the fly.
I liked him immediately[27].
The original text (English)
Steve and I just sat on the sidewalk in front of Bill’s house for the longest time, just sharing stories—mostly about pranks we’d pulled, and also what kind of electronic designs we’d done.
We had so much in common.
Typically, it was really hard for me to explain to people what kind of design stuff I worked on, but Steve got it right away.
And I liked him.
- Steve Wozniak
Jobs and Wozniak collected recordings of Bob Dylan, arranged music and light shows at the school and various practical jokes[28].
"The Blue box"
Steve Wozniak's BlueBox at the Computer History Museum, California
Main article: Blue box
Jobs carried out his first real business project while still studying at school.
In September 1971, Wozniak, who by that time had been studying at the university for a long time, learned from the magazine "Esquire" about some "phone freaks" who had learned to crack phone codes and make free calls around the world[29].
The telephone line was captured using an audio imitation of a tone signal of a certain frequency.
Then it was necessary to dial the number, also through a simulated call in tone mode.
As it turned out, there was a whole subculture of phreakers engaged in hacking telephone networks.
One of them, hiding under the pseudonym Captain Crunch, discovered that the whistle, which manufacturers put in packages with the same name oat flakes ("Cap'n Crunch"), can produce a sound of the right key, suitable for capturing the line.
For the subsequent dialing, Crunch used a homemade device called "Blue box"("blue box").
Wozniak and Jobs, who were still engaged in the maintenance of air conditioners, caught fire with the idea of making such a " box " [30].
The first analog prototype made by Wozniak turned out to be imperfect and did not produce reliable tone signals[27].
Then Wozniak made a fully digital device that reproduced frequencies with the necessary accuracy, and the device worked[31].
At first, friends had fun, calling in different parts of the world and arranging practical jokes.
However, Jobs soon realized the commercial potential of their invention[32].
They organized handicraft production and successful sales of "blue boxes" among students and local residents, although this business was illegal and quite risky.
At first, the production of one " box "cost about $ 80, but then Wozniak made a printed circuit board that allowed to produce 10-20 "boxes" at once, and the cost of one piece fell to $ 40.
Ready made "boxes" were sold by friends for $ 150 apiece, the income was divided equally[33].
In total, they made and managed to sell about a hundred "boxes" and made a good profit.
It was decided to stop the business after a couple of unpleasant incidents with potential buyers and the police[34].
Probably, the story of the "blue boxes" convinced Jobs that electronics can not only bring joy, but also bring a good income[35].
The same story laid the principles of their future cooperation: For the sake of humanity, Wozniak invents another brilliant thing, and Jobs comes up with how to design it and present it on the market in order to make good money[36].
Reed College
Main article: Reed College
Reed College Campus
In the summer of 1972, after graduating from high school, Steve Jobs left his parents ' house and, together with his girlfriend Chris Ann Brennan, settled in a hut in the mountains above Los Altes, despite the objections of his parents[37].
In the same year, he entered Reed College in Portland (Oregon).
It was a private liberal arts university, one of the most expensive in America, and it was difficult for parents who had saved every cent for their son's education for many years to pay for his education.
But Steve did not want to study anywhere else, and most of his parents ' savings were spent on his studies at Reed[26][38].
Reed was famous for his free morals and hippie atmosphere, despite the fact that the standards of training were very high, and the curriculum was rich[38].
At Reed, Jobs first became seriously interested in Eastern spiritual practices, especially Zen Buddhism[39].
At the same time, he became a convinced vegetarian and began experiments with fasting[40].
At Reed College, Jobs met Daniel Kottke, who became his best friend along with Wozniak, as well as the born leader Robert Friedland,the president of the student council, the manager of an apple farm and a follower of Eastern philosophy, who had a great influence on Jobs:
Robert was a sociable, charismatic guy, a real salesman.
And Steve, when I met him, was shy, secretive, kept in the shadows.
I think it was Robert who taught him how to sell, how to get out of his shell, open up and master the situation [41].
The original text (English)
Robert was very much an outgoing, charismatic guy, a real salesman.
When I first met Steve he was shy and self effacing, a very private guy.
I think Robert taught him a lot about selling, about coming out of his shell, of opening up and taking charge of a situation.
- Daniel Kottke
Friedland, interested in Hinduism, got together with local Hare Krishnas and took Jobs and Kottke with him.
In the summer of 1973, Friedland took a trip to India, to the guru of Ram Dass, Neem Karoli Baba, also known as Maharaj ji, in search of enlightenment.
After returning back, Friedland took a spiritual name for himself, dressed in Indian clothes, sandals and walked around the campus in this form [42].
Jobs at all costs wanted to repeat the path of Friedland and "find himself"[43].
After six months of training, Jobs dropped out of college.
Since he was not interested in the tedious mandatory program, he saw no point in studying it.
He was expelled, but for another year, with the permission of the dean's office, Jobs attended free creative classes that were really interesting to him, including calligraphy courses[44][45].
Later, Jobs said:
If I hadnot been interested in calligraphy in college, Mac wouldnot have had a lot of fonts, proportional kerning and interlining.
And since Windows is copied from a Mac, no personal computer would have all this at all[46].
The original text (English)
If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.
And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them.
- Steve Jobs
While in college "on bird rights", Jobs continued to lead a bohemian lifestyle, although he had to sleep on the floor of a dorm with friends, and to feed himself, he collected coke bottles and once a week went to the Hare Krishna temple for free lunches[47][46].
Working at Atari
In February 1974, Jobs got a job as a technician at a young Atari company in Los Gatos (California).
The company was engaged in the production of video games and already had one absolute hit to its credit — an arcade Pong simulator for two players.
Jobs, receiving $ 5 an hour, became one of the first fifty of her employees[48][36].
At Atari, Jobs was mainly engaged in fine tuning games "to the mind", putting forward interesting and original design proposals.
However, there he was immediately disliked for his arrogance and untidy appearance.
But the founder and head of Atari, Nolan Bushnell, liked Steve, and he transferred Jobs to work the night shift, retaining a promising employee[49]:
He was a philosopher, unlike many with whom I had to work.
We often talked about free will and predestination.
I argued that everything is predetermined, that we are all programmed.
And if you have reliable initial data, you can predict the actions of other people.
Steve thought otherwise[50].
The original text (English)
He was more philosophical than the other people I worked with.
We used to discuss free will versus determinism.
I tended to believe that things were much more determined, that we were programmed.
If we had perfect information, we could predict people’s actions.
Steve felt the opposite.
— Nolan Bushnell
In mid 1974, [51] Jobs went to India in search of spiritual enlightenment.
Moreover, Jobs managed to convince the management of Atari to pay for his journey to Munich, where he fulfilled an assignment related to the company's business[43].
In India, Jobs, on the advice of Friedland, was going to visit guru Nim Karoli Baba, but it turned out that he died in September 1973[48].
In addition, on the way, Jobs had dysentery and lost 15 kilograms.
I had to stay in the village for recuperation.
Kottke soon joined Jobs.
Together they made a long journey to the ashram of Hariahan Baba (English)Russian..
They spent a lot of time on bus trips from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, and then to Himachal Pradesh and back[48].
Jobs did not look for another guru, but tried to achieve enlightenment on his own, with the help of asceticism, fasting and simplicity.
According to Kottke's memoirs, Jobs failed to achieve" inner silence " in India[52], and Steve admitted to close friends that he started this trip and generally plunged into the trials of various spiritual and mystical practices in order to numb the pain of realizing that he was abandoned immediately after birth.
After getting to know his real parents, Steve hoped to understand something very important about himself and his place in life[53].
After a seven month stay in India, Jobs returned to the United States[54] emaciated, red brown from sunburn, with a shaved head and in traditional Indian clothing[52] [55].
After returning, Jobs was still able to find a spiritual mentor right in Los Altos.
It was Kobun Tino Otagawa, a student of the founder of the Zen Buddhist center in San Francisco, Shunryu Suzuki, author of the book "Zen Consciousness, Beginner's Consciousness".
Otagawa gave evening lectures in Los Altos on Wednesdays and conducted meditations with students.
Jobs became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, participated in long meditations at the Tassahara Zen center[56] and even considered becoming a student at the Eiheiji Temple in Japan, but his mentor persuaded him to stay in America[57][58].
At this time, Jobs was experimenting with psychedelics.
Later, he called his experience of using LSD "one of the two or three most important things he did in his life"[59][60] and added that people who have not tried "acid" will never be able to fully understand it[60].
In early 1975, Jobs returned to Atari.
Then the Breakout game was being finalized and a bonus for optimizing the game scheme was announced in the amount of $ 100 for each chip excluded from the scheme.
Jobs volunteered to take this job, but, since he was poorly versed in the development of electronic circuits, he was forced to turn to Wozniak, who then worked at Hewlett Packard.[61]
An additional difficulty was the timing — Jobs said that the work had to be completed in 4 days.
It usually takes several months to develop such a scheme, but Jobs was able to convince Wozniak that he would cope in 4 days.
He distorts reality by imagining things that canot be — for example, he tells me that I can come up with a design for Breakout in a few days.
And you realize that this is impossible, but in the end it turns out that Steve is right [62]
- Steve Wozniak
Wozniak practically did not sleep for four days, working during the day at his main job, but he completed the task by developing a game scheme in the allotted time.
At the same time, to the great surprise of Atari engineers, he used only 45 chips[63][64] (such schemes then contained 130-170 chips, and the most successfully developed 70-100 chips).
For this work, Jobs gave Wozniak a check for $ 350.
However, it later turned out that Jobs had deceived his partner by saying that Atari had paid him only $ 700.
Jobs did not mention the announced bonus of $ 100 for each chip saved, and which amounted to $ 5,000.
It turned out that Jobs completely appropriated this award to himself[65][64].
In addition, Jobs also invented a four day deadline, because he wanted to catch the apple harvest at Friedland's farm and was in a hurry to catch a plane[66].
After receiving the money, he quit his job at Atari.
Later, after learning about the real bonus, Wozniak was upset and noted that if Jobs had then admitted to him that he needed money, he would have given him his share himself[31].
As for Jobs, he continued to claim that he gave Woz half of the money he received, even after the story leaked to the press ten years later [66].
"Club of homemade computers"
Bulletin of the "Club of homemade computers", September 1976
On March 5, 1975, [67] the first meeting of a group of enthusiasts who called themselves the "Homebrew Computer Club"was held.
The members of the club gathered in Menlo Park, in the garage of Gordon French, an unemployed engineer.
All of them were also engineers and" fans " of computer technology, united by their desire to change the prevailing idea of computers as very expensive and cumbersome devices that require special skills to use.
The introduction of new technologies into the lives of ordinary people was supposed to be through the promotion of independent design and handicraft manufacturing of computers.
Steve Wozniak was present at the meeting.
After the first meeting, he took up the design of the machine, which later became known as the Apple I, with great zeal.
The club became a second home for Wozniak, especially since the ideas that were voiced at the meetings became more and more daring and grandiose, it was already about a whole "computer revolution" in the interests of all mankind[68].
This formulation of the problem fully met Wozniak's views, and by the end of June he received the first unique result for that time: the display of characters typed on the keyboard.
Who immediately demonstrated his invention to Steve Jobs, who was greatly impressed by it[69].
After that, Jobs also began to attend the "Home made Computer Club", in any case, in 1975 he was at several meetings: Woz showed his computer to other members of the club at the end of meetings, and Jobs helped him carry a TV that served as a display, as well as with the settings[70].
In addition, Jobs was able to get the best, expensive and very scarce at that time chips of "dynamic" RAM (DRAM) produced by Intel for free for Wozniak's computer[71].
The meetings of the club were already attended by more than 100 people, and the meetings began to be held in one of the classrooms of the Stanford Center for Linear Accelerators, under the chairmanship of the pacifist engineer Lee Felsenstein (English)Russian [69].
As in the case of the" blue boxes", Jobs soon started talking about the commercial potential of Wozniak's invention.
First of all, he convinced Woz to stop distributing computer drawings right and left to everyone, although this did not meet the principles of the" Home Computer Club", created for the free exchange of ideas and selfless mutual assistance.
Jobs also drew attention to the fact that the club members are actively working on drawings, but projects are usually not brought to working models due to lack of time and skills.
Then Steve suggested that Woz sell ready made printed circuit boards in the club, that is, take the most difficult part of the work on himself, and the buyer would have to solder the chips to the board according to the ready made drawings.
According to Jobs ' calculations, the production of one board would cost $ 20, and he was going to sell them twice as much.
At first, Wozniak was skeptical about this idea: the business required at least $ 1,000 of initial investment, which could pay off after the sale of 50 units of goods.
Although the club already had about 500 members, many of them were supporters of fashionable ready made solutions, like the Altair 8800, and Who did not see a sufficient number of customers[72][73].
But Jobs knew his friend too well.
He did not convince Wozniak that the company would certainly bring income, but painted their enterprise as an exciting adventure.
And it worked:
I thought it would be great.
Two best friends organize their own company.
Class.
I realized that I really want this.
How could I refuse?[74]
The original text (English)
I was excited to think about us like that.
To be two best friends starting a company.
Wow.
I knew right then that I’d do it.
How could I not?
- Steve Wozniak
Apple Computer
The Apple logo, invented by Wayne: Newton under the apple tree
Main article: Apple
To raise the necessary amount, Jobs had to sell his" hippy " Volkswagen T1 minibus and switch to a bicycle, and Wozniak sold one of his main values — a programmable HP 65 calculator[en][74].
From the proceeds, Jobs paid about $ 600 to a familiar Atari employee for creating a schematic diagram of a printed circuit board[to clarify], which could then be put into mass production.
In January 1976, the first batch of boards was placed at the disposal of the partners.
Jobs needed a third voice in case of disagreements with Wozniak, and Steve took another engineer from Atari, his friend Ron Wayne, who had an unsuccessful experience in running his own business producing slot machines for casinos, and therefore was well versed in legislation and drafting documents.
Jobs also hoped, with the help of Wayne, to convince Wozniak to quit designing calculators for Hewlett Packard and focus entirely on their business[75].
It remained to register a company, and it was possible to start selling the goods.
But first it was necessary to decide on the name of the future company.
Jobs had just returned from Oregon, from Friedland's "All One Farm".
This farm was actually a real hippie commune.
Steve pruned apple trees there and even went on an apple diet, becoming a Fruitarian and deciding that now he was cleansed, and it was enough for him to wash no more than once a week.
He returned to Los Altos absolutely happy.
Who met him at the airport and took him by car to the city[74].
On the way, they picked up the name for the future company, since the next morning it was already necessary to submit documents for its registration.
Jobs proposed "Apple Computer": The name sounded funny, energetic and not scary.
The word "apple" softened the serious "computer".
In addition, we would have been in front of Atari in the phone book. [74]
The original text (English)
It sounded fun, spirited, and not intimidating.
Apple took the edge off the word ‘computer.’
Plus, it would get us ahead of Atari in the phone book.
- Steve Jobs
Jobs said that if nothing better is offered by the morning, the Apple name will remain.
And so it happened.
Therefore, the computer developed by Wozniak was named Apple I [74].
The company was incorporated on April 1, 1976.
Trilateral Partnership Agreement (English)Russian.
it was compiled by Wayne, who also wrote the first manual for the Apple I and created the first Apple logo.
However, after 12 days, Wayne, according to his own words, realized that he "would not pull" the pace set by the partners, and left the company, taking his share — $ 800, and then receiving another$ 1,500 for a written waiver of any claims[76].
Apple I
Main article: Apple I
Apple I with a keyboard and in a wooden case.
Paul Terrell had to add both at his own expense
At the next meeting of the "Club of Homemade Computers", Jobs and Wozniak for the first time arranged a presentation of their computer.
Steve Jobs, who turned out to be a natural speaker, spoke with passion and conviction, addressing rhetorical questions to the audience.
However, only one person showed interest in acquiring the Apple I: Paul Terrell, the owner of the Byte computer store, which recently opened on Camino Real in Menlo Park.
The next day, Jobs showed up at his store barefoot — and made a deal that he and Wozniak later called the main one in their lives.
Terrell ordered 50 pieces at once, but he was not interested in printed circuit boards, he needed computers in full configuration, and he paid $ 500 for each.
Jobs immediately agreed, although they did not have the funds to fulfill such an order[77].
It took 15 thousand dollars, but Jobs found a way out of the situation here: he was able to borrow 5 thousand from friends, and he received the components from the distributor Cramer Electronics on credit for 30 days, and Terrell made the guarantor, who actually financed the entire project[78].
The partners occupied the Jobs ' house and garage[79].
Work began to boil, Steve attracted everyone he could.
His friend Daniel Kottke and his pregnant sister Patti inserted the chips, receiving a dollar for a fee[80].
Elizabeth Holmes, Daniel's ex girlfriend, who had experience in jewelry, was initially engaged in soldering chips.
But when she accidentally dripped solder on the board, Jobs announced that they had no spare components and transferred her to accounting and paperwork.
He took over the ration.
Quality control and, if necessary, troubleshooting was carried out by Wozniak[78].
During this joint work, Jobs first showed himself as a rather tough, authoritarian leader.
He made an exception only for Woz, on whom he never raised his voice during all the time of their friendship and cooperation.
A month later, the order was ready: the partners delivered 50 computers to Terrell and paid off the loan for the components.
There were no keyboards, monitors, or power supplies attached to the Apple I, there were not even cases — only fully equipped system boards.
Despite this, the Apple I is recognized by many as the first computer in history that was supplied by the manufacturer in a ready made form — after all, other computers of that time, including the Altair, came to the market in the form of kits that had to be assembled by the retailer or the end buyer.
The appearance of the Apple I clearly did not coincide with Terrell's expectations, but thanks to the diplomatic abilities of Jobs, he met halfway this time, agreeing to pay for the order.
The production of the boards was much cheaper than expected, as Jobs managed to negotiate a significant discount on components with the supplier.
With the money saved, they managed to collect another 50 devices, which Jobs and Wozniak sold to friends from the "Club of Homemade Computers", making a profit[81].
In the future, the partners managed to sell more than a hundred Apple I computers at other stores and among friends.
Elizabeth was registered as an accountant of the company with a salary of $ 4 an hour, and Clara, Jobs ' mother, answered calls under the guise of a secretary.
Clients and business partners who had never been to the Jobs house had the impression that a solid company with a large staff was really located at this address.
Apple II
Main article: Apple II
According to Stephen Wozniak, the Apple I was just a revision of the terminal he had previously invented for the ARPANET and did not contain electronic innovations, except for the use of "dynamic" memory.
While working on the Apple I, Wozniak came up with extraordinary ideas, but he wanted to complete this project as soon as possible, and Woz decided to implement them later, in a separate model designed "from scratch"[82].
Work on the Apple II board was completed by August 1976.
The new Apple product had many revolutionary features: working with color, sound, connecting game controllers, and more[83].
Jobs drew conclusions from the Apple I sales experience and realized that Paul Terrell was right:
We wanted our customers to become not only a limited group of amateurs who know where to buy a keyboard, a transformer, and assemble computers themselves.
For one such expert, there are a thousand people who will prefer to buy a device ready for use[84].
The original text (English)
We were no longer aiming for the handful of hobbyists who liked to assemble their own computers, who knew how to buy transformers and keyboards.
For every one of them there were a thousand people who would want the machine to be ready to run.
- Steve Jobs
Introduced in 1977, the Apple II offered users an integrated keyboard, color graphics, sound, a plastic case, eight expansion slots and two disk drives
Due to the reorientation of the business to the mass inexperienced consumer, the first serious disagreements arose between Jobs and Wozniak.
Jobs suggested leaving only two slots: for the printer and the modem.
Wozniak insisted that there should be eight slots: "People like me will definitely come up with something else to add to their computer."
But Jobs preferred to decide for himself what people needed.
As a result, Steve had to give in, since the always accommodating Woz this time gave an ultimatum, suggesting that the partner look for another computer for sale[85].
Another important conclusion, soon made by Jobs, is that the design of the device is of great importance.
In August, Jobs and Wozniak attended the first Personal Computer Festival PC ' 76 in Atlantic City, where they demonstrated Apple I. Jobs noted that for all the undeniable functional advantages of their project, it was losing out in presentability to the Sol 20 computer from Processor Technology (developed by members of the" Home Computer Club " Gordon French, Lee Felsenstein and Bob Marsh) [86].
Realizing this fact, Steve began to approach each component of the computer from the point of view of design perfection.
In the store, he saw a food processor Cuisinart (English)Russian.
and I decided that the Apple II needed a case made of light molded plastic[87].
Then Jobs decided to get rid of the fan in the power supply, because, according to him, the fan inside the computer contradicts the principles of Zen and distracts from work.
He even approached the topology of the motherboard with the same principles, rejecting the first scheme, since the "tracks" seemed to him insufficiently harmonious[88].
Jobs assigned the design of the case to a consultant, Jerry Manock, an acquaintance from the "Home made Computer Club" [87], for$1,500.
Atari designer Al Alcorn brought Jobs together with Rod Holt, who was well versed in electrical engineering.
Holt asked for a high price, but he developed a switching power supply and eventually was enlisted in the Apple staff[88].
After calculating the costs, Jobs realized that they could not afford to establish a serial production of fully equipped computers with a plastic case and an original design.
It was about a hundred thousand dollars for the production of cases, and at least two hundred thousand dollars for the launch of the computers themselves[89].
Jobs decided to try to sell the rights to the entire development of Atari and again contacted Al Alcorn.
Like Bushnell, Al was a man of informal views, he arranged for Jobs to meet with Atari director Joe Keenan.
Nothing came of it:
Jobs came to advertise a new product to him, but Keenan barely listened to him.
Steve smelled so bad that the old man was sick [90].
The original text (English)
Steve goes in to pitch him, but Joe couldnot stand him.
He didnot appreciate Steve’s hygiene.
- Al Alcorn
And when Jobs threw his bare feet right on Keenan's desk, Keenan shouted him out of the door[90].
Then Jobs held a presentation of the Apple II at the Commodore headquarters.
During the speech, Jobs behaved so brazenly and self confident that Wozniak was ready to sink through the ground with shame.
The Commodore management refused them.
But Jobs did not give up, he went back to Atari and offered Bushnell to invest $ 50,000 in the project in exchange for a third of Apple's shares.
Again, the refusal, which Bushnell later regretted very much.
Out of sympathy, Bushnell advised Jobs to turn to the founder of one of the first venture capital companies, Sequoia Capital, Don Valentine, who used to be engaged in semiconductors, as a marketing director at National Semiconductor[89].
Respectable and businesslike Don Valentine himself showed up in the Jobs garage.
The atmosphere and appearance of the inhabitants of the garage made an impression on him:
Steve carefully mowed under the informal.
Skinny, with a sparse beard, similar to Ho Chi Minh [89].
The original text (English)
Steve was trying to be the embodiment of the counterculture.
He had a wispy beard, was very thin, and looked like Ho Chi Minh.
- Don Valentine
But in business, Valentine was used to not paying attention to such things.
He told Jobs that he was ready to finance them, provided that Jobs would hire an employee who was competent in marketing, distribution and able to draw up a business plan.
Such a person turned out to be Mike Markkula, chosen by Jobs from three candidates sent by Valentine[91].
A former engineer and product marketing manager at Intel, Markkula earned millions on stock options by the age of 33.
He offered Jobs and Wozniak funding of up to $ 250,000 in exchange for a third of Apple's shares.
On January 3, 1977, the Apple Computer Partnership was transformed into Apple Corporation.
Jobs, Wozniak and Markkula each received 26 % of the shares, and it was decided to leave the rest for other investors.
Wozniak reluctantly had to leave Hewlett Packard[92].
Markkula had a huge influence on Jobs, his authority for Steve was comparable to that of his father:
Mike took me under his wing.
Our views on the world largely coincided.
Markkula argued that when creating a company, you should not strive to get rich, but simply do what you believe in.
This is the only way to achieve success[92].
The original text (English)
Mike really took me under his wing.
His values were much aligned with mine.
He emphasized that you should never start a company with the goal of getting rich.
Your goal should be making something you believe in and making a company that will last.
- Steve Jobs
After the founding of the corporation, Apple finally got its own office on Stevens Creek Boulevard in Cupertino, and the Jobs family was able to breathe a sigh of relief.
The company already employed about a dozen employees[93].
The question arose about its president.
22 year old flighty, shaggy, always dirty and ragged Jobs, despite his obvious talents, ambition and inflamed ego, was not suitable for this job in any way, and after much persuasion he was forced to admit it [94].
In February 1977, Markkula invited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to become CEO.
Scotty, as he was called at Apple to distinguish him from Markkula, was reputed to be an experienced leader, and his main task was to subdue Jobs.
And it was really necessary: Steve, feeling uncomfortable in the company because of the loss of sole leadership, became more and more rude, hot tempered and despotic day by day, and if he did not dare to break down on Wozniak or Markkul, then simple programmers, Woz's wards, had a hard time:
Steve would come into the office, look at what I was doing, and declare that it was shit.
At the same time, he had no idea what it was and for what[93].
The original text (English)
Steve would come in, take a quick look at what I had done, and tell me it was shit without having any idea what it was or why I had done it.
- Randy Wigginton
The new president was not very good at coping with Jobs, but still better than anyone else.
Jobs quickly realized why Markkula hired Scott, and began to rebel, arranging scandals for insignificant reasons.
In particular, Jobs was driven to despair that everyone considered only Wozniak the author of the Apple II.
Jobs always and everywhere wanted to be the first, and when Scott, quite consciously, assigned him the employee card No. 2, and for Woz No. 1, Jobs once again threw a tantrum with tears.
As a result, he demanded a card with a dubious number "zero", just to be ahead of Wozniak.
He received the card, but Jobs remained the second in the Bank of America payroll, since it was supposed to be numbered from one, and no one was going to rearrange employees in places because of their whims.
Scotty served as a lightning rod, since his appearance in the company, Jobs has not had as many conflicts with anyone as with him [95]:
Steve and I had a question like this: who will overcomplicate whom.
And I had a lot of stubbornness.
Steve had to be kept in a tight grip, and, of course, he did not like it[95].
The original text (English)
The question between Steve and me was who could be most stubborn, and I was pretty good at that.
He needed to be sat on, and he sure didnot like that.
- Mike Scott
Both of them periodically had to give in to these disputes: either the president of the company, or its charismatic leader.
One day, Jobs caught fire with the idea of providing customers with an unprecedented, at that time, one year warranty, whereas the typical warranty period was only 90 days.
And Scotty had to give in [96].
The Apple logo, chosen by Steve Jobs, authored by Rob Yanof.
It was used from 1977 to 1998.
Without the help of the chief advertiser of Silicon Valley, Regis McKenna (English)Russian.
it was impossible to dream of real success[97].
McKenna quickly agreed to cooperate with Apple.
First of all, he instructed his team to develop the company's logo and product a logo in the style of Victorian engraving, invented at the time by Wayne, clearly did not correspond to the concept of simplicity as the cornerstone of high quality design and was the complete opposite of the appearance of the Apple II.
Art director Rob Yanof offered two versions of the logo in the form of an apple, whole and bitten, and several coloring options.
Jobs said that a whole apple can easily be confused with a cherry, and chose a half bitten one.
In addition, he decided on a variant with six colored horizontal stripes, firstly, as symbolizing the main" trump card " of the Apple II, working in color, and secondly, because of its psychedelicity[98].
This logo has been approved and has not been changed I am until 1998.
In April 1977, the first West Coast Computer Fair was held.
It was organized by Jim Warren, another regular of the "Homemade Computer Club".
Jobs, on the advice of Markkula, decided to impress everyone with the scope of the Apple exposition: he contributed $ 5,000 and booked an exhibition space in the center of the hall.
The Apple stand was covered with black velvet, a lighted plexiglass backdrop with the new company logo was installed.
Jobs had only three fully equipped computers at his disposal — that's how many samples of plastic cases the contractor from Palo Alto managed to deliver to them[99].
I had to arrange empty boxes around the stand as if they also contained computers.
Jobs drilled employees, forcing them to polish three beige computer cases to a shine.
For such an occasion, he and Wozniak even ordered three piece suits from the San Francisco atelier, which looked rather ridiculous on them.
Jobs ' efforts paid off with a vengeance: Apple received an order for 300 computers already at the fair, the company also had its first foreign dealer textile magnate Satoshi Mitsushima from Japan[100].
The company entered a phase of rapid sales growth and prosperity that lasted for several years.
Against this background, it was possible to turn a blind eye to internal scandals and conflicts between its founders.
As for the Apple II, this computer was a phenomenal success and brought income for 16 years.
During this time, the company sold up to 6 million Apple II computers, taking into account several modifications, and numerous clones of it were produced around the world.
Apple II remains one of the most profitable projects in the history of the industry, and this is the result of the joint work of engineer Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, manager and designer:
Who created the greatest computer, but if it werenot for Steve Jobs, his invention would still be gathering dust on the shelves of stores for technology lovers[101].
The original text (English)
Woz designed a great machine, but it would be sitting in hobby shops today were it not for Steve Jobs.
- Regis McKenna
However, this recognition was not enough for Jobs.
He was sure that he was able to achieve success that he would not have to share with anyone[101].
Apple III
Main article: Apple III
The release of an improved modification of the Apple III+ in December 1983 could not save the project from failure
The first attempt to design and release a computer, in the development of which marketing tasks were put at the forefront from the very beginning, was the Apple III.
Work on this model began at the end of 1978 under the direct supervision of Dr. Wendell Sander, since Wozniak supervised the Apple II direction, developing various modifications of it, and did not consider it necessary to design something else, since the ideal computer, in his opinion, had already been created[102].
The Apple III project was actually left to the marketing department and personally to Steve Jobs.
The Apple III was a radical redesign of Wozniak's business oriented computer, and the Apple II was supposed to be repositioned as a junior model, an amateur computer for the home.
Marketers found out that businessmen, when purchasing an Apple II for work, usually bought two additional extension boards to the computer, allowing them to work with scale tables.
It was decided to deliver everything together, in one case.
At the same time, the dimensions and shape of the case were rigidly set by Jobs, and he did not allow them to be changed, as well as to install fans — the problem of heat dissipation was solved due to the heavy aluminum case.
Jobs at that time held the position of vice president of the company for research and development, and his requirements were met, regardless of their validity.
In order not to lose Apple II fans, it was decided to leave the download option in the old mode as well.
In fact, they were two different computers in one case: the OS for Apple III was developed anew, and the programs for Apple II were not suitable for it[103].
The car was announced and released on May 19, 1980, the release was accompanied by a grandiose advertising campaign.
With the entry of Apple III into the market, all work on Apple II was curtailed, the company's resources were transferred to a new project.
However, it quickly became clear that in Apple III mode, computers work unstable: they constantly fail due to overheating, excessive density of components on the circuit board and bad connectors[103].
or a task by designing a high quality and more powerful, compared to the Apple II, but completely ordinary computer, in which there was essentially nothing new.
The only bright spot was the applications written by engineer Bill Atkinson, in particular, the version of the high level programming language Pascal for the Apple II[106].
The situation with Lisa categorically did not suit Jobs: he needed a breakthrough, a move forward, and not a repetition of what he had passed[102].
Jeff Raskin, Apple's computer interface specialist and Bill Atkinson's lecturer at the University of California, San Diego, came to the rescue.
Raskin and Atkinson persuaded Jobs to start a collaboration with the Xerox PARC research center located in Palo Alto.
Xerox, which specialized in copying technology, had at its disposal many advanced IT developments, which were mainly limited in distribution.
For example, the Xerox Alto computer, developed back in 1973, supported a graphical user interface, but the production of this machine was never put on stream, and several thousand Altos were used at Xerox PARC itself and at various universities.
A year earlier, a Xerox employee, William English (English)Russian.
he invented a ball shaped computer mouse.
The company was also preparing for the release of the first publicly available object oriented programming language Smalltalk, Larry Tesler worked on its development.
Apple Lisa, with two 5.25" disk drives
Xerox was also involved in venture capital investments, and in the summer of 1979, the company's management expressed interest in acquiring Apple shares.
Jobs immediately put forward a condition: 100 thousand shares at $ 10 apiece, and in return Apple employees get access to the latest Xerox developments.
An agreement was reached: Steve received an invitation to inspect the Xerox PARC for himself and several other Apple employees.
The management of Xerox considered that the" upstarts " from Apple would still not understand anything about their developments, and if they could understand them, the cooperation would be mutually beneficial.
Tesler was flattered by such attention from Jobs, because his own superiors did not welcome him too much.
Another Smalltalk developer, Adele Goldberg, on the contrary, was outraged by the actions of the management, who suddenly decided to hand over all the secrets to competitors, and made every effort to make Jobs and his colleagues learn as little as possible[107].
They were shown several text applications on Alto, nothing special.
Jobs realized that they were trying to fool him, called Xerox headquarters and demanded to organize a second tour.
This time he took with him Bill Atkinson and programmer Bruce Horn,who used to work at Xerox PARC.
Xerox employees again tried to get off with "little blood", showing the guests text editors, and then tried to pass off an open demo version of Smalltalk as a full featured one.
It didnot work again: Atkinson and his colleagues quickly "figured them out".
Jobs lost his temper and complained to the head of the Xerox venture investment department on the phone.
The company's management immediately contacted the research center and demanded to immediately show Jobs the full development capabilities.
Goldberg had to give up [108].
Apple's raid on Xerox PARC is called the most audacious robbery in the history of the IT industry.
Jobs learned the most important secrets of Xerox: Ethernet, object oriented programming capabilities, a graphical raster interface, the WYSIWYG principle, a mouse manipulator.
It was not about handing over any codes, programs or drawings to Apple employees, but this was not required.
The main thing was ideas, and their implementation by Apple became a matter of time, according to Atkinson, about six months[109]:
Picasso said: "Good artists copy, great ones steal."
And we have never been shy about stealing great ideas[109].
The original text (English)
Picasso had a saying — ‘good artists copy, great artists steal’ — and we have always been shameless about stealing great ideas.
- Steve Jobs
If Jobs ever felt uncomfortable about this "theft" with the consent of the "robbed", it should have passed in 1981, when the Xerox Star computer arrived in stores.
The new product from Xerox contained all the innovations "stolen" by Jobs a few years earlier than Apple managed to use them, and at the same time failed miserably in the sale.
Xerox had an excellent chance to capture the computer market, but missed this opportunity.
The next move was for Apple.
After returning from Xerox PARC, Jobs lured Larry Tesler and Xerox engineer Bobby Bellville to Apple.
He himself began to interfere with the work of the Lisa group with even greater enthusiasm, demanding that, on the one hand, the ideas of Xerox were implemented in the project, and all at a higher level of execution, and on the other hand, that the computer remained accessible to the mass buyer.
Jobs could easily call some engineer in the middle of the night and dictate his instructions to him, bypassing the direct leadership of the group.
In addition, day by day he became more aggressive.
In the end, Jobs so terrorized the employees that Markkula and Scott, without looking at the status of the founder and the main shareholder of the company, reorganized Apple behind his back.
25 year old Jobs was removed from the post of vice president for research and development, transplanted to the honorary chair of the chairman of the board of directors, without real powers.
The position of the head of the Lisa project development department was invented for the Coach, and now his decisions were not subject to discussion[110].
Thus, by the end of 1980, Steve Jobs was excommunicated from the project that he himself initiated:
I was upset.
Markkula left me.
He and Scotty decided that I was not capable of leading the development of Lisa.
I have thought about it a lot [110].
The original text (English)
I was upset and felt abandoned by Markkula.
He and Scotty felt I wasnot up to running the Lisa division.
I brooded about it a lot.
- Steve Jobs
Macintosh
Main article: Macintosh
This is what a Macintosh might look like.
Geoff Ruskin with a smaller Canon Cat model
Jeff Raskin, who so timely drew Jobs ' attention to the development of Xerox, has been leading another project with a "female" name at Apple since 1979 — Annie.
Ruskin wanted to create an inexpensive, portable car for just a thousand dollars.
It was supposed to be folded like a briefcase and more like a household appliance than a computer[106].
Shortly after starting work on the project, Ruskin changed its name to Macintosh, in honor of his favorite apple variety[111].
The corporation by this time already occupied a separate building on Bandley Drive 3, and a few blocks away, in the old Apple office on Stevens Creek, a small group of the Macintosh project was working at a distance from the authorities.
The work progressed slowly, but in the group, in addition to Ruskin, there was also a second "motor" - Burrell Smith,a young self taught engineer, a fan of Steve Wozniak.
Smith managed the almost impossible: to make a graphical interface on a single board using only standard components.
The classified Lisa prototype by this time was built on the basis of five printed circuit boards and a huge number of components made to order.
The Macintosh prototype was three times cheaper and at the same time worked twice as fast.
It is not surprising that Ruskin managed to save the project from closure several times.
Jobs immediately switched from the Lisa project to the Macintosh.
The differences between Jobs and Raskin were fundamental, and therefore insurmountable.
Ruskin designed the computer based on its final price.
He set the bar at $ 1,000 and began to see what could be done for this money.
The result was not impressive, Ruskin tried to squeeze everything possible out of a limited budget, but there was practically no progress in quality and attractiveness.
Jobs professed a different approach: first setting a task, then solving it, and finally searching for optimization and reducing the cost of this solution, but in no case at the expense of losing quality or abandoning the intended goals.
In addition, Jobs dreamed of taking revenge for the failure with Lisa and implementing, now in the Macintosh, all the technologies he had seen at the Xerox research center.
Raskin, although he personally led Jobs to these technologies, approved of only some of them: namely, the window interface and raster graphics, but he did not like the icons and mouse type manipulators at all.
A former student of Ruskin, Bill Atkinson, supported Jobs, and Steve decided to completely re equip the Macintosh team, leaving loyal people and inviting several more specialists[112].
Jobs was going to escalate: Ruskin gave orders or scheduled meetings — Jobs canceled them.
In addition, Steve challenged the Lisa team to a competition, making a bet with John Couch for $ 5,000 that the Macintosh group would be the first to release an innovative product and that it would be better and cheaper than the Lisa machine.
Raskin asked for help from the company's management, sending Mike Scott a letter entitled "Working with and for Steve Jobs":
He's a disgusting manager... it's impossible to work with him…
He regularly skips meetings.
He acts without thinking and without really understanding the situation…
He doesnot trust anyone…
When they tell him new ideas, he first criticizes everything, says that it is complete nonsense and a waste of time.
But if the idea is good, then soon he begins to tell everyone about it as if he came up with it...[112].
The original text (English)
He is a dreadful manager…
I have found it impossible to work fo r him…
Jobs regularly misses appointments.
He acts without thinking and with bad judgment…
He does not give credit where due…
When told of a new idea, he will immediately attack it and say that it is worthless or even stupid, and tell you that it was a waste of time to work on it.
In general, if the idea is a good one he will soon be telling people about it as though it was his own.
- from a letter from Jeff Ruskin to the president of Apple
Scotty left the difficult decision to Markkula.
He called Jobs and Ruskin to him.
Steve, as often happened to him at critical moments, burst into tears, but he did not change his position.
It was unthinkable to remove Jobs from work for the second time in a row, there were no special reasons for this either — the project under Ruskin's leadership was clearly stalling.
To take advantage of the situation in their own interests, sending the conflicted founder of the company away from the center of the corporation, to solve a secondary and obviously unpromising task seemed a much more tempting idea.
Jobs looked at all this differently and was even glad of the new appointment[113]:
They decided to make concessions and find me some business.
I was satisfied with this.
It was as if I had returned to my garage and was again leading my own small team [113].
The original text (English)
They wanted to humor me and give me something to do, which was fine.
It was like going back to the garage for me.
I had my own ragtag team and I was in control.
- Steve Jobs
In early 1981, Jobs took over the Macintosh project.
Jeff Raskin was sent on a forced leave, and he quit Apple.
Soon Raskin got the opportunity to complete his development at Canon.
The specialized Canon Cat desktop computer, released in 1987 according to his project, contained many unique ideas, but did not have commercial success.
Jobs immediately started updating the Mac team, soon there were about 20 people in it, but Jobs continued to recruit new employees.
He solemnly demonstrated a prototype computer to each candidate, observing the reaction.
If the candidate became animated, started asking about everything and tried to try everything out right there, Jobs enrolled him in the group.
The Apple Macintosh was implemented as a monoblock with a removable keyboard
Jobs decided to sacrifice the portability of the computer, while strictly limiting its dimensions.
Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama made plaster models of the case, but Jobs made new comments every time.
He wanted the computer to look as friendly as possible, and gradually the appearance of the Mac began to remotely resemble a human face.
Jobs sought to perfect the appearance of each element, starting with the windows and icons, and ending with the packaging, which the buyer would immediately throw away.
Even the internal parts of the computer had to look harmonious, despite the fact that only developers and service employees would see them.
The reverse side of Jobs ' perfectionism was also immediately apparent: he was convinced that only Apple employees should have access to the contents of the system unit, and the user has nothing to do there, since he should perceive the Apple product as a whole, and not as a set of components.
To ensure this perception, Jobs went to very unpopular measures, up to the use of non standard screws, for which it was extremely difficult for the user to pick up screwdrivers.
Jobs did not hesitate to sacrifice compatibility and, as a result, an essential part of the market for the sake of image: the buyer should feel that he is acquiring a unique and complete work of art.
For the same reason, as well as because of the personal ambitions of Jobs, who was stung by the suspension from the development of Lisa, two computers that were developed in parallel at Apple and addressed to the same audience were not compatible with each other either in terms of components or in the field of software.
This, in turn, meant fierce competition between Lisa and Macintosh for a buyer, and even a feud between two groups of Apple engineers and programmers.
Jobs ' actions led to a split in the company's team, but Steve did nothing to overcome it — on the contrary, he did not miss the opportunity to release a barb or some other trick to the Lisa designers, declaring the Macintosh the "killer" of this project.
Jobs did not dare to develop a universal style for all subsequent Apple products on his own, but decided to trust the professionals.
In 1982, he organized a competition in which the Bavarian Hartmut Esslinger, who developed the design of Sony Trinitron TVs, won.
At the invitation of Jobs, Esslinger moved to California with his company, where he registered it under the name Frog Design,signing a contract with Apple for $ 1.2 million.
By 1984, Apple had introduced the"Snow White" style[en], invented by Esslinger.
This style has become a global trend in the market of computers and office equipment[114].
While working on the Macintosh, Jobs visited Japan, visiting some high tech production facilities there.
Far from everything in the Japanese factories he liked, but he was amazed by the exemplary discipline and impeccable cleanliness in the workshops.
After returning to California, Jobs decided to build a Macintosh manufacturing plant in Fremont.
He ordered to whitewash the factory walls, and paint the machines in bright colors, which shocked the employees and workers[115].
The Lisa computer was presented to the public in January 1983, and Jobs bet the Coach 5 thousand dollars.
Lisa differed favorably from competitors ' products with high quality and advanced capabilities.
But the unaffordable price, about $ 10,000, did not allow it to become a mass home computer, Lisa did not show high sales.
At the same time, there was a period when at least one such computer worked in many American offices, on which employees could alternately prepare documents that looked very decent for their time.
Thus, Jobs, having lost the battle, confidently advanced to the final victory in the war.
The opponent's product was assigned an unenviable role: warming up the market in anticipation of the coming of the Mac.
Gradually, Jobs came to the idea of his group as a gang of pirates, in which he acts as the leader.
"It's better to be a pirate than to serve in the Navy!" he said.
Jobs lured to himself the best specialists of the company who worked on other projects, from the Lisa project he stole everything valuable that had been accumulated there for 3 years.
Finally, in the middle of 1983, the" gang " of Jobs got out of a cramped office on the back of the corporation, "boarded" the Apple headquarters on Bandley Drive and, finally settling in it, planted the "Jolly Roger" on the roof .
Steve's subordinates liked such games and the very atmosphere of rebellion, which could not be said about other employees and the company's management.
But Jobs managed to insist on his own, and the black flag flew over the main Apple building until the completion of work on the Mac[116].
Jobs was well aware that the spirit of adventurism and rebellion is, first of all, a team spirit.
Debi Coleman ordered hooded sweatshirts that read: "I work 90 hours a week, and I like it!".
In response, the Lisa group came to work in T shirts with the inscription "We work 70 hours a week and produce a product".
The Apple II group, which firmly knew its value and had long been tired of the showdowns within the company, "wiped its nose" with both, choosing as its motto "We work 60 hours a week and earn money to pay for Lisa and Mac" [117].
Despite the fact that Jobs was increasingly taking over the threads of the company's leadership, by 1983 he had almost regained his influence and authority, he understood that much would depend on who would take the Apple president's chair.
Markkula temporarily served as president after Scott's dismissal.
This has been going on for more than two years, and all this time Markkula was looking for a replacement.
Jobs was the obvious candidate, but both of them understood that Steve was not yet ripe for the leadership of the corporation.
I had to look for a candidate on the side.
Jerry Roche, the head of human resources, proposed the candidacy of John Scully, an overachieving marketer, president of the Pepsi Cola division of PepsiCo Corporation[118].
Jobs immediately took Scully into processing, which lasted several months and which Isaacson describes as a love affair.
They called ten times a day and spent a lot of time together.
In conversations, Jobs skillfully and subtly flattered, fully opening up to Scully, and achieved the same trust on his part.
However, Scully did not dare to leave the measured and very successful business at Pepsi.
Then, without warning, Jobs went on the attack, asking Scully a killer question: "Do you want to sell sweetened water for the rest of your days, or do you still decide to try to change the world?"
According to Scully, he felt as if he had been punched in the gut[119]:
Steve was always able to get his own way, he read people like an open book, and knew exactly what to say to everyone.
For the first time in four months, I felt that I could not refuse [119].
The original text (English)
He had an uncanny ability to always get what he wanted, to size up a person and know exactly what to say to reach a person.
I realized for the first time in four months that I couldnot say no.
- John Scully
Scully was completely fascinated by Jobs and accepted the offer to lead Apple.
However, soon enough, Steve had to regret his choice.
Jobs projected on Scully the qualities that he himself possessed, and even more than that, he convinced Scully that he also had them e possesses.
In fact, Scully turned out to be only an effective manager, aimed at obtaining maximum profit.
He imagined himself to be a romantic and an idealist, whereas Jobs was actually one.
The first serious conflict between them occurred shortly before the presentation of the Macintosh, when Scully insisted on including the cost of an advertising campaign in the price of the product, which led to a $ 500 increase in the price of the computer.
Jobs was beside himself, but he couldnot do anything.
1984
Main Article: 1984 (commercial)
On January 22, 1984, during the broadcast on the CBS channel of the final American football match between the Los Angeles Raiders and the Washington Redskins, an advertising video was shown, invented by the advertising agency Chiat \ Day (English)Russian.
and shot by director Ridley Scott, the author of the acclaimed film "Blade Runner" (1982), which set the fashion for the aesthetics of cyberpunk.
The plot of the minute long video was uncomplicated: in a huge hall, a gray crowd is listening to Big Brother from a giant screen.
An athletic looking girl runs into the hall, wearing a Macintosh T shirt and holding a hammer in her hands.
She is being chased by the thought police, but the girl breaks away from her pursuers, spins the hammer and launches it into the face on the screen.
There is a blinding explosion and a voiceover announces that thanks to Apple, "1984 will not become '1984'".
The video produced the effect of an exploding bomb, was shown in the news by the largest TV channels, and, according to a number of experts, became the first example of"viral advertising".
The paradox of the situation was that the key metaphor chosen by Jobs for this advertising campaign was much less suitable for Apple devices than for IBM computers with an open architecture.
According to Isaacson, it was the Macintosh in its sealed case, which could not be opened without special tools, that looked like a product of the Big Brother mind.
But skillful and aggressive marketing allowed us to turn everything upside down so that the substitution would not catch the eye[120].
The presentation of the Macintosh, which Jobs held on January 24, 1984 at the De Anza University at the annual shareholders ' meeting, also went down in marketing history.
Andy Herzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium" [121].
Jobs turned a simple presentation into an unforgettable show.
He began his speech with Bob Dylan's verses that "times are changing".
Then Scully took the floor, admitting that his friendship with Steve Jobs has become a major event for him since he joined the Apple team.
The climax of the evening rightfully belonged to Jobs.
To begin with, Steve made fun of competitors from IBM, exposing them as losers and short sighted retrogrades who planned to seize the PC market with the help of totalitarian methods.
Jobs compared IBM to the Party from Orwell's dystopian novel "1984", and Apple to a lone rebel challenging the total control system.
Then a well known commercial was shown.
De Anza's audience went wild.
The further program of the presentation was no less impressive: Jobs demonstrated the capabilities of the Macintosh in the field of interface, graphics and sound.
The computer was telling about itself, using a software speech generator, and its low metallic voice was drowned in the applause and jubilation of the listeners.
However, the euphoria of Apple shareholders could not change the disappointing state of affairs.
The Macintosh was a success, but sold worse than expected.
Jobs was convinced that the reason for this was an inflated price, and blamed Scully that IBM eventually captured the PC market.
Crisis and dismissal
Apple Lisa 2 computer, with one 3.5" disk drive, rebranded in Macintosh XL
After the successful launch of the Macintosh on the market, Steve Jobs ' position at Apple temporarily strengthened.
bosses of America according to Fortune.
Inventions and projects
The aesthetic sense of Steve Jobs was greatly influenced by Zen Buddhism: as a designer, Jobs always tended to simplicity and even minimalism, and he assigned a large role to intuition in decision making[216].
As of October 6, 2011, Jobs is a co author in 312 US patents for design projects and inventions related to computers and portable devices themselves, as well as to user interfaces (including touch), sound speakers, keyboards, power adapters, ladders, buckles, sleeves, belts and packages.
Most patents are issued not for technological innovations, but for design solutions[217][218].
43 patents have been issued for inventions in the United States[219].
The patent for the Dock user interface in Mac OS X with the "zoom" function was issued the day before his death[220].
Relations with IT industry figures
Steve Jobs and Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, the same age, are at the origins of the computer revolution.
They both have the honor to see the future before others, where there is a computer in every house.
They also happened to play crucial roles in this process.
The first of them, endowed with remarkable intuition, developed the talent of a designer and the eloquence of a salesman.
The second, an experienced and cautious businessman, knew a lot about programming, which he never tired of emphasizing.
In January 1976, before the founding of Apple, Gates wrote an open letter to the "Club of homemade computers", which included Jobs and Wozniak.
In the letter, Gates reproached the club for the policy of free software distribution, since one of the products turned out to be Altair BASIC developed by him.
This has become a serious precedent in the history of software licensing.
Apple was already firmly on its feet, while Microsoft was taking its first steps.
In 1984, Gates and his colleagues developed the first spreadsheet module (Excel) and the first text editor (Word) for the newly released Macintosh.
Microsoft has developed its own Windows operating system based on the same principles that were laid down in the Mac: a mouse and a window based graphical interface.
Jobs raged and accused Gates of betrayal and theft, to which Bill calmly replied:
You know, Steve, I think there's another point of view.
Let's put it this way: we both have a rich neighbor named Xerox, I broke into his house to steal a TV, and found out that you beat me to it[221].
The original text (English)
Well, Steve, I think there’s more than one way of looking at it.
I think it’s more like we both had this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it.
- Bill Gates
In January 1982, it was agreed that Microsoft would not take any steps in this direction for a year.
But the release of the Macintosh was delayed, and in November 1983, Bill Gates considered himself free from obligations to Jobs and announced the development of Windows for more popular IBM compatible machines[222].
However, the relationship between them soured: Gates looked down on Jobs because he did not know how to program[223], and Jobs called Gates a man without taste and imagination, a hack who always "shamelessly stole other people's ideas"[224]:
This story of "Windows copied from Mac" has become a real stumbling block between the two giants.
Already at the end of his life, Jobs kept saying "We were just stripped!
Bill has no brakes in terms of conscience!"
To which the second replied: "If he really believes this, the poor guy has completely lost his sense of reality."
In the 1990s, Windows was ahead of its competitors by a large margin in the "war of operating systems", almost achieving a monopoly.
But this did not stop Jobs, who continued to repeat even then:
The only trouble with Microsoft is that they have absolutely no taste.
And not in a particular, but in a general sense: they do not strive for originality, they do not have a culture of working with the product.
I'm not worried about their success, they deserved it... in general.
But it upsets me that they produce a third rate product[221].
The original text (English)
The only problem with Microsoft is they have absolutely no taste.
I donot mean that in a small way.
I mean that in a big way, in the sense that they donot think of original ideas and they donot bring much culture into their product...
I have no problem with their success.
They've earned their success... for the most part.
I have a problem with the fact that they just really make third rate products.
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital (D5) Conference in 2007
The differences between Jobs and Gates were in fundamentally different approaches to work.
Just as Jobs was an ardent supporter of full control and a closed vertical system of production and trade, Gates also supported a horizontal system based on licensing of products and technologies, which was the credo of Microsoft and allowed this corporation to dominate the software market.
Sometimes their relationship escalated more than usual, for example, when Gates, being a virtual monopolist, refused to create programs for NeXT computers, almost making fun of the new project of Jobs who left Apple[225].
In 1997, after returning to Apple, Steve Jobs decided to put an end to this war, which had already resulted in a dozen open lawsuits.
Jobs suggested that Gates invest $ 150 million in Apple and develop Mac compatible programs[226].
He explained the situation to Gates as follows: if the processes continue, Microsoft will be forced to pay Apple a fortune, but even earlier, the Macintosh trademark may simply disappear.
The deal was announced at the MacWord Expo conference in Boston, July 9, 1997.
The head of Microsoft appeared on a huge screen.
It was an amazing sight — huge Bill loomed over tiny Steve and the stunned audience.
Jobs later admitted that this was one of his most serious mistakes[227].
The journalists did not miss the opportunity to draw a nerve tickling parallel between Gates and Big Brother from the 1984 Apple ad.
In the 2000s, when both companies occupied dominant positions in the IT market, relations between entrepreneurs improved.
So during the telephorum "All Things Digital" (English)Russian.
in 2007, both, being guests of Wall Mossberg (English)Russian.
and Kara Swisher (English)Russian, showered each other with praise.
In the eyes of those who once watched their rivalry, Gates exclaimed:
I've seen how Steve makes decisions based on a flair for people and products, which, you know, is even difficult for me to explain.
He just has a completely different approach to business, akin to magic, in my opinion.
And then I said to myself: wow!
The original text (English)
I’d see Steve make the decision based on a sense of people and product that, you know, is hard for me to explain.
The way he does things is just different and I think it’s magical.
And in that case, wow.
- Bill Gates
Jobs ended his speech by raising a toast "To both of us" and breaking down in tears.
In the summer of 2011, Bill Gates paid a last visit to Steve Jobs, whose illness had already reached a critical stage.
They spent about three hours together, sitting in the living room of a house in Palo Alto and discussing with great animation.
Gates ended the conversation with the words: "I always thought that the open horizontal model would win.
But you managed to prove that a closed vertical model can also be successful. "
"Your model also works," Jobs replied.
Steve Jobs was also not too ceremonious with other industry players.
For example, he had a public spat with the CEO of Dell Computer, Michael Dell, which began in 1987, when Jobs criticized Dell for producing "non innovative beige boxes" [228].
When Michael Dell was asked at the Gartner Symposium in October 1997 what he would do if he owned the troubled Apple Computer company, he replied: "I would close it and return the money to the shareholders"[229].
In 2006, Jobs wrote an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization exceeded Dell.
It said [230]:
To all team members.
Michael Dell was not a very good predictor.
Today, at the close of trading, Apple is more expensive than Dell.
Stocks are getting more expensive and cheaper, and everything may change tomorrow, but today it is a good reason for reflection.
Steve.
The original text (English)
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasnot perfect at predicting the future.
Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell.
Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today.
Steve.
Jobs showed his vindictive nature again in 2010, when it came to accessing Adobe Flash technology on the iOS platform.
Jobs was closely acquainted with the company's founder, John Warnock, and helped him develop Adobe Illustrator for Mac in the early 80s.
But in 1999, Warnock retired, and the new managers refused to adapt Adobe products, in particular Photoshop, to the iMac.
Jobs retaliated after 10 years, saying:
Flash from a technological point of view is a node of meaningless pasta and with very serious security problems.
<...
> With the departure of Warnock, the soul left Adobe.
He was a real inventor, we were close to him.
He was succeeded by a bunch of jackets, and the company turned into a der bmo. [231]
The original text (English)
Flash is a spaghetti ball piece of technology that has lousy performance and really bad security problems.
<...
>The soul of Adobe disappeared when Warnock left.
He was the inventor, the person I related to.
It’s been a bunch of suits since then, and the company has turned out crap.
One of Jobs ' best friends in the IT field was Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle.
In 1995, Elisson tried to persuade Jobs to jointly arrange a coup at Apple by buying up shares of the company, and offered Jobs 25 %, which would allow him to lead Apple again.
Jobs chose to return through the front door and invited Ellison to the board of directors.
Ellison often invited Jobs and his family to take a cruise on one of his luxury yachts, and Reed, Jobs ' son, called Ellison "our rich friend" — Jobs himself was modest and never showed his wealth.
Another close friend of Jobs was Millard Drexler, CEO of Gap, a clothing company.
Like Allison, Jobs offered him a seat on the Apple board of directors.
Jobs often consulted with Drexler, and Millard said in 2011: "The most incredible thing I've seen during my career is what Steve turned Apple into."
Jobs was surrounded not only by friends, but also by enemies.
He was constantly at war with someone.
At the beginning of his career, the main enemy was named IBM.
Then this place was occupied for many years by Microsoft and personally by Bill Gates.
By the end of his life, Steve Jobs grappled with Google, and history repeated itself — the Android operating system for mobile devices appeared.
According to Jobs, this OS was just a boorish plagiarism of iOS.
Nevertheless, Jobs helped to get one of the Google executives, Eric Schmidt, to join the Apple board of directors.
However, this did not prevent Jobs from announcing to Schmidt in 2010 that his company was acting with unscrupulous methods, and he would prefer that Google stop stealing ideas from Apple for five billion rubles of compensation.
Jobs said that he was ready to start a "thermonuclear war" against Android and Google mobile devices in order to end their existence once and for all[232].
Attempts to get their way through the courts are being made by Apple to this day, already without Steve Jobs.
And yet, during his last sick leave in 2011, Jobs agreed to host Larry Page, the founder and new head of Google, in Palo Alto.
Page needed Jobs ' advice.
"My first impulse was to tell him to go to hell.
But then I thought about it and said to myself that when I was young, everyone around me helped me, starting with Bill Hewlett, and ending with an engineer who lived on my street and was some kind of big shot at HP.
And then I offered him a meeting, " Jobs said.
He told Page about the importance of proper recruitment and that no more than five main product names should be released, since the rest "will drag you down, and you will not notice how you will turn into Microsoft".
I tried to help him and I will try to help people like Mark Zuckerberg.
This is how I want to spend the rest of my life.
I can help the next generation remember the achievements of great companies and continue the tradition.
The valley helped me a lot once.
And now I must try to repay this debt. [233]
The original text (English)
I tried to be as helpful as I could.
I will continue to do that with people like Mark Zuckerberg too.
That’s how I’m going to spend part of the time I have left.
I can help the next generation remember the lineage of great companies here and how to continue the tradition.
The Valley has been very supportive of me.
I should do my best to repay.
- Steve Jobs
Public activities
Steve Jobs shows off the iPhone 4
to the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev,
Silicon Valley, June 23, 2010
Arik Hesseldahl of Businessweek magazine noted that "Jobs is not widely known for charity," compared to the efforts of Bill Gates[234].
Unlike Gates, Jobs did not sign the Warren Buffett Donation Oath, which obligated the world's richest billionaires to give at least half of their wealth to charity[235].
In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs spoke about his attitude to money: "The problem is to determine how to invest these funds in the world: just give them away or make these investments an expression of their values"[236].
Jobs also then added that when he has time, he will open a public fund, but now he is doing this privately[237].
After regaining control of Apple in 1997, Jobs closed all corporate charity programs[238].
Friends of Jobs told The New York Times that he felt that Apple's growth would bring more benefits than charity[239].
Later, under Jobs, Apple signed up to participate in the Product Red program, releasing red versions of devices, the profit from the sales of which went to charity.
Apple began to spend more on charity, and the head of the Product Red project, singer Bono, quoted Jobs: there is "nothing better than the opportunity to save lives"[240].
According to Bono, Apple has become the largest donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS.
[241].
The Jobs family supported the US Democratic Party and became friends with the Clinton family.
Jobs even happened to sleep in the bedroom of Lincoln (English)Russian.
in the White House[242].
Bill Clinton sometimes consulted with him in difficult moments, in particular, at the height of the Monica Lewinsky scandal[243].
In October 2010, US President Barack Obama visited Silicon Valley, where he met with Steve Jobs.
The meeting lasted 45 minutes, Jobs was extremely independent: he criticized the US educational system as hopelessly outdated, and told Obama that he "will not last longer than one term."
According to Jobs, training should be conducted in the process of close interaction between students based on digital educational materials, and educational reform is hindered by teachers ' unions[244].
In February 2011, Obama again visited Silicon Valley, where he met with representatives of the IT industry.
At the dinner, Jobs sat next to the president and took an active part in the conversation.
He suggested that all foreign students who have received a master's degree in engineering in the United States should be given a work visa.
Obama replied that this could be done within the framework of the" Dream Law", blocked by the Republicans.
After the meeting, Jobs said: "The president is a smart person, but he kept explaining to us why it is impossible to do this or that.
It infuriated me"[245].
Scandals
Retroactive stock options
Steve Jobs was ready to work almost for free, but at the same time he willingly accepted generous grants from the Apple board of directors in the form of large options to buy shares of the company and even demanded such gifts for himself, explaining that it was not about money as such, but about fair recognition of merits[246].
In 2001, Jobs received stock options in the amount of 7.5 million Apple shares with an exercise price of $ 18.30.
However, in 2006, it turned out that the options were issued retroactively, and the strike price was supposed to be $ 21.10.
This meant that if the options were exercised, Jobs would have received an undeclared income of $ 20 million due to Apple's revaluation of its income by the same amount.
The case was the subject of active criminal and civil investigations, Jobs could face a number of criminal charges and civil sanctions.
An independent internal investigation by Apple, completed on December 29, 2006, showed that Jobs, although he was warned about possible problems, did not fully realize them, and that the options granted to him were returned without execution in 2003[247].
The blame for the incident was laid on the lawyer of Apple, as well as on the former CFO of the company, who acted on the direct instructions of Jobs[248].
The scandal led to a significant drop in Apple shares and the dismissal of several top managers of the company.
The decline in the value of shares as a result of fraud and the scandal that followed, in turn, led to the filing of a number of lawsuits from shareholders to the company's management.
On July 1, 2008, a $ 7 billion class action was filed against several members of the Apple board of directors, including Jobs[249].
Apple's management managed to come to an agreement with shareholders, paying a number of compensations[250].
Unauthorized biographies
In 2005, the publishing house John Wiley & Sons, specializing in the production of academic, educational and technical literature, sent an introductory copy of the unauthorized biography "iKona.
In response, the headquarters received an order to withdraw from the Apple Store all the books of this publisher, including the popular series "... for dummies".
There were no official comments on this decision from Apple representatives.
The author of the book, Jeffrey Young, said: "The company had no complaints about the facts given in the book, but for some reason they did not want to publish it."
According to some reports, the order came personally from Steve Jobs.
The publisher expressed regret about this decision by Apple, at the same time noting that Apple stores are not the most significant part of the publisher's income[251][252].
In July 2010, the publisher announced the imminent appearance of its books on the iPad[253].
Harassment of bloggers
Jobs was very sensitive to his performances.
and the presentation of goods and demanded the strictest secrecy until the very last moment[254].
In 1998, Nicholas Charelli, who called himself a "fan of Apple products," founded the website ThinkSecret.com ( English)Russian, where he published exclusive information about Apple's new products before its official announcement.
Some of these materials turned out to be just rumors that were not confirmed, but there was also really insider information that leaked from the depths of the corporation, thanks to which the resource became very popular among Apple fans.
So, in December 2004, the website published details about the new Mac mini computer, the official presentation of which took place only two weeks later.
A lawsuit was filed against the owner of the site.
The trial lasted about three years and ended with the closure of the resource with the reconciliation of the parties, the terms of which were not disclosed[255][254].
On March 25, 2010, a certain Brian Hogan found a prototype of a new iPhone model in a bar in a suburb of San Francisco, accidentally left there by an Apple developer.
Hogan handed over the found device to the editorial office of the technoblog Gizmodo (English)Russian.
for a reward of $ 5,000.
An article about the phone device appeared in the blog.
Apple filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office, searches were conducted at the apartments of journalists.
As a result, the bloggers, having agreed to return the sample to the corporation, were able to avoid accusations of buying stolen goods.
If Hogan's actions were classified as theft, he could face up to a year in prison.
However, the court found it possible to consider them as an administrative offense, and Hogan got off with a suspended sentence, correctional labor and a fine.
As in the Think Secret incident, Isaacson points to the direct involvement of Steve Jobs in the development of this conflict[254].
Censorship on iPhone and iPad
In 2010, the artist Mark Fiore (English)Russian.
he won the Pulitzer Prize for a series of cartoons ridiculing the policies of George W. Bush.
The fact that the application with these cartoons was previously rejected by Apple as potentially violating the libel law attracted public attention.
The company was in a stupid position, and Jobs had to make a public apology to users[256].
This incident gave rise to a discussion about the prohibitions and restrictions imposed by Apple on customers.
Jobs tried to maintain control over the actions of users and at the same time not look like a censor.
In particular, it was about banning pornography on Apple devices.
"People who need porn, let them buy Android," Jobs told one of the critics.
To the question of the editor of the website Valleywag (English)Russian. (who, by the way, controlled the Gizmodo blog)
, Ryan Tate, what to do with the ideals of freedom, Jobs replied that in his understanding freedom includes "freedom from porn" and other undesirable and potentially dangerous content[257].
Jobs insisted on his point of view, personally discussing with bloggers who criticized his policy.
Humorous website eSarcasm.com launched a campaign under the slogan "Yes, Steve, I want porn":
Anyway, we just like the idea of an open society without censorship, in which there is no technodictator who decides what we can watch and what we canot[258].
The original text (English)
Either that, or we just enjoy the idea of an uncensored, open society where a techno dictator doesnot decide what we can and cannot see.
The scandal was discussed in the Apple board of directors.
Jobs was told that arrogance, suitable for an ambitious outsider, is not suitable for an industry leader.
But Jobs said that there was no arrogance in his position, and remained of his opinion[259].
Disposal of electronic waste
In 2001, Apple, in the USA and Canada, launched a program for the disposal of electronic waste, however, this program was quite limited, and in this aspect the company lagged behind other major players in the IT industry.
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of the program by lashing out at environmentalists at Apple's annual shareholder meeting in Cupertino in April.
However, a few weeks later, it was announced that Apple would accept iPods for free in its retail stores.
Computer TakeBack responded by flying a banner over Stanford University during the graduation ceremony, when Jobs was giving a speech[47].
The banner read: "Steve!
donot be a mini player, dispose of all electronic waste" (eng.
Steve, donot be a mini player—recycle all e waste).
In 2006, Jobs expanded Apple's recycling program to all American customers buying a new Mac. [260]
In the future, the program was expanded to electronic waste from other manufacturers, and after the death of Jobs, it was extended to Europe.
he left his parents ' house and together with Chris settled in a hut in the mountains above Los Altes, despite the objections of his parents[37].
Chris drew well, and Steve played the guitar and tried to write poetry.
Their relationship, which lasted for many years, can not be called simple.
They studied Zen together, took LSD, worked part time, hitchhiked.
Steve and Chris were constantly splitting up, and then Chris met with others, then they got back together, and then they lived together on Friedland's farm: "The case when it's tight together and boring apart," Brennan later recalled.
In 1976, Chris, impressed by the change that had happened to Steve after his return from India, also went there, along with their mutual friend Greg Calhoun, but they returned separately, and Chris settled in the house that Steve and Daniel Kotke rented together.
A few months later, Chris became pregnant.
Jobs behaved as if it didnot concern him, and nothing special happened at all.
He even persuaded Kottke not to move away from them[277].
In May 1978, Chris gave birth to a daughter, Lisa Brennan.
Jobs continued to deny his paternity, claiming that Brennan was not only dating him.
Hired lawyers persuaded Kottke to testify that he had never seen Brennan in bed with Jobs, and carefully collected evidence about her other affairs.
Chris shouted that Steve was going to make her look like a walking girl, so as not to take responsibility, and threw scandals with breaking dishes and breaking furniture.
At the same time, Jobs took part in the fate of his daughter: he persuaded Chris not to give the child to strangers (as he himself was once given), helped choose a name for the girl and called the new Apple Lisa computer by this name, although he did not admit it[278].
A year later, Jobs passed a paternity test, which showed that he was the father of a child with a probability of 94.41 %, and he was ordered by the court to pay alimony.
But even after that, Jobs refused to publicly recognize his daughter for a long time, claiming that he was sterile, and that, according to the test results, the girl's father could be 28% of the male population of the United States.
This did not correspond to reality and sounded extremely ambiguous.
Later, Jobs recognized Lisa as his daughter, claiming that he did it immediately after the test.
Jobs rented a house for Chris and Lisa in Palo Alto, paid for the girl's studies.
When Lisa grew up, she and her father got along well.
Lisa even lived with the Jobs family for four years while she was in high school in Palo Alto.
As a result, Jobs admitted that he was wrong: "I shouldnot have behaved like this.
Then I did not imagine myself as a father, I was not ready for this.
<...
> If everything could be changed now, I would certainly behave better"[278].
Barbara Jasinski
By distancing himself from Brennan, Jobs also partially distanced himself from his former lifestyle.
He stopped being a hippie, got a stylish haircut, bought an expensive suit, softened his diet.
To complete the formation of the image of a successful businessman, Jobs began an affair with an employee of the advertising agency of Regis McKenna, Barbara Jasinski, half Polish, half Polynesian, a rare beauty[279].
Jobs and Jasinski settled in a Tudor style mansion[280].
Their relationship lasted until 1982, gradually exhausting itself[281].
Joan Baez
In 1982, Jobs got together with the famous folk singer Joan Baez.
She was much older than Jobs, she had a 14 year old son.
According to Jobs, he was attracted to Baez because she turned out to be " smart and fun."
They dated for three years.
Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs at Reed College, said that "Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large part because Baez was the mistress of Bob Dylan, "Jobs' favorite musician[281].
In the unauthorized biography of " iKON.
It was suggested that Jobs could have married Baez, but her age at the time of their acquaintance (41 years) meant that the couple could hardly have children.
They remained friends, and later in her memoirs, Baez placed a thank you: "To Steve Jobs — for making me learn the word "processor" by putting one in my kitchen"[282].
Jennifer Egan
When the relationship between Jobs and Baez was already declining, Steve met a student at the University of Pennsylvania, Jennifer Egan.
This romance turned out to be short lived: a year later, Egan made it clear to Jobs that she was not going to get married yet, and they broke up[283].
Tina Redse
In early 1985, Jobs met, according to him, the most beautiful woman in his life and his first true love.
Her name was Tina Redse, she was a hippie type and also worked in IT as a computer consultant.
When Scully was beating Jobs out of Apple, Steve fled to Europe with Tina to distract himself[284].
They were united by a difficult childhood, fraught with psychological trauma (in particular, Redse's father suffered from a mental disorder), both of them were in search of beauty and harmony, both put the spiritual above the mundane.
They were also similar in character: like Steve, Tina was neurotic, sensitive, and could give vent to tears.
At the same time, she was strong — willed, easily neglected her unusual beauty, often without making up and, according to eyewitnesses, she became even more beautiful then.
Their romance was very stormy, they were passionately in love.
Redse was on an equal footing with Jobs: she left his house and returned to him when she saw fit.
But despite all the similarities, the differences were insurmountable.
Redse was the kindest person: as a volunteer, she helped the sick and the poor, tried to establish relations with Lisa and even with Chris Ann.
In this, she was the complete opposite of Jobs.
Redse was fascinated by him, but she could not stand his selfishness, disdain for people, cruelty, his empty unfurnished home.
The philosophical differences were also very deep: Steve spoke about the universal aesthetics that should be given to people, Tina did not perceive the Bauhaus, being convinced that aesthetics can only be individual, that people are born with a sense of beauty and there is no need to teach them this feeling.
Their union was doomed.
In 1989, Steve took the desperate step of proposing to Tina.
This was followed by a refusal and a final break[285].
I couldnot be a good wife for a legend named Steve Jobs.
It would be terrible in all aspects.
<...
> I didnot want to offend him, but I also couldnot calmly watch him offend others.
It was too painful for me. [286]
The original text (English)
I could not have been a good wife to ‘Steve Jobs,’ the icon.
I would have sucked at it on many levels.
<...
> I didnot want to hurt him, yet I didnot want to stand by and watch him hurt other people either.
It was painful and exhausting.
Marriage to Lauren Powell
Lauren Powell became the only wife of Steve Jobs and, by his admission, the second woman he "really loved".
Lauren was eight years younger than Steve, worked in a bank and also came from a difficult family with four children.
Her father was a pilot and died heroically, leading a falling plane away from residential areas.
The further life of the family with the stepfather turned out to be terrible.
Lauren's acquaintance with Jobs took place in October 1989, according to her, by chance — friends invited her to a lecture at the Stanford Business School, where Steve was making a report.
Jobs noticed a beautiful young woman in the audience, and she jokingly said that she had come to the lecture to win a prize — a dinner with Steve Jobs himself[287].
The novel developed rapidly, Lauren just turned Jobs ' head:
He was completely charmed.
He called me to ask, "Do you think she likes me?"
It was very strange to receive such calls from a famous person. [288]
The original text (English)
He would call me on the phone and ask, ‘What do you think, does she like me?’
Here I am in this bizarre position of having this iconic person call me.
- Karen Smith, a friend of Lauren Powell
On January 1, 1990, Jobs proposed to Powell, and then he threw himself into work and forgot about her for several months.
In September, Lauren, offended by Jobs ' inattention, left him, but in October he presented her with an engagement ring, and two months later they went on a trip to Hawaii.
Upon returning, it turned out that Lauren was pregnant[289].
On March 18, 1991, the wedding took place.
The ceremony was conducted by Jobs ' mentor in Soto Zen, the monk Kobun Chino Otogawa at the Ahwahnee Hotel.
in Yosemite National Park[290].
Jobs was happily married, although he sometimes missed Tina:
Lauren seems to look like Tina, but at the same time completely different — strong, armored.
Therefore, the marriage was successful.[291]
The original text (English)
Laurene looks a lot like Tina, but she is totally different because she is tougher and armor plated.
That’s why the marriage works.
- Andy Herzfeld
The couple had a son, Reed, in September 1991, then daughters Erin in August 1995 and Eve in 1998.
Jobs didnot devote much time to his children, especially his daughters.
He liked to communicate with his son, but he said that it was the younger Eve, a fearless, strong willed and very active girl, who would someday lead Apple if she did not become president of the United States.
Reed outwardly became very similar to his father, but at the same time differs from him in good manners and a gentle character[292].
Housing
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo (English)Russian.
— a house in New York with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg and Steve Martin also had apartments.
But because of his obsession with perfection, Jobs never got to live there.
With the help of James Freed from c he renovated the apartment for a long time, only to sell it almost two decades later to Bono, the lead singer of U2[293][294].
In 1984, Jobs bought the Jackling House.
— A 1,600 m2 Spanish colonial style mansion with 14 bedrooms, designed by George Washington Smith, in Woodside.
(California).
Although, as reported, it was left almost unfurnished, Jobs lived in it for almost a decade.
According to reports, he kept his old BMW R60/2 motorcycle (English)Russian.
in the living room, and allowed Bill Clinton to use it in 1998.
Jobs brought the Jackling House into disrepair, planning to demolish it and build a smaller house in its place; however, local defenders of ancient monuments opposed his plans.
In June 2004, the Woodside City Council agreed to Jobs to demolish the mansion on the condition that he would advertise the property for a year, so that those who wish would have the opportunity to move it to another place and restore it.
A number of people showed interest, but no agreements were reached on this matter.
Later that year, a group of local defenders began looking for legal measures to prevent the demolition.
In January 2007, Jobs was deprived of the right to demolish the property by a court decision[295].
However, the decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished in early February 2011[296].
Jobs died before he could build anything in its place, and now it is empty.
Jobs and his family lived in a house in a privileged area of Old Palo Alto.
Next door are the houses of John Doerr, Larry Page, Mark Zuckerberg, Andy Herzfeld, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith.
The two story red brick Jobs house, similar to the Cotswolds, but with a colonial style courtyard, was built in the 1930s by local architect John Carr.
The Jobs rebuilt it a little for the needs of the family.
Buying furniture and household appliances was a real test for many months, as Steve, as usual, sought to make the only perfect choice.
In general, the house looks quite unassuming, especially as a billionaire's home, and does not stand out among others.
President Clinton dined there with Jobs and 14 CEOs of Silicon Valley on August 7, 1996[297].
Health problems
Remembering death is the best way I know of to avoid the trap into which you are driven by the thought that you have something to lose.
You're already naked.
There is no reason not to follow the call of your heart.
The original text (English)
Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.
You are already naked.
There is no reason not to follow your heart.
- from the speech of Steve Jobs to the graduates of Stanford University, 2005
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
In mid 2004, he announced his illness to Apple employees.
The prognosis for the development of this form of cancer is usually extremely unfavorable, but Jobs turned out to have a very rare, treatable type of disease, known as a neuroendocrine islet cell tumor.
Jobs refused to undergo surgery for nine months, as he did not want his body to be opened, which he later regretted.
He tried to prevent the disease by means of alternative medicine: he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal medicine, even turned to a medium.
In July 2004, Jobs agreed to a pancreatoduodenectomy ("Whipple operation"), during which the tumor was successfully removed, but at the same time metastases in the liver were detected.
Jobs announced that he was cured of cancer, and he secretly began to undergo chemotherapy[298].
Doctors managed to partially sequence the cancer genome, and targeted therapy was prescribed[299].
During Jobs ' absence, the company was managed by Tim Cook, Apple's head of international sales and operations.
The next three years were very nervous for Apple and its shareholders.
Jobs ' health gradually deteriorated, he became terribly thin, but he continued to hold presentations until they began to talk about his appearance more than about the products presented[300].
Jobs did not reveal the whole truth about the state of his health, giving out wishful thinking[301]: it was about a "simple viral infection", then about a "hormonal imbalance".
In reality, things were much worse: the cancer metastasized, because of painkillers and immunosuppressants, Jobs had almost no appetite, he was prone to frequent depressions, for which he did not want to be treated.
Encouraging reports about his condition sounded completely unconvincing, and Apple shares continuously declined[302].
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published an obituary of Jobs prepared in advance in its corporate news service.
Although the bug was quickly fixed, many news outlets and blogs reported it, reinforcing rumors about Jobs ' health.
Jobs responded to Let's Rock in September 2008, quoting Mark Twain: "The rumors about my death are greatly exaggerated"[302].
At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide that read "110/70", indicating his blood pressure, stating that he would not answer questions about his health[303].
Finally, in January 2009, Jobs publicly acknowledged the problem and went on vacation, again handing over the cases to Tim Cook [304].
In April, Jobs underwent a liver transplant operation at the Methodist University Hospital of Memphis[305].
The forecast for Jobs was "excellent"[306], and in early 2010 he returned to work[307].
On January 17, 2011, it was announced that the head of Apple was again granted medical leave.
Jobs announced this in a letter to employees, explaining that he made the decision "to focus on his health."
As before, it was announced that Tim Cook will manage the day to day operations, and Jobs will continue to take part in major strategic decisions[308].
Nevertheless, on March 2, Jobs spoke at the launch of the iPad 2[188], on June 6, he presented iCloud at the Worldwide Developers Conference, and the next day he spoke before the Cupertino City Council[309].
On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his retirement from the post of CEO of Apple.
"Unfortunately, this day has come," Jobs wrote, meaning that " he can no longer fulfill his duties and meet expectations as Apple CEO."
Jobs became chairman of the board of directors and named Tim Cook as his successor[310][311].
Jobs continued to be involved in Apple's affairs, advising Tim Cook, until the last day of his life[312].
Death
Flags at half mast at Apple headquarters in Cupertino on the evening after the death of Steve Jobs
Candles and tablets in memory of Jobs at the Apple Store in Palo Alto shortly after his death
Steve Jobs died at approximately 3 pm on October 5, 2011 at his home in California due to complications that led to respiratory arrest[313].
He died surrounded by his relatives: his wife, children and sister[314].
According to Dr. Ramzi Amir, his initial choice of alternative treatment "led to an unreasonably early death"[315].
According to his family, Jobs "died peacefully"[316][317], and his last words, spoken a few hours before his death, were[271]:
Wow!
Wow!
Wow!
The original text (English)
Oh wow.
Oh wow.
Oh wow.
Apple and Microsoft have lowered their flags at their headquarters and campuses[318][319].
Bob Iger instructed from October 6 to 12 to lower the flags at all Disney facilities, including Disneyworld and Disneyland[320].
In a statement, Apple said[321]:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs died today.
Steve's brilliance, passion and energy have been the source of countless innovations that have enriched and improved our lives.
The world has become immeasurably better thanks to Steve.
The original text (English)
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.
Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives.
The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
For two weeks after his death, Apple's corporate website showed a simple page with the name and years of Jobs ' life next to his black and white portrait[322].
When you click on the image, an obituary was displayed[322]:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost the greatest person.
Those of us who were lucky enough to know Steve personally and work alongside him have lost a close friend and mentor.
Steve left behind a company that only he could create, and his spirit will always be the main foundation of Apple.
The original text (English)
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being.
Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor.
Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.
More than a million messages have been sent to the published email address for memories, condolences and reflections, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page[323].
Pixar also dedicated its website to Jobs, publishing a photo of him with John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull and the following text[324]:
Steve was an outstanding visionary, our dear friend and our guiding star of the Pixar family.
He saw the potential of Pixar before all of us and wider than anyone could have imagined
Steve bet on us and believed in our crazy dream of creating computer animated films; he always said "make it wonderful".
He was the reason for what Pixar turned out to be, and his strength, honesty and love of life made us all better.
He will always be part of Pixar's DNA.
The original text (English)
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family.
He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined.
Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.'
He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people.
He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA.
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011 at the Alta Mesa Cemetery — the only non denominational cemetery in Palo Alto[313], information about them was not disclosed[325].
California Governor Jerry Brown declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, Steve Jobs Day[326].
On this day, a closed service was held at Stanford University.
There were executives of Apple and other technology companies, representatives of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs and politicians, as well as Jobs ' family.
The ceremony, which lasted more than an hour, was conducted by Bono, Yo Yo Ma and Joan Baez[327].
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19 at the Apple campus in Cupertino.
Cook, Bill Campbell, Nora Jones, Albert Gore and Coldplay were present, as well as Jobs ' widow, Lauren.
Some Apple retail stores were briefly closed so that employees could attend the ceremony[328].
Media coverage
The death of Steve Jobs became a major topic on ABC, CBS and NBC[329].
Numerous newspapers around the world the next day reported the death on their front pages.
A number of famous people, including US President Barack Obama[330], British Prime Minister David Cameron[331], Microsoft founder Bill Gates[332] and the head of The Walt Disney Company Bob Iger, commented on the death of Jobs.
Wired News collected comments and published them on the main page[333].
Many friends and colleagues of Jobs expressed their condolences, in particular Steve Wozniak and George Lucas[334].
Adult Swim TV channel aired a 15 second video with the fading word "hello", then changing to "goodbye".
Time magazine dedicated the October 8, 2011 issue to Jobs.
On its cover was a photo of Jobs by Norman Siff (English) Russian, in which he sits in the lotus position and holds the first Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone, in January 1984.
Jobs was on the cover of Time for the eighth time[335].
In this issue there were photo essays (English)Russian.
Diana Walker, Harry McCracken's Apple Retrospective (English)Russian.
and Lev Grossman and a six page article by Walter Isaacson, as an announcement of the biography "Steve Jobs" written by him[336].
Bloomberg Businessweek has released an ad free issue dedicated to Jobs, which includes extensive articles by Steve Jurvetson, John Scully, Sean Wisley, William Gibson and Walter Isaacson.
A black and white photo of Steve Jobs with his name and years of life was placed on the cover[337].
Awards and public recognition
Jobs statue in Graphisoft Park in Budapest[338]
After the founding of Apple, Jobs became a symbol of his company and the industry.
When Time named the computer "machine of the year" in 1982, the magazine published a large article about Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro" [339] [340].
In 1985, President Ronald Reagan awarded Jobs and Steve Wozniak the National Medal of Technology, and they were among the first to receive this award[341].
In 1987, Jobs received the Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "the best public service of a person 35 years old or younger"[342].
In 1988, the Inventor and Innovator magazine recognized Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak as winners of the "Technology — the Chariot of Progress" competition.
In December 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame[343].
In 1989, Inc. magazine named Jobs the entrepreneur of the Decade[344].
In November 2007, Fortune magazine named Jobs the most influential person in business[345].
In August 2009, according to the results of the Junior Achievement survey.
Jobs was named the most revered entrepreneur among teenagers[346].
In November 2009, Fortune named Jobs "CEO of the Decade" [347].
In March 2012, Fortune called Steve Jobs "the greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring" and calling him "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation"[348].
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked 17th in the list of the most influential people in the world, compiled by Forbes magazine[349].
In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs the person of the year, ending an article dedicated to him with the words: "In his autobiography, John Scully, a former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, stated the following about the ambitions of the man he kicked out:" Apple was supposed to become a manufacturer of beautiful consumer goods.
It was a completely crazy idea.
It was impossible to make consumer goods out of high tech""[350].
"This is how you can make mistakes," the author of an article in the Financial Times concludes [350].
In December 2011, Graphisoft presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs in Budapest, calling him one of the greatest figures of our time[338].
In February 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, awarded to those who have influenced the music industry in areas not related to performances[351].
The Disney film "John Carter"[352] and the Pixar cartoon "Braveheart"[353] were dedicated to Jobs.
On the first anniversary of the death of Jobs, a sculptural composition "Thank you, Steve!"was opened in Odessa.
The 330 kilogram composition is an almost two meter palm (by Steve Jobs) made of scrap metal[354].
After his retirement, and especially after the death of Steve Jobs, he was often described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[355][356][357][358] in the areas of business[347][359], innovation[360] and product design[361].
Commentators agreed that Jobs had profoundly changed the face of the modern world[355][357][360], and that his death was a great loss for everyone[358].
The Independent claims that, being "a model for all managers," Jobs has revolutionized no less than six industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music distribution, production of animated films, e books, Internet tablets[356].
Jobs was put on a par with such figures of the past as Thomas Edison and Henry Ford[362][363].
Criticism
Jobs ' personal qualities were criticized especially often.
Being a perfectionist, Jobs always aspired to the universal, the only possible, in his opinion, perfection and unindividualized beauty and simplicity.
He needed complete control over any situation, and in an effort to get it, Jobs was selfish to the point of heartlessness.
"He is an enlightened person, but at the same time surprisingly cruel.
It's a strange combination, " Chris Ann Brennan said about him[364].
"The only question I would really like to hear Steve's answer to is: why are you so angry sometimes?
Andy Herzfeld was perplexed [365], accusing Jobs of infidelity, too.
- Steve and loyalty are incompatible concepts…
He abandons everyone who was once close to him"[366].
Apple's policy during the years when the corporation was headed by Jobs was always his policy, a continuation of his ideas about how to conduct business, and ultimately — a reflection of his personal qualities.
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman noted that Apple tightly controls consumer computers and portable devices, including restricting the press:
Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a decorated prison, invented with the aim of taking away the freedom of fools, has died
The original text (English)
Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died.
[367] [368] Malcolm Gladwell stated in The New Yorker that "Jobs' intuition was in editing, not in inventiveness.
His gift was to take what was in front of him — a tablet with a stylus and mercilessly recycle it"[369].
In culture
Books
"The Little Kingdom "(1984) by Michael Moritz about the founding of Apple Computer.
"The Second Coming of Steve Jobs" (2001) by Alan Deutschman.
"Icon.
Steve Jobs" (2005) by Jeffrey Young and William Simon.
iWoz (2006) by Steve Wozniak, co founder of Apple.
This is Wozniak's autobiography, but it covers most of Jobs ' life and work at Apple.
"Inpresentation.
Lessons of Persuasion from Apple leader Steve Jobs" (2010) by Carmina Gallo.
"Steve Jobs "(2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
"Steve Jobs.
Leadership Lessons " (2011), Jay Elliott, William Simon.
The book is about the unique management style of Steve Jobs.
"The Rules of Jobs" (2011) by Carmina Gallo.
"Inside Apple" (2012) by Adam Lashinsky.
He talks about the secret systems, tactics and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
"Steve Jobs.
The Man Who Thought Differently" (2012) by Karen Blumenthal.
Detailed biography of Steve Jobs
Documentaries
"The Machine that Changed the World "(1992) - The third episode of this five part film, "The Paperback Computer", tells about Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
"Steve Jobs.
The Lost Interview " (2012) — an interview of Steve Jobs with TV host Robert Kringley in 1995[370].
"gEnius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World" (2011) is a documentary film on Discovery with Adam Savage and Jamie Heineman[371].
"Steve Jobs: One Last Thing" (2011) is a documentary film on PBS, released by Pioneer Productions[372][373].
"Steve Jobs: A Billion Dollar Hippie" (2011) - a BBC documentary [374].
"Steve Jobs: The Man in the Car" (2015) is a documentary film by Alex Gibney about the private life of Steve Jobs.
Feature films
"Pirates of Silicon Valley "(1999) is a TNT film about the creation of the first personal computer against the background of competition between Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1985.
The role of Jobs was played by Noah Wiley[375].
Jobs: The Empire of Temptation (2013) is an independent film by Joshua Michael Stern.
The role of Jobs is played by Ashton Kutcher.
The film focuses on the aspect of Steve Jobs ' transformation from a wayward hippie to a co founder of one of the most progressive companies in the world[376].
"Steve Jobs "(2015) is a film adaptation by Universal Studios (originally, this film adaptation was acquired by Sony) of the biography of Jobs written by Walter Isaacson.
The film was directed by Danny Boyle.
Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin[377].
Theatre
"The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs "(2012) - production at the New York Public Theater with Mike Daisy[378].
Notes
↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118868284 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q256507"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q170109"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a>
Ай Isaacson W. Steve Jobs 1 Simon & Schuster, 2011.
- p. 3 — - ISBN 978-1-4516-4853-9 <a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1756332"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q16460065"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q681012"></a>
↑ 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
↑ http://apnews.excite.com/article/20111011/D9Q9T1D00.html
Ай Isaacson W. Steve Jobs 1 Simon & Schuster, 2011.
- p. 575 — - ISBN 978-1-4516-4853-9 <a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1756332"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q16460065"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q681012"></a>
↑ Inventor of the Week Archive.
Checked on November 13, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
All Allen, Frederick E..
Malcolm Gladwell Gets Steve Jobs Wrong, Forbes (November 9, 2011).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012. "
"By Gladwell's definition, most of the greatest inventions would be tweaks."".
↑ Steve Jobs died (Rus.).
Lenta.ru (October 6, 2011).
Archived from the original source on August 30, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p .
25. ↑ * Shirin Sadeghi.
Steve Jobs ' Arab American background and the story of his adoption, New America Media (2011-10-6).
Steve Jobs Dies: He Was The Most Famous Arab in the World, International Business Times (October 5, 2011).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
↑ What is the story about Paul and Clara Jobs, Steve Jobs' adoptive parents?.
Quora.com.
Checked on November 12, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
24. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
26. ↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p .
28. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
29. ↑ Steve Jobs: Early Life.
Biography.
A+E Television Networks, LLC.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p .
30. ↑ The Steve Jobs Nobody Knew.
Rollingstone.com (October 12, 2011).
Checked on November 12, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
35. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
37. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
38. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
40. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
41. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
42. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
45. ↑ 1 2 Moisescot, Romain Youth.
Steve Jobs Biography.
All About Steve Jobs.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
↑ 1 2 3 Wozniak, 2011, pp.
83. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
50. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, pp.
87. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, pp.
90. ↑ 1 2 Wozniak, 2011, pp.
96. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, pp.
108-109.
Воз Wozniak, 2011, p. 110.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p .
54. ↑ Steve Jobs and the Early Apple Years.
The PC Is Born.
Joomla.
Verified on March 27, 2012.
Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
55. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
57. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
58. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
60. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
61. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
63-64.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p .
63. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
71. ↑ Campbell, Duncan.
The Guardian Profile: Steve Jobs, The Guardian (June 8, 2004).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Verified on March 31, 2006.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
66. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
67. ↑ 1 2 3 'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says.
This is a prepared text of the Commentary address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005., Stanford Report (June 14, 2005).
Archived from the original source on July 11, 2012.
Verified March 31, 2006.
"I didnot see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me." ↑ 1 2 3 An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke.
Indiatoday.in (September 13, 2011).
Checked on October 27, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
69. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
70. ↑ What really shaped Steve Jobs' view of India – Realms of intuition or the pains of Delhi belly?
, Economic Times (September 25, 2011).
Archived from the original source on July 1, 2012.
Checked on October 27, 2011.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
74. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
77. ↑ Wandering in India for 7 months: Steve Jobs.
Yahoo News (October 24, 2011).
Checked on October 27, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Steve Jobs profile: Apple's hard core, Edinburgh: News scotsman (January 11, 2009).
Archived from the original source on May 30, 2012.
Checked on October 29, 2009.
↑ Silberman, Steve What Kind of Buddhist was Steve Jobs, Really?.
NeuroTribes (October 28, 2011).
Checked on December 29, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Burke, Daniel.
Steve Jobs ' private spirituality now an open book, USA Today (November 2, 2011).
Archived from the original source on September 14, 2012.
Checked on December 29, 2011.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
75-76.
↑ Jobs's Pentagon papers: kidnap fears, drug use and a sp eeding ticket.
Verified on June 12, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 439.
↑ The History of Breakout ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
84. ↑ Various sources give a figure from 42 to 46 chips.
Wozniak's scheme was never implemented, since Atari engineers could not understand it, and there was no source of information.
The implemented scheme of the game contained about 100 chips.
↑ 1 2 Wozniak, 2011, p. 141.
↑ Letters — General Questions Answered (Wayback machine copy from June 2011, as later versions of the page have had this fact removed), Woz.org
Wozniak, Steven: «iWoz», a: pp.
147-48, b: p. 180.
W. W. Norton, 2006.
ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7
Kent, Stevn: «The Ultimate History of Video Games», pp.
71-3.
Three Rivers, 2001.
ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
Breakout.
Arcade History (June 25, 2002).
Verified on April 19, 2010.
Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
Classic Gaming: A Complete History of Breakout.
Classicgaming.gamespy.com.
Verified on April 19, 2010.
Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
80. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
86. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 143.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
87. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 160.
↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 161.
↑ Wozniak, 2011, p .
162-163.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
88-89.
↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Isaacson, 2012, p .
89. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
90. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
92. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 93. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
94. ↑ Owen W. Linzmayer, No Starch Press.
Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc., The Denver Post.
Archived from the original source on July 12, 2012.
Воз Wozniak, 2011, p. 169.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p.
95. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 177.
↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 178.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
98. ↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 181.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
97. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 100.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 101.
↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p. 102.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
99. ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 103.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 105.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 109.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 110.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 111.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 112.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 106.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 107.
Воз Wozniak, 2011, p. 189.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
108-109.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 113.
↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p. 122.
↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p. 121.
↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 214.
↑ 1 2 Wozniak, 2011, p. 216.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 123.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 125.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p.126.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 127.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 131.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
138-139.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 140.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 143.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
163, 164.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 218.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
173, 177.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
188-189.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 182.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 187.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 196.
↑ Hertzfeld, Andy The Times They Are A Changin'.
folklore.org.
Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
↑ Hormby, Thomas.
Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years.
Archived from the original source on June 28, 2012., Low End Mac, February 22, 2006.
Retrieved on March 2, 2007.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 303.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 246.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 259.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 257.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 261, 262.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 268.
↑ Stross, R. E. (1993).
Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing.
Atheneum.
ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
pp.
117, 120, 246 .
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 262.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
265-266.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 265 .
Comput Computtimes.
(May 31, 1990).
Interpersonal computing — the third revolution?.
New Straits Times. (230)
, 20; Schlender, B. R., Alpert, M. (1990, February 12).
Who’s ahead in the computer wars.
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012..
Fortune.
↑ Rose, F. (2009, April 23).
The End of Innocence at Apple: What Happened After Steve Jobs was Fired.
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012..
Wired.
↑ Welcome to info.cern.ch: The website of the world's first ever web server.
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2008).
Verified on November 1, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ 1 2 O'Grady, J. (2008).
Apple Inc.
Greenwood Press.
ISBN 0-313-36244-0.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 339.
↑ Linzmayer, O. W. (2004).
Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company.
No Starch Press.
ISBN 1-59327-010-0.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
280-281.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 281.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 280.
↑ Pixar Founding Documents.
Alvyray.com.
Verified on April 19, 2010.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
281-282.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
282-283.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
282-284.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 291.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 330.
↑ "Toy Story" Credits.
IMDB.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 333.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 336.
↑ Hill, Jim.
Steve Jobs bio reveals how Michael Eisner actively tried to derail Disney's 2006 acquisition of Pixar.
Jim Hill Media (February 5, 2012).
Checked on February 10, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 496.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 502.
↑ Jobs’s 7.7% Disney Stake Transfers to Trust Led by Widow Laurene, Bloomberg.
Archived from the original source on July 10, 2012.
↑ Apple Computer, Inc.
Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc., Apple Inc., February 7, 1997.
Retrieved on June 25, 2006.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 356.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 366, 367.
↑ Gallo, 2011, p. 116.
↑ The once and future Steve Jobs, Salon.com (October 11, 2000).
Archived from the original source on July 9, 2012.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 388.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 385.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 391.
↑ Hoppel, Adrian Magical Inventions of Steve Jobs.
Best Inventions of Steve Jobs.
Magical Inventions of Steve Jobs.
Verified on March 27, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
400-401.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 406.
↑ Apple History: Evolution of the iMac.
iMac.
Apple Gazette.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Norr, Henry.
MacWorld Expo/Permanent Jobs/Apple CEO finally drops 'interim' from title, San Francisco Chronicle (January 6, 2000).
Archived from the original source on July 7, 2012.
Checked on June 27, 2011.
Jobs announces new macOS, becomes 'iCEO', CNN (January 5, 2000).
Archived from the original source on July 8, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 434.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
438-439.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 447.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 446.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 470.
↑ 1 2 Block, Ryan The iPod family cemetery.
iPods.
EndGadget.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 453.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 529.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
530-531.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
533-534.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
536-537.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
538.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
539-540.
↑ Read About The iPhone Story Here.
iPhone History.
The Apple Biter's Blog.
Verified on March 29, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 572.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 559.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
561-564.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 570.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 574.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 601.
↑ Steve Jobs slams Android, Samsung and iPad 2 rivals as 'copycats' CNET UK.
Archived from the original source on July 9, 2012.
↑ Siegler, M.G. Steve Jobs Resigns As CEO Of Apple.
TechCrunch.
Checked on August 25, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Gupta, Poornima.
Steve Jobs Quits (August 18, 2011).
Archived from the original source on July 2, 2012.
Checked on August 25, 2011.
↑ AAPL: Summary for Apple Inc.
- Yahoo!
Finance.
Finance.yahoo.com (January 2, 2007).
Checked on August 25, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Valentino DeVries, Jennifer.
Apple's Stock: Looks Like Jobs ' Departure Was Priced In, The Wall Street Journal (August 24, 2011).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Verified on August 25, 2011.
↑ Steve Schaefer.
Forbes, Forbes (July 26, 2011).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Checked on August 25, 2011.
↑ DIS: Summary for Walt Disney Company.
Finance.yahoo.com.
Checked on August 25, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.[source not specified 1926 days]
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 134.
↑ Kim, Susanna.
Future of Steve Jobs' $6.7 Billion Wealth Likely to Remain as Private As He Was (October 7, 2011).
Archived from the original source on July 7, 2012.
Verified on March 29, 2012.
↑ «Steve Jobs is $300 million richer».
Archived from the original source on May 29, 2012..
Fortune.
Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 417.
↑ Forbes 400 Richest Americans, Forbes (September 2011).
Archived from the original source on May 26, 2012.
Checked on October 7, 2011.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 124.
↑ Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote (2007).
Verified on April 19, 2010.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Videos – Free video downloads and streaming video – CNET TV.
Cnettv.cnet.com.
Verified on April 19, 2010.
Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
↑ 7.30 –} ABC.
Abc.net.au.
Checked on November 12, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Lateline: "Visionary Steve Jobs succumbs to cancer".
Abc.net.au (October 6, 2011).
Checked on November 12, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
151-152.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
152.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
532-533.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 145.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 147.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 148.
↑ Floyd Norman.
Steve Jobs: A Tough Act to Follow, Jim Hill Media (January 19, 2009).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Checked on January 19, 2009.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 282.
↑ Colvin, Geoff.
Steve Jobs' Bad Bet, Fortune (March 1 9, 2007).
Archived from the original source on June 4, 2012.
Checked on February 23, 2011.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 171.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
60, 643.
↑ U.S. Government patent database.
Verified on August 29, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ U.S. Government patent application database.
Verified on August 29, 2011.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Steve Jobs Patents.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ United States Patent 8,032,843, Ording, et al., October 4, 2011, "User interface for providing consolidation and access".
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
212-213.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 212.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 206.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 207, 214.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
270-271.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 373.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 374.
↑ "If Apple can go home again, why not Dell?".
Archived from the original source on June 4, 2012.
CNET News.
May 19, 2008.
↑ Dell: Apple should close shop, CNET.
Archived from the original source on September 4, 2012.
↑ Markoff, John.
Michael Dell Should Eat His Words, Apple Chief Suggests, The New York Times (January 16, 2006).
Archived from the original source on June 4, 2012.
Verified on May 24, 2010.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
587-588.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 585.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 631.
↑ Arik Hesseldahl.
«Thoughts On The Steve Jobs Legacy».
Archived from the original source on July 21, 2012..
Bloomberg Businessweek.
August 29, 2008.
Retrieved August 12, 2010.
↑ Stuart, Elizabeth.
Steve Jobs' philanthropy: Did he give anonymously or not at all?
(12 October 2011).
Archived from the original source on July 28, 2012.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
↑ «Interview to Playboy magazine».
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Playboy.
February, 1985.
Retrieved October 9, 2011.
↑ Dilger, Daniel Tim Cook exposes the lie that Steve Jobs ignored philanthropy.
Steve Jobs.
AppleInsider.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
↑ Elkind, Peter.
The trouble with Steve Jobs, Fortune (March 5, 2008).
Archived from the original source on July 15, 2012.
Verified on March 5, 2008.
↑ Stuart, Elizabeth.
Steve Jobs' philanthropy: Did he give anonymously or not at all?
(12 October 2011).
Archived from the original source on July 31, 2012.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
↑ «Bono Defends Steve Jobs After Criticism About Apple Ex CEO’s Philanthropy».
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
September 2, 2011.
Retrieved October 9, 2011.
↑ Prios, Jessica.
The Steve Jobs Philanthropy Debate (October 7, 2011).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Verified on March 28, 2012.
↑ Kahney, Leander.
Jobs for President?
Not This Time, Wired, Condé Nast (January 27, 2003).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Verified on August 26, 2011.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 321.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
622-623.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
624-625.
↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 509.
Apple Apple restates, recognizes faked documents, EE Times (December 29, 2006).
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
Verified on September 6, 2012.
Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 512.
↑ Group Wants $7B USD From Apple, Steve Jobs, Executives Over Securities Fraud.
Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
Стив Steve Jobs will be forgiven for manipulating options.
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
/ news.kosht.com ↑ Hafner, Katie.
Steve Jobs's Review of His Biography: Ban It, The New York Times (April 30, 2005).
Archived from the original source on June 4, 2012.
Verified on October 16, 2006.
↑ Jobs biography: the price of publication.
Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
/ M.
Time the official Apple Technology Support Center ↑ Weinman, Sarah.
Education Publisher J
