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Topic: Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
Type of work: Abstract
Subject: Psychology All essays on psychology Download Read the text online We will help you write an abstract
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Peoples ' Friendship University
Academy of Languages
Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines
Report
on the subject: "General psychology"
"Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics"
Completed:
Stepanishcheva Victoria
I checked it: Tkalich L. V.
Shymkent 2009
Plan
Introduction
1.
The general concept of temperament
2.
Types of temperaments
3.
Psychological characteristics of temperament types
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The topic that will be discussed has occupied humanity for more than 25 centuries.
It is called a beautiful and sonorous word – temperament.
People begin to get acquainted with the concept of "temperament" very early.
In everyday life, we notice that some of us are mobile, cheerful, persistent, while others are slow, shy, unhurried, that people, getting into the same situations, behave differently.
However, behind this wide variety of behavioral reactions and actions, some general patterns or types of behavior appear.
It is in these features that the temperament manifests itself.
The famous psychologist Cherlin wrote: "Imagine two rivers – one calm, flat, the other – swift, mountainous.
The current of the first one is barely noticeable, it smoothly carries its waters, it has no bright splashes, stormy waterfalls and splashes.
The course of the second is the complete opposite.
The river rushes quickly, the water in it rumbles, boils and, hitting the stones, turns into shreds of foam...".
Something similar can be observed in the behavior of people.
Observations have shown that all people are different not only in appearance, but also in behavior and movements.
For example, if you follow the behavior of students in the classroom, you can immediately notice the difference in the behavior and movements of each.
Some have unhurried correct movements, noticeable calmness in their eyes, while others have sharp movements, fuss in their eyes.
What explains this difference in behavior?
First of all, it is a temperament that manifests itself in any kind of activity (play, work, educational, creative), in gait, gestures, in all behavior.
Individual psychological characteristics of a person's personality, his temperament give a peculiar color to all activities and behavior.
1. The general concept of temperament
Temperament is the individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental processes and behavior.
Dynamics is understood as the pace, rhythm, duration, intensity of mental processes, in particular emotional processes, as well as some external features of human behavior - mobility, activity, speed or slowness of reactions, etc.
Temperament characterizes the dynamism of a person, but does not characterize her beliefs, views, interests, is not an indicator of the value or low value of a person, does not determine her capabilities (you should not confuse the properties of temperament with the properties of character or abilities).
The following main components that determine temperament can be distinguished.
1. The general activity of mental activity and human behavior is expressed in various degrees of the desire to actively act, master and transform the surrounding reality, manifest themselves in a variety of activities.
The expression of general activity varies from person to person.
Two extremes can be noted: on the one hand, lethargy, inertia, passivity, and on the other - great energy, activity, passion and impetuosity in activity.
Between these two poles are representatives of different temperaments.
2. Motor, or motor, activity shows the state of activity of the motor and speech motor apparatus.
It is expressed in the speed, strength, sharpness, intensity of muscle movements and speech of a person, his external mobility (or, conversely, restraint), talkativeness (or taciturnity).
3. Emotional activity is expressed in emotional impressionability (receptivity and sensitivity to emotional influences), impulsivity, emotional mobility (the speed of changing emotional states, the beginning and termination of them).
Temperament is manifested in the activity, behavior and actions of a person and has an external expression.
According to external stable signs, it is possible to judge to a certain extent some properties of temperament.
2. Types of temperaments
Temperament is a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, termination and change.
The properties of temperament can be attributed to the number of personal qualities of a person only conditionally, they rather constitute his individual characteristics, since they are mainly biologically conditioned and are innate.
Nevertheless, temperament has a significant influence on the formation of a person's character and behavior, sometimes determines his actions, his individuality, so it is impossible to completely separate temperament from personality.
It acts as a link between the body, personality and cognitive processes.
The idea and the doctrine of temperament in its origins go back to the works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates.
He described the main types of temperaments, gave them characteristics, but associated temperament not with the properties of the nervous system, but with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile.
The first classification of temperaments was proposed by Galen, and it has reached our days in a relatively little modified form.
The last known description of it, which is also used in modern psychology, belongs to the German philosopher I. Kant.
We will use it.
I.
Kant divided the human temperaments (the manifestations of temperament can also be seen in higher animals) into two types: the temperaments of feeling and the temperaments of activity.
In general, "only four simple temperaments can be established: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic."
Of these four types of temperament, the sanguine and its opposite, the melancholic, belong to the temperaments of feeling.
The first is characterized by the fact that with it, sensations arise in the nervous system and in the human mind quite quickly and are externally manifested strongly, but internally they are not deep enough and long enough.
With a melancholic temperament, the external manifestations of sensations are less vivid, but internally they are quite deep and lasting.
The sanguine temperament of activity characterizes a person of a very cheerful disposition.
He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker.
He quickly ignites, but just as quickly cools down, loses interest in what quite recently he was very excited and attracted to himself.
A sanguine person promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises.
He easily and with pleasure comes into contact with strangers, is a good conversationalist, all people are friends to him.
He is distinguished by kindness, willingness to help.
Strenuous mental or physical work quickly tires him.
According to Kant, the melancholic temperament of activity is characteristic of a person of the opposite, mostly gloomy mood.
Such a person usually lives a complex and intense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns him, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul.
Such a person is often reserved and especially controls himself when making promises.
He never promises what he is not able to do, he suffers greatly from the fact that he cannot fulfill this promise, even if its fulfillment directly depends little on himself.
The choleric temperament of activity characterizes a hot tempered person.
They say about such a person that he is too hot, unrestrained.
At the same time, such an individual quickly cools down and calms down if they give in to him, go towards him.
His movements are impetuous, but short lived.
The phlegmatic temperament of activity refers to a cold blooded person.
It expresses a tendency to inactivity rather than to strenuous, active work.
Such a person slowly comes to a state of excitement, but for a long time.
This replaces the slowness of entering the work for him.
Note that in this classification of temperaments according to Kant, properties are repeatedly mentioned that relate not only to the dynamic features of the human psyche and behavior, but also to the nature of the typical actions performed by him.
This is not accidental, since in the psychology of an adult it is difficult to distinguish between temperament and character.
In addition, the properties of temperament exist and are manifested not by themselves, but in the actions of a person in various socially significant situations.
The temperament of a person definitely affects the formation of his character, but the character itself expresses a person not so much as a physical, but as a spiritual being.
Each of the presented types of temperament is neither good nor bad in itself (if you do not connect temperament and character).
Manifesting itself in the dynamic features of the human psyche and behavior, each type of temperament can have its own advantages and disadvantages.
People of a sanguine temperament have a quick reaction, easily and quickly adapt to changing living conditions, have increased efficiency, especially in the initial period of work, but by the end they reduce their efficiency due to rapid fatigue and a drop in interest.
On the contrary, those who have a melancholic temperament are characterized by a slow entry into the work, but also by greater endurance.
Their performance is usually higher in the middle or towards the end of the work, and not at the beginning.
In general, the productivity and quality of work for sanguine and melancholic people are about the same, and the differences mainly relate only to the dynamics of work in its different periods.
The choleric temperament has the advantage that it allows you to focus significant efforts in a short period of time.
But with long term work, a person with such a temperament does not always have enough endurance.
Phlegmatic people, on the contrary, are not able to quickly gather and concentrate their efforts, but instead they have the valuable ability to work long and hard to achieve their goal.
The type of a person's temperament must be taken into account where the work places special requirements on the specified dynamic features of the activity.
3. Psychological characteristics of temperament types
The psychological characteristics of the types of temperament are determined by the following main properties.
Sensitivity is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person, and the rate of occurrence of this reaction(hypersensitivity).
If certain conditions of activity do not cause irritation for one person, then they become a strong knocking factor for another.
The same degree of dissatisfaction with the needs of one person is almost not noticed, and the other causes suffering.
In this case, the second one has a higher sensitivity.
Reactivity is the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a threat, a sharp and unexpected sound).
Activity is the degree of activity (energy) with which a person influences the external world and overcomes obstacles in the implementation of the goal.
This includes purposefulness and perseverance in achieving the goal, focusing on long term work, etc.
The ratio of reactivity and activity is something on which human activity depends to a greater extent: on random external and internal circumstances (on mood, desire, random events) or on a person's goals, intentions, aspirations, beliefs.
Reaction rate - the speed of various mental reactions and processes: speed of movement, resourcefulness, speed of memorization, speed of mind.
Plasticity and its opposite quality rigidity.
This is the ease and flexibility of a person's adaptation to external influences (plasticity) or the inertia and inertia of his behavior (rigidity).
Extroversion and its opposite quality - introversion.
This is what a person's reactions and activities mainly depend on - from external impressions that have arisen at the moment (extroversion) or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introversion).
Therefore, an extrovert athlete is inclined to "withdraw into himself", especially in a tense situation.
Emotional excitability - how weak an impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction, and at what speed it occurs.
It is expressed in emotional impressionability, impulsivity, emotional mobility (the speed of changing emotional states, the beginning and termination of them).
Sanguine temperament.
The sanguine temperament of activity, according to Kant, characterizes a person of a very cheerful disposition.
He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker.
He quickly ignites, but just as quickly cools down, loses interest in what quite recently he was very excited and attracted to himself.
A sanguine person promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises.
He easily and with pleasure comes into contact with strangers, is a good conversationalist, all people are friends to him.
He is distinguished by kindness, willingness to help.
Strenuous mental or physical work quickly tires him.
Under unfavorable conditions, a sanguine person may manifest a frivolous, carefree, careless attitude to work, business, other people, overestimation of himself and his capabilities.
Choleric temperament.
People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes occur quickly and intensively in them.
The predominance of excitement over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in intemperance, impetuosity, short temper, irritability of choleric.
Hence the expressive facial expressions, hasty speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements.
The feelings of a person of a choleric temperament are strong, usually manifest themselves vividly, arise quickly; the mood sometimes changes dramatically.
The unbalance inherent in choleric is clearly connected in his activities: he takes up the task with an increase and even passion, showing at the same time impetuosity and speed of movements, works with a rise, overcoming difficulties.
But in a person with a choleric temperament, the reserve of nervous energy can quickly be depleted in the process of work and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: excitement and enthusiasm disappear, the mood drops sharply.
In communicating with people, the choleric allows sharpness, irritability, emotional unrestrainedness, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively assess the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team.
Excessive straightforwardness, quick temper, sharpness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people.
A person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced.
In his activities, he shows thoroughness, thoughtfulness, perseverance.
He, as a rule, brings what he started to the end.
All mental processes in a phlegmatic person proceed as if in slow motion.
The feelings of a phlegmatic person are poorly expressed externally, they are usually expressionless.
The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of nervous processes.
In relations with people, a phlegmatic person is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable.
The calmness of a person of a phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of life, it is not easy to irritate a phlegmatic person and hurt emotionally.
It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop self control, composure, calmness.
But a phlegmatic person should develop the qualities that he lacks - greater mobility, activity, do not allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions.
Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent attitude to work, to the surrounding life, to people and even to himself.
Melancholic temperament.
Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli; prolonged and strong tension causes people of this temperament to slow down their activity, and then stop it In work melancholics are usually passive, often little interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension).
Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholics are easily vulnerable, hard to bear resentments, upsets, although outwardly all these experiences are poorly expressed in them.
Representatives of a melancholic temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, often feel embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment.
Everything new, unusual causes a melancholic state of inhibition.
But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively.
It is easy for melancholics to develop and improve their inherent depth and stability of feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences
Psychologists have found that the weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property.
A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks, and a weak one with others.
Weak nervous system
- the nervous system is highly sensitive, and this is its well known advantage.
Knowledge of temperament, knowledge of the features of the innate organization of the nervous system, which affects the course of human mental activity, is necessary for a teacher in his educational and educational work.
It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very conditional.
There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often the traits of different temperaments are combined in a person's temperament.
All this characteristic is based on relatively recent conclusions of science.
Now we will tell you how these temperaments were characterized in the XIX century, and in particular in literary works.
To do this, we used the story of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Temperaments".
Choleric:
He is bilious, and his face is yellowish gray.
The nose is somewhat crooked, and the eyes turn around in their orbits, like hungry wolves in a tight cage.
Irritable.
For a flea bite or a pin prick, I am ready to tear the whole world to shreds.
I am deeply convinced that in winter it is "the devil knows how cold", and in summer it is "the devil knows how hot".For the most part, he is a bachelor, and if he is married, he locks his wife under lock and key.
Jealous as hell.
He doesnot understand jokes.
He reads newspapers only to scold the newspapermen.
And even in the womb of his mother, he was convinced that the newspapers were lying.
As a husband and a friend - impossible, as a subordinate is hardly conceivable, as a boss unbearable and very undesirable.
A choleric woman (a devil in a skirt, a crocodile.)
Sanguine:
All impressions act on him easily and quickly.
In his youth, he is rude to teachers, does not cut his hair, does not shave, wears glasses and dirties the walls.
He studies poorly, but he finishes the courses.
Writes with errors.
"For love alone, nature brought him into the world."
He only does what he loves.
He marries accidentally, is always at war with his mother in law, quarrels with relatives, Likes to read newspapers.
But, despite everything, he is constant in his impermanence.
A sanguine woman (the most tolerable woman, if not stupid.)
Phlegmatic:
Dear man, the appearance is very ordinary.
He is always serious, because he is too lazy to laugh.
He sleeps twenty hours a day.
Marries at the age of 30 with the help of uncles and aunts.
The most convenient person for marriage, since he agrees to everything, does not grumble and is compliant.
He is ill only when he is elected to the jury.
He regrets that his children are not whipped at the gymnasium, and sometimes he does not mind whipping them himself.
I'm happy in the service.
A phlegmatic woman (a tearful, bug eyed, obese German woman who looks like a bag of flour.
She will be born to eventually become a mother in law.
Being a mother in law is her ideal.)
Melancholic:
Her eyes are gray blue, ready to shed tears.
There are wrinkles on the forehead and near the nose.
He always complains of a pain in the stomach, a stabbing in the side and poor digestion.
Favorite activity (standing in front of the mirror and looking at your sluggish tongue.)
He decided a long time ago that the doctors did not understand him.
He puts on a fur coat in September, and takes it off in May.
He suspects hydrophobia (rabies) in every dog, and since his friend reported that a cat is able to strangle a sleeping person, he sees cats as the most terrible enemies of humanity.
Marries an orphan.
And if he has a mother in law, he calls her the most beautiful and wisest person.
He keeps correspondence with uncles, aunts, godmother and childhood friends.
A melancholic woman (an unbearable, restless creature.)
How a wife leads to stupefaction, to despair, to suicide.
Temperament is a basic part of a person's character.
By the presence of a particular temperament, you can judge a person's profession.
A sanguine person will be accompanied by success in the field of organization and management.
The makings of a Sanguine person are useful wherever mobility is needed, the ability to quickly switch to other things.
A phlegmatic person is able to solve the same tasks as a Sanguine Person, but with a greater tendency to strategic activity.
For a Phlegmatic person, both haste and long hesitation at a crucial moment are contraindicated.
The melancholic is not well adapted to independent managerial work.
He is more suited to accurate work, combined with diplomacy in relations with people.
Choleric people can achieve significant success in work, where they appreciate pressure and unrestrainedness.
These surnames are from a number of common nouns: the imperturbable slow witted Sobakevich, the unpredictable life loving Nozdryov.
The classics have left us not only vivid characteristics of their heroes, but also an artistic description of the four classical temperaments.
In other words, Gogol's Nozdryov is Sanguine and Sobakevich is Phlegmatic, Shakespeare's Othello is Choleric and Hamlet is melancholic.
It is also possible to determine the temperaments of historical figures.
Napoleon, for example, is Sanguine, Kutuzov is Phlegmatic, Gogol is Melancholic, and Pushkin is Choleric.
Conclusion
So, summing up the above, I would like to note that psychologists from different countries have been engaged in the study of temperament.
The methods of studying it are rather conditional and not objective, but work in this direction is underway and is bearing fruit.
Many theories have been put forward regarding the nature of temperament and methods of its study.
The methods include laboratory, complex, natural methods of studying temperament and the method of observation.
Various points of view have been expressed about the nature of temperament, starting with Hippocrates and Galen, who identified 4 types of temperament (these types have almost invariably reached our days and are used in the research of modern psychologists);
E.
Kretschmer connected the nature of temperament with the chemical composition of blood, his theory was supported by W. Mac Dowgall and the Japanese psychologist T. Furukova; Albrecht Haller introduced the concepts of excitability and sensitivity, and his student G. Vrisberg connected temperament with the peculiarities of the nervous system; I. P. Pavlov experimentally confirmed the theory of the physiological basis of temperament; To.
Sigo connected the difference of temperamental features with the physique, and V. Wundt with the strength and speed of change of emotions, I.
Kant divided human temperaments into two types: temperaments of feeling and temperaments of activity.
Based on these studies, the study of temperament continues today.
The list of the used literature
1.
General psychology / Composition.
E. I. Rogov M., VLADOS, 1995.
2. Nemov R. S. "Psychology" Book 1.
- M., VLADOS, 2007.
3. Kovalev A. G. "Psychology of personality", ed. 3. M., "Enlightenment", 1970.
4. Merlin V. S.
"An essay on the theory of temperament."
- M., 1964.
5. Ya.
Strelyau "The role of temperament in mental development", - M., "Progress" 1982.
6. Textbook "Psychology" under the editorship of A. A. Krylov M: PROSPEKT, 2000.
7. Petrovsky A.V., Yaroshevsky M. G. Psychology.
Studies for universities.
- M.: Izdat.
The Academy Center, 2000.
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