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12.08.2010 admin 0 Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics
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A choleric is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitement over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to restrain himself, shows impatience, impetuosity, sharpness of movements, quick temper, unrestrained.
The unbalance of his nervous system determines the cyclicity in the change of his activity and cheerfulness: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are exhausted, he is refined to the point that he cannot bear everything.
There is a rarefied state, a bad mood, a decline in strength and lethargy ("everything falls out of hand").
The alternation of positive cycles of rising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression causes uneven behavior and well being, increased susceptibility to the appearance of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.
A sanguine person is a person with a strong, balanced, mobile nervous system; has a fast reaction speed; his actions are deliberate; he is cheerful, thanks to which he is characterized by a high resistance to difficulties
lives.
The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions.
He is a sociable person, easily converges with new people, and therefore he has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he does not differ in constant communication and attachments.
He is a productive person, but only when there are a lot of interesting things, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, sluggish, distracted.
In a stressful situation, he shows a "lion reaction", i.e. actively, deliberately protects himself, fights for normalization of the situation.
A phlegmatic person is a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system.
As a result, he reacts slowly; is taciturn; emotions manifest themselves slowly (it is difficult to make angry, cheer up); has high efficiency, resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations.
Firmly remembers everything learned; is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, lifestyle, work, friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions.
The mood is stable, even.
In case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic person remains outwardly calm.
A melancholic is a person with a weak nervous system, who has an increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli.
If the stimulus is strong, then there may be a "breakdown", "stopper", confusion, "rabbit stress" will appear, therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc.), the results of the melancholic's activity may worsen compared to a calm habitual situation.
Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (longer rest is required).
A minor reason can cause resentment, tears.
The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to experiences, often sad, depressed, insecure, anxious, he may have neurotic disorders.
However, having a high sensitivity of the nervous system, such people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.
It is difficult to answer exactly what type of temperament a particular adult has.
The type of nervous system, although determined by heredity, is not absolutely unchanged.
With age, as well as under the influence of systematic training, education, and life circumstances, nervous processes may weaken or intensify, their switchability may accelerate or slow down.
For example, choleric and sanguine people prevail among children (they are energetic, cheerful, easily and strongly excited; after crying, after a minute they can distract themselves and laugh happily, i.e. there is a high mobility of nervous processes).
On the contrary, there are many phlegmatic and melancholic people among the elderly.
Temperament is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of upbringing, self education, it can be distorted, changed, there is a "masking" of the true temperament.
Therefore, there are rarely "pure" types of temperament, but nevertheless a certain tendency is always manifested in human behavior.
Figure 2.10.
Characteristics of temperament types The studies of B. M. Teplov and V. D. Nebylitsyn showed that the harmonious picture of the correspondence of the four types of higher nervous activity (according to I. P. Pavlov) to the four temperaments known since antiquity is not as obvious as previously assumed.
They proposed to temporarily abandon the discussion of the types of higher nervous activity until its main properties and the nature of their relationship are more fully studied.
These scientists showed the partiality of such properties when applying conditioned reflex procedures to various analyzer systems and outlined the search for common characteristics of the nervous system in the amodal regulatory structures of the brain.
Especially important are the conclusions of B. M. Teplov about the absence of direct parallelism between the properties of the nervous system and the peculiarities of behavior.
According to the psychological characteristics of behavior, it is impossible to judge the physiological qualities of the nervous system.
Its properties do not determine any forms of behavior, but form the soil on which some are easier to form and others are more difficult.
The task is to search for those qualities that determine individual differences in the parameters of general mental activity and emotionality — the main two dimensions of temperament (V. D. Nebylitsyn).
Thus, temperament is a characteristic of a person from the side of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e. the pace, speed, rhythm, intensity of activity of mental processes and states, the degree of emotionality.
The following signs of temperament properties can be distinguished:
the conditionality of their properties of the nervous system and the constant individual characteristics of the emotional sphere, which include: the strength, speed of emotions, emotional excitability; stability or variability, smoothness or sharpness of changes in emotions; regulation of the dynamics of mental processes and mental activity in general (speed, rate of response).
There are interesting observations about the relationship of skin patterns on the fingers of a person and his nervous system, his temperament.
"Scallop counting" is a quantitative method for analyzing patterns on the skin of fingers.
Scallops are a visible ribbing of the skin, forming a particular papillary pattern on the extreme phalanx.
The pattern counts the number of scallops that intersect or touch the segment of a straight line drawn from the center of the delta (three radii) to the center of the pattern.
If the pattern is in the form of an arc, then the comb count is zero.
The total scallop score is determined by summing all the scallops on ten fingers of the hand.
It is higher in men (from 130 to 150) than in women (from 110 to 135).
The predominance of spirals and large loops increases it.
In persons with a strong and balanced nervous system, "loops" dominate; "spirals" are strong, but unbalanced, and "arcs" are observed in owners of a weak nervous system.
Choleric has 50% of spirals, and the rest are loops.
Phlegmatic — all loops.
Melancholic — at least one arc, and the more arcs, the weaker the nervous system.
The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament.
So, the special mobility of a sanguine person can give an additional effect if the work requires him to frequently switch from one occupation to another, efficiency in decision making, and monotony, regularity of activity, on the contrary, lead such a person to rapid fatigue.
Phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, in conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.
In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to anticipate the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and respond adequately to them.
We emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior.
The same type of temperament can be both a "great" and a socially insignificant person.
I. P. Pavlov identified three more "purely human types" of higher nervous activity:
intellectual; artistic; average.
Representatives of the first type (in which the activity of the second signal system of the left hemisphere of the brain prevails) are very reasonable, inclined to a detailed analysis of life phenomena, to abstract abstract logical thinking.
Their feelings are characterized by moderation, restraint and usually break out only after passing through the" filter " of the mind.
Such people are usually interested in mathematics, philosophy, they like scientific activities.
People of the artistic type (the activity of the first signal system of the right hemisphere of the brain prevails here) have imaginative thinking, it is influenced by great emotionality, brightness of imagination, spontaneity and vividness of perception of reality.
They are primarily interested in art, theater, poetry, music, writing and artistic creativity.
They strive for a wide range of communication.
These are typical lyrics, and they skeptically regard people of the thinking type as "crackers".
The majority (up to 80%) belong to the" golden mean", the average type.
Their character is slightly dominated by a rational or emotional beginning, and this depends on their upbringing (from very early childhood), on life circumstances.
Other articles on the topic: Heredity, environment, psyche: general and individual in the psyche.
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Development of the nervous system.
Typology and theories of temperament A person is not only purposeful, but also a self organizing system of the Unity of the world.
The formation and vital activity of a person largely depends on the social environment.
Constitutional typologies of the human psyche.
The unity of the world and the problem of the development of the psyche of activity, higher, activity, people, can, can, brain, nervous, determined, very, behavior, strong, system, system, temperament, choleric, often, Person, person
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