Nefertiti
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Nefertiti
The bust of Nefertiti.
The New Museum
The Great Wife of the King
1351 BC 1334 BC Predecessor: Teye Successor: Ankhesenamun
Birth: XIV century BC
Thebes, Luxor, Egypt Birth: XVIII dynasty Father: prep.
Aye Spouse: Akhenaten Children: daughters: Meritaton, Maketaton, Ankhesenamon, Nefernefruaton tasherit, Nefernefrura, Setepenra
Nefertiti on Wikimedia Commons
This term has other meanings, see Nefertiti (meanings).
Nefertiti (Nefer Neferu Aton Nefertiti, etc. - Egypt.
Nfr nfr. w Jtn Nfr. t jty, "The beautiful beauty of Aton, the beauty has come"; ca. 1370-1330 BC) — the "main spouse" of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV, c. 1351-1334 BC).
The reign of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, known as the "Amarna period", was marked by a large — scale religious reform the transition to the monotheistic cult of Aten.
The role of the queen herself in carrying out the "sun worshipping coup" [1] is controversial.
XVIII dynasty.
Content
1 Origin 1.1 Nefertiti — a foreign princess 1.2 Version of the Egyptian origin
2 Children 3 The Reign 3.1 The Art of Her Era 3.2 The Bust of Nefertiti
4 Tomb 5 Busts and figures of Nefertiti, Berlin, Egyptian Museum 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
Origin[edit / edit wiki text]
Nefertiti (Nfr nfr. w Jtn Nfr. t jty )
in hieroglyphs
Legends say that Egypt has never produced such a beauty before.
She was called "Perfect"; her face decorated temples all over the country[2].
Since the beginning of research and excavations in the ruins of Akhetaton (modern Tel el Amarna) in the 80s of the XIX century, no clear evidence of the origin of Nefertiti has been found to date.
Only the mentions on the walls of the tombs of the pharaoh's family and nobles give some information about it.
It was the inscriptions in the tombs and the cuneiform tablets of the Amarna archive that helped Egyptologists build several hypotheses about where the queen was born.
Several versions have been put forward, each of which claims to be true, but is not sufficiently confirmed by sources to take a leading position.
The versions changed over time depending on the interpretation of the discovered archaeological finds.
In general, the views of Egyptologists can be divided into 2 versions: most consider Nefertiti an Egyptian, others — a foreign princess.
The hypothesis that the queen was not of noble origin and accidentally appeared at the throne is now rejected by most Egyptologists.
Nefertiti — the foreign princess[edit / edit wiki text]
The reliability of this section of the article is questioned.
It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts set out in this section.
There may be explanations on the discussion page.
The name Nefertiti translates as "The beauty has come", so according to one version, Akhenaten's wife was not an Egyptian.
Supporters of Nefertiti's foreign origin have two versions, supported by several arguments.
It is believed that Nefertiti is a Mitanni princess sent to the court of Akhenaten's father, Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
The then Hurrian king Mitanni Tushratta (c. 1370 — c. 1350 BC) had two daughters: Giluhepa (Giluhippa) and Taduhepa (Taduhippa), both were sent to the court of the pharaoh.
Some sources mention that Nefertiti's younger sister later became the wife of one of the subsequent pharaohs (perhaps Horemheb became her husband).
Giluhepa arrived in Egypt during the lifetime of Amenhotep III and was given in marriage to him.
The version that Gilukhepa could be Nefertiti is currently refuted by evidence about her age.
Taduhep's younger sister arrived at the beginning of the reign of Amenhotep IV Akhenaten.
In defense of their hypothesis, scientists cite the meaning of the name Nefertiti "The Beautiful came", clearly indicating a foreign origin.
It is believed that the Princess Taduhepa, having arrived in Egypt, took a new name, as did all foreign brides.
She was considered the daughter of the goddess of beauty.
The version about the Egyptian origin[edit / edit wiki text]
Initially, Egyptologists followed a simple logical chain.
If Nefertiti is the "main wife of the pharaoh", she must be an Egyptian, moreover, an Egyptian of royal blood.
Therefore, it was believed that the queen was one of the daughters of Amenhotep III.
But none of the lists of the daughters of this pharaoh contains any mention of a princess with that name.
Among his 6 daughters, there is no sister of Nefertiti Princess Mutnedzhmet (Benre Muth).
In modern Egyptology, it is widely assumed that Nefertiti is the daughter of the nobleman Aye (one of the companions of Akhenaten, later Pharaoh), the probable brother of Queen Tia, and his first wife, which means that she also came from Akhmim.
Accordingly, Nefertiti could be a cousin of Akhenaten.
Tia, the second wife of Aye, is mentioned as the wet nurse of the future queen and therefore cannot be her biological mother, and besides, she later became Nefertiti's mother in law.
Nefertiti's Egyptian origin is supported by references to her sister Mutnedzhmet, who held a high position at the pharaoh's court[3] and later became the wife of Pharaoh Horemheb.
Children[edit / edit wiki text]
From Akhenaten she gave birth to six daughters:
Meritamon ("beloved by Aton"): before the wedding or immediately after (1356 BC).
After the removal from power, Nefertiti became the main wife of Akhenaten.
Maketaton: year 1-3 (1349 BC).
Ankhesenpaaton (1345 BC) (later changed her name to Ankhesenamon), married Tutankhamun, later became the wife of Aye.
Nefernefruaton tasherit (English)Russian: year 6 (1344 BC).
Nefernefrura (English) Russian: year 9 (1341 BC).
Setepenra (English) Russian: year 11 (1339 BC).
The image of Akhenaten's daughters on the wall of the Akhetaton Palace
Reign[edit / edit wiki text]
Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their 3 daughters
It is assumed that Akhenaten, then Amenhotep IV, and Nefertiti were married shortly before his accession to the throne.
The bride was 12-15 years old, the groom was several years older than her.
Nefertiti fully supported the religious transformations initiated by her husband, and was no less a staunch supporter of the new religion than Akhenaten.
Some authors even assign Nefertiti the role of the initiator of the religious reformation, the driving force and the high priest of the deity Aten and even the co ruler of Akhenaten.
In the tomb of Pharaoh Aye, one of the inscriptions is dedicated to Nefertiti: "She leads Aton to rest with a sweet voice and beautiful hands with sistrums, at the sound of her voice they rejoice"[4].
On the so called "talatats", sandstone blocks from the temple of Aten in Karnak, the wife of Akhenaten is depicted more often than the Pharaoh himself.
Akhenaten always appeared in public accompanied by his wife, Nefertiti took part in all significant religious ceremonies, as evidenced by their numerous joint images.
In the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, the middle daughter of the royal couple, Princess Maketaton, dies, and soon Nefertiti herself disappears from the historical arena, possibly falling into disgrace; her place was taken by a secondary queen from Akhenaten's women's house, Kiya, and later by Nefertiti's eldest daughter, Meritaton.
By the 14th year of Akhenaten's reign (1336 BC), all references to the queen disappear.
One of the statues discovered in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose shows Nefertiti in her declining years.
Before us is the same face, still beautiful, but time has already left its imprint on it, leaving traces of fatigue over the years, fatigue, even broken.
The walking queen is dressed in a tight fitting dress, with sandals on her feet.
The figure that has lost the freshness of youth no longer belongs to a dazzling beauty, but to a mother of three daughters who has seen and experienced a lot in her life.
In one of the sculptural workshops (O. 47.16), a mask was found, removed from Nefertiti already in the declining years.
Since the mask was sculptured, it is impossible to determine whether it was removed from a dead or a living woman.
There is no information about the circumstances of the death of Queen Nefertiti.
The absence of the tsarina's son the heir to the royal throne, could affect the deterioration of relations within the royal family.
It is proved that the mother of Tutankhamun is the sister of Akhenaten.
But still, the pharaoh was brought up in the family of Nefertiti.
To continue the family tree, a marriage was concluded between Tutankhamun and the daughter of Nefertiti.
The art of her era[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Amarna Art
The love of the royal couple became one of the main subjects for the artists of Akhetaton the capital of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
Never before have works appeared in Egyptian art that so vividly demonstrate the feelings of royal spouses.
Nefertiti, "a beauty, beautiful in a diadem with two feathers, the lady of joy, full of praises... full of beauties" with her husband are sitting with children; Nefertiti swings her legs, climbing on her husband's lap and holding her little daughter with her hand.
One of the reliefs discovered in Akhetaton depicts the culmination of this idyll the kiss of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
On each scene, there is always an Aton a solar disk with numerous hands holding out the symbols of eternal life to the royal couple of ankhi.
Nefertiti played an extremely important role in the religious life of Egypt at that time, accompanying her husband during sacrifices, religious ceremonies and religious festivals.
She was a living embodiment of the life giving power of the sun, giving life.
In Hempaaton and Hutbenben, the great temples of the god Aton in Thebes, prayers were offered to her; none of the temple actions could take place without her, the pledge of fertility and prosperity of the whole country.
"She leads Aton to rest with a sweet voice and beautiful hands with sistrums," it is said about her in the inscriptions of the tombs of the nobles of her contemporaries, — at the sound of her voice they rejoice."
The walls of the hall, erected by Akhenaten in the 6th year of his reign in his capital to celebrate the Sed ceremony, were decorated with colossal sculptural images of Nefertiti, identified with the goddess Tefnut — the goddess of moisture, the daughter of the Sun Ra, standing on the maintenance of world harmony and divine law.
In this hypostasis, Nefertiti could be depicted as a sphinx, striking the enemies of Egypt with a club.
Having great power and authority, the queen was most often depicted in her favorite headdress — a high blue wig, entwined with gold ribbons and an uraeus, which symbolically emphasized her connection with the formidable goddesses, the daughters of the Sun.
Nefertiti bust[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Bust of Nefertiti
The bust of Nefertiti, one of the most famous finds of Ludwig Borchardt
On December 6, 1912, the German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt and his assistant Hermann Ranke discovered a unique bust of Queen Nefertiti in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose the Younger in Amarna, which has since become one of the symbols of the beauty and sophistication of ancient Egyptian culture.
In his archaeological diary, Borchardt wrote only one phrase opposite the sketch of the monument: "It is pointless to describe, - you need to look."
The unique bust of the queen, discovered by the team of Egyptologist Borchardt and taken to Germany in 1913, is kept in the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin, although since 1924 there have been demands and disputes about the need for its return.
When later in 1933 the Egyptian Ministry of Culture requested it back, and Germany refused to return it, German Egyptologists were forbidden to conduct archaeological excavations in Egypt.
The Second World War and the persecution of Borchardt's wife because of her Jewish origin prevented the archaeologist from continuing his research in full.
The bust of Nefertiti officially belongs to the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, however, Egypt, represented by high ranking officials of the Ministry of Culture, officially demands that Germany return the exported bust of Nefertiti.
The bust of Nefertiti, 50 cm high and weighing about 20 kg, is made of solid limestone, finished with a gypsum anhydrite mixture and completely painted.
There are no hieroglyphic inscriptions on it.
However, the characteristic crown, which Ludwig Borchardt called a " wig " (actually dating back to khepresh or atef), helped researchers identify the model by comparing the sculpture with other images of Nefertiti.
The almost perfect preservation, the brightness of colors and the liveliness of the right eye make a striking impression on the viewer.
At the same time, the left eye is missing; some Egyptologists suggest that the tab in it was never installed, although the portrait of Nefertiti is still the only example of an ancient Egyptian sculpture with one eye.
Recently, it was discovered that the bust of the beautiful Nefertiti has a late "plastic surgery" with plaster.[5]
Originally molded with a "potato" nose, etc., it was later corrected and became considered the standard of Egyptian beauty.
It remains unknown whether the original image of Nefertiti was closer to the original and later embellished, or vice versa, subsequent intervention eliminated the inaccuracies of the original work.
Only the study of the mummy of Nefertiti herself can prove this, if it is discovered.
The Tomb[edit / edit wiki text]
Nefertiti was not found or identified among the mummies already found.
Before the genetic study in February 2010, Egyptologists assumed that the mummy of Nefertiti could be one of the two women found in the tomb KV35, for example, the mummy KV35YL.
This hypothesis was put forward in 2001-2003 by Egyptologists Susan James[6] and Joan Fletcher, who pointed out a number of indirect signs confirming the royal origin of the mummy, and announced in the media that they had found Nefertiti[7][8].
In 2003, a reconstruction of the mummy's lifetime appearance was made; it was stated that it was very similar to the bust of Nefertiti[9].
However, other Egyptologists, including Dr. Zahi Hawass, criticized Fletcher's version most harshly, banned the work of the British expedition, and declared the wig found near the mummy a "planted fake"[10].
However, the result of the examination refuted this hypothesis: the mummy was identified as the daughter of Queen Tia (lying next to her) and Amenhotep III (buried in the same tomb), the wife and sister of Akhenaten, the mother of Tutankhamun.
On November 28, 2015, the Minister of Antiquities of Egypt announced that "with a 90% probability" there is at least one previously unexplored room behind the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun[11][12].
The assumption is based on the hypothesis of the British Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves that after the sudden and early death of Tutankhamun, the priests had to urgently rebuild someone else's tomb for the funeral of the young king.
One of the archaeologists, who led the excavations in Akhetaton for a number of years, writes about the legend of the local residents.
Allegedly, at the end of the XIX century, a group of people came down from the mountains, carrying a golden coffin; soon after that, several gold items with the name Nefertiti appeared in the antique dealers.
It was not possible to verify this information.
Busts and figures of Nefertiti, Berlin, Egyptian Museum[edit]
The figure of Nefertiti standing.
The figure of Nefertiti standing.
The bust of Nefertiti.
The bust, as it is displayed in the exhibition of the Egyptian Museum
Nefertiti brings offerings to Aton
Nefertiti beats the prisoners
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Переп Perepelkin, Yu.
Ya.
"Ancient Egypt", S.-Pb.
"Neva", 2000 — / / Chapter "The Sun worshipping coup of Amenhotp IV" ↑ Nefertiti Resurrected (Nefertiti Reborn), doc.
film.
↑ Hermann A. Schlögl.
Das Alte Ägypten.
Geschichte und Kultur von der Frühzeit bis zu Kleopatra.
— München: C. H. Beck, 2006.
— S. 225.
— ISBN 3-406-54988-8.
В Vlasov V. Nefertiti, Nephr et / / New encyclopedic dictionary of Fine Art: In 10 t.
- St. Petersburg: ABC classics, 2007.
- Vol. 6. - p. 221.
ученые Scientists found traces of plastic surgery on Nefertiti's face ↑ Scientists found the mummy of Nefertiti and saw with their own eyes what the first beauty of Ancient Egypt looked like ↑ Suffering Nefertiti, or how a given hypothesis is a proven fact ↑ ravaged mummy recognized a well known symbol of feminine beauty ^ the Face of the famous Nefertiti beauties, "updated" ^ the Egyptians called the pioneers of the mummy of Nefertiti liars and forbid them further studies retrieved In the tomb of Tutankhamun was found the room in which may be the tomb of Nefertiti, TASS (29.11.2015).
↑ It was In..
the Mummy of Nefertiti, seem to be hidden in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Komsomolskaya Pravda (30.11.2015).
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Mathieu M. E.
In the time of Nefertiti.
- M., 1965.
Perepelkin Yu.
Ya.
The secret of the golden coffin.
- M., 1968.
Evelyn Wells.
Nefertiti.
The Mistress of two lands — - M., 2002.
Aldred C. Akhenaten: king of Egypt.
— London, 1988.
Anthes R. Die Büste der Königin Nofretete.
— Berlin, 1968.
Arnold D.
The royal woman of Amarna.
— New York, 1996.
Ertman E.
The Search for the Significance and Origin of Nefertiti’s Tall Blue Crown.
// Sesto Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia.
Atti.
Vol. I. — Torino, 1992, pp.
189—193.
Müller M. Die Kunst Amenophis’III.
und Echnatons.
— Basel, 1988.
Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen.
— Boston, 1999.
Samson J. Nefertiti and Cleopatra: queen monarchs of Ancient Egypt.
— London, 1985.
Tyldesley J. Nefertiti: Egypt’s sun queen.
- London, 1998.
Solkin V. V. Nefertiti // Ancient Egypt.
Encyclopedia.
- M., 2005.
Solkin V. V. Nefertiti: a journey through the sands of eternity / / Novy Acropolis.
- 2000.
- No. 3. - pp.
12-18.
Solkin V. V. Egypt: the universe of the Pharaohs.
- M., 2001.
Michelle Moran.
Nefertiti: Roman.
- M., 2008.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Queen Nefertiti The Beautiful one has come / / the program from the cycle "Everything is like this" on" Echo of Moscow "Nefertiti // the program from the cycle of programs "Hour of Truth" Is the famous bust of Nefertiti a fake?
/ / review of the signs of authenticity of the famous artifact
Filmography
popular science film "Nefertiti and the Lost Dynasty" (National Geographic, 2007) popular science film "Nefertiti's Odyssey" (National Geographic, 2007) popular science film " Riddles of History.
Nefertiti: The Mummy Returns" (English.
Mysteries of History.
Nefertiti: The Mummy Returns) (2010) popular science film " Nefertiti.
The Mystery of the Mummy of the Queen" (2011)
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nefertiti&oldid=82803859"
Categories: Born in the XIV century BC .
e. Persons born in Egypt alphabetically Rulers of Egypt Queens of Ancient Egypt XVIII dynasty of Egypt
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