The grave accent ( ` ) ( or ) is a diacritical mark used to varying degrees in English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Italian and many other western European languages.
It is also used in other languages using the Latin alphabet, such as Mohawk and Yoruba, and with non-Latin writing systems such as the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets and the Bopomofo or Zhuyin Fuhao semi-syllabary.
It has no single meaning, but can indicate pitch, stress, or other features.
Uses
Pitch
The grave accent first appeared in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek to mark a lower pitch than the high pitch of the acute accent.
In modern practice, it replaces an acute accent in the last syllable of a word when that word is followed immediately by another word.
The grave and circumflex have been replaced with an acute accent in the modern monotonic orthography.
The accent mark was called , the feminine form of the adjective  (), meaning "heavy" or "low in pitch."
This was calqued (loan-translated) into Latin as , which then became the English word grave.
Stress
The grave accent marks the stressed vowels of words in Maltese, Catalan, and Italian.
A general rule in Italian is that words that end with stressed , , or  must be marked with a grave accent.
Words that end with stressed  or  may bear either an acute accent or a grave accent, depending on whether the final e or o sound is closed or open, respectively.
Some examples of words with a final grave accent are  ("city"),  ("so/then/thus"),  ("more"/"plus"),  ("Moses"), and  ("[he/she/it] brought/carried").
Typists who use a keyboard without accented characters and are unfamiliar with input methods for typing accented letters sometimes use a separate grave accent or even an apostrophe instead of the proper accent character.
This is nonstandard but is especially common when typing capital letters: * or * instead of  ("[he/she/it] is").
Other mistakes arise from the misunderstanding of truncated and elided words: the phrase  ("a little"), which is the truncated version of , may be mistakenly spelled as *.
Italian has word pairs where one has an accent marked and the other not, with different pronunciation and meaning—such as  ("pear tree") and  ("but"), and  ("Pope") and  ("dad"); the latter example is also valid for Catalan.
In Bulgarian, the grave accent sometimes appears on the vowels , , , , , and  to mark stress.
It most commonly appears in books for children or foreigners, and dictionaries—or to distinguish between near-homophones:  (, "steam/vapour") and  (, "cent/penny, money"),  (, "wool") and  (, "wave").
In Macedonian the stress mark is orthographically required to distinguish homographs (see Disambiguation) and is put mostly on the vowels е and и.
Then, it forces the stress on the accented word-syllable instead of having a different syllable in the stress group getting accented.
In turn, it changes the pronunciation and the whole meaning of the group.
Ukrainian, Rusyn, Belarusian, and Russian used a similar system until the first half of the 20th century.
Now the main stress is preferably marked with an acute, and the role of the grave is limited to marking secondary stress in compound words (in dictionaries and linguistic literature).
In Croatian, Serbian, and Slovene, the stressed syllable can be short or long and have a rising or falling tone.
They use (in dictionaries, orthography, and grammar books, for example) four different stress marks (grave, acute, double grave, and inverted breve) on the letters a, e, i, o, r, and u: à è ì ò r̀ ù.
The system is identical both in Latin and Cyrillic scripts.
Unicode forgot to encode R-grave when encoding the letters with stress marks.
In modern Church Slavonic, there are three stress marks (acute, grave, and circumflex), which formerly represented different types of pitch accent.
There is no longer any phonetic distinction between them, only an orthographical one.
The grave is typically used when the stressed vowel is the last letter of a multiletter word.
In Ligurian, the grave accent marks the accented short vowel of a word in  (sound ),  (sound ),  (sound ) and  (sound ).
For , it indicates the short sound of , but may not be the stressed vowel of the word.
Height
The grave accent marks the height or openness of the vowels e and o, indicating that they are pronounced open: è  (as opposed to é ); ò  (as opposed to ó ), in several Romance languages:
Catalan uses the accent on three letters (, , and ).
French orthography uses the accent on three letters (, , and ).
The  is used in only one word,  ("where"), to distinguish it from its homophone  ("or").
The  is used in only a small closed class of words, including , , and  (homophones of , , and , respectively), and .
The  is used more broadly to represent the vowel , in positions where a plain  would be pronounced as  (schwa).
Many verb conjugations contain regular alternations between  and ; for example, the accent mark in the present tense verb   distinguishes the vowel's pronunciation from the schwa in the infinitive,  .
Italian
Occitan
Ligurian also uses the grave accent to distinguish the sound , written , from the sound , written  or .
Disambiguation
In several languages, the grave accent distinguishes both homophones and words that otherwise would be homographs:
In Bulgarian and Macedonian, it distinguishes the conjunction  ("and") from the short-form feminine possessive pronoun .
In Catalan, it distinguishes homophone words such as  ("my (f)") and  ("hand").
In French the grave accent on the letters  and  has no effect on pronunciation and just distinguishes homonyms otherwise spelled the same, for example the preposition  ("to/belonging to/towards") from the verb  ("[he/she/it] has") as well as the adverb  ("there") and the feminine definite article ; it is also used in the words  ("already"),  (preceded by  or , and meaning "closer than" or "inferior to (a given value)"), the phrase  ("hither and thither"; without the accents, it would literally mean "it and the") and its functional synonym .
It is used on the letter  only to distinguish  ("where") and  ("or").
is rarely used to distinguish homonyms except in / ("since/some"), / ("in/(thou) art"), and / ("near/the").
In Italian, it distinguishes, for example, the feminine article  from the adverb  ("there").
In Norwegian (both Bokmål and Nynorsk), the grave accent separates words that would otherwise be identical:  (and) and  (too).
Popular usage, possibly because Norwegian rarely uses diacritics, often leads to a grave accent in place of an acute accent.
In Romansh, it distinguishes (in the  standard)  ("and") from the verb form  ("he/she/it is") and  ("in") from  ("they are").
It also marks distinctions of stress ( "already" vs.  "violin") and of vowel quality ( "bed" vs.  "marriage").
Length
In Welsh, the accent denotes a short vowel sound in a word that would otherwise be pronounced with a long vowel sound:   "mug" versus   "smoke".
In Scottish Gaelic, it denotes a long vowel, such as   ("subject"), compared with   ("put").
The use of acute accents to denote the rarer close long vowels, leaving the grave accents for the open long ones, is seen in older texts, but it is no longer allowed according to the new orthographical conventions.
Tone
In some tonal languages such as Vietnamese, and Mandarin Chinese (when it is written in Hanyu Pinyin or Zhuyin Fuhao), the grave accent indicates a falling tone.
The alternative to the grave accent in Mandarin is the numeral 4 after the syllable: pà = pa4.
In African languages and in International Phonetic Alphabet, the grave accent often indicates a low tone: Nobiin jàkkàr ("fish-hook"), Yoruba àgbọ̀n ("chin"), Hausa màcè ("woman").
The grave accent represents the low tone in Kanien'kéha or Mohawk.
Other uses
In Emilian-Romagnol, a grave accent placed over e or o denotes both length and openness.
In Emilian è and ò represent  and , while in Romagnol they represent  and .
In Portuguese, the grave accent indicates the contraction of two consecutive vowels in adjacent words (crasis).
For example, instead of a aquela hora ("at that hour"), one says and writes àquela hora.
In Hawaiian, the grave accent is not placed over another character but is sometimes encountered as a typographically easier substitute for the ʻokina: Hawai`i instead of Hawaiʻi.
English
The grave accent, though rare in English words, sometimes appears in poetry and song lyrics to indicate that a usually-silent vowel is pronounced to fit the rhythm or meter.
Most often, it is applied to a word that ends with -ed.
For instance, the word looked is usually pronounced  as a single syllable, with the e silent; when written as lookèd, the e is pronounced:  look-ed).
In this capacity, it can also distinguish certain pairs of identically spelled words like the past tense of learn, learned , from the adjective learnèd  (for example, "a very learnèd man").
A grave accent can also occur in a foreign (usually French) term which has not been anglicised: for example, vis-à-vis, pièce de résistance or crème brûlée.
It also may occur in an English name, often as an affectation, as for example in the case of Albert Ketèlbey.
As surrogate of apostrophe or (opening) single quote
The layout of some European PC keyboards combined with problematic keyboard driver semantics causes many users to use a grave accent or an acute accent instead of an apostrophe when typing in English (e.g. typing  instead of Brian's Theater).
Additionally ASCII grave accent character () was often used as surrogate of opening single quote, together with ASCII typewriter apostrophe () used as closing single quote; double quotes were sometimes substituted by two consecutive grave accents and two consecutive typewriter apostrophes (``…'').
Although Unicode now provides separate characters for single and double quotes, such style is sometimes used even nowadays; examples are: output generated by some UNIX console programs, rendering of man pages within some environments, technical documentation written long ago or written in old-school manner.
However, as time goes on, such style is used less and less, and even institutions that traditionally were using that style are now abandoning it.
Technical notes
The Unicode standard makes dozens of letters with a grave accent available as precomposed characters.
The older ISO-8859-1 character encoding only includes the letters à, è, ì, ò, ù, and their respective capital forms.
In the much older, limited 7-bit ASCII character set, the grave accent is encoded as character 96 (hex 60).
Outside the US, character 96 is often replaced by accented letters.
In the French ISO 646 standard, the character at this position is µ.
Many older UK computers, such as the ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro, have the £ symbol as character 96, though the British ISO 646 variant ultimately placed this symbol at position 35 instead.
On British and American keyboards, the grave accent is a key by itself.
Due to the character's presence in ASCII, this is primarily used to actually type that character, though some layouts (such as US International or UK extended) may use it as a dead key to modify the following letter.
(With these layouts, to get a character such as à, the user can type  and then the vowel.
For example, to make à, the user can type  and then ).
In territories where the diacritic is used routinely, the precomposed characters are provided as standard on national keyboards.
On a Mac, to get a character such as à, the user can type  and then the vowel.
For example, to make à, the user can type  and then , and to make À, the user can type  and then .
In iOS and most Android keyboards, combined characters with the grave accent are accessed by holding a finger on the vowel, which opens a menu for accents.
For example, to make à, the user can tap and hold  and then tap or slide to .
Mac versions of OS X Mountain Lion (10.8) or newer share similar functionality to iOS; by pressing and holding a vowel key to open an accent menu, the user may click on the grave accented character or type the corresponding number key displayed.
On a system running the X Window System, to get a character such as à, the user should press  followed by , then the vowel.
The compose key on modern keyboards is usually mapped to a  key or .
Games
In many PC-based computer games in the US and UK, the  key (on US English and UK keyboards) is used to open the console so the user can execute script commands via its CLI.
This is true for games such as Factorio, Battlefield 3, Half-Life, Halo CE, Quake, Half-Life 2, Blockland, Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix, Unreal, Counter-Strike, Crysis, Morrowind, Oblivion, Skyrim, Fallout: New Vegas, Fallout 3, Fallout 4, RuneScape, and games based on the Quake engine or Source engine.
Use in programming
Programmers use the grave accent symbol as a separate character (i.e., not combined with any letter) for a number of tasks.
In this role, it is known as a backquote, or backtick.
Many of the Unix shells and the programming languages Perl, PHP, and Ruby use pairs of this character to indicate command substitution, that is, substitution of the standard output from one command into a line of text defining another command.
For example, using $ as the symbol representing a terminal prompt, the code line:
$ echo It is now `date`
is equivalent, after command substitution, to the command:
$ echo It is now {{#time:D M j H:i:s "GMT" Y}}
which then, on execution, produces the output:
It is now {{#time:D M j H:i:s "GMT" Y}}
It is sometimes used in source code comments to indicate code, e.g.,
/* Use the `printf()` function.
*/
This is also the format the Markdown formatter uses to indicate code.
Some variations of Markdown support "fenced code blocks" that span multiple lines of code, starting (and ending) with three backticks in a row (```).
Various programming and scripting languages use the backquote character:
; Bash shell and Z shell : The `...` syntax is referred to as command substitution.
It replaces a command with its output.
The use of backticks for command substitution is now largely deprecated in favor of the notation $(...), so that one of the examples above would be re-written:
$ echo It is now $(date)
The latter syntax allows easier multiple nesting than with backquotes such as, for example:
$ cd $(dirname $(type -P touch))
; BBC BASIC : The backquote character is valid at the beginning of or within a variable, structure, procedure or function name.
; D and Go : The backquote surrounds a raw string literal.
; F# : Surrounding an identifier with double backquotes allows the use of identifiers that would not otherwise be allowed, such as keywords, or identifiers containing punctuation or spaces.
; Haskell : Surrounding a function name by backquotes makes it an infix operator.
;JavaScript :ECMAScript 6 standard introduced a "backtick" character which indicated a string or template literal.
Its application include (but are not limited to): string interpolation (substitution), embedded expressions, and multi-line strings.
In the following example name and pet variable's values get substituted into the string enclosed by grave accent characters:
const name = "Mary", pet = "lamb"; // let   temp = `${name} has a little ${pet}!
`;       console.log(temp);       // => "Mary has a little lamb!";
; Lisp macro systems : The backquote character (called quasiquote in Scheme) introduces a quoted expression in which comma-substitution may occur.
It is identical to the plain quote, except that a nested expression prefixed with a comma is replaced with the value of that nested expression.
If the nested expression happens to be a symbol (that is, a variable name in Lisp), the symbols' value is used.
If the expression happens to be programm code, the first value returned by that code is inserted at the respective location instead of the comma-prefixed code.
This is roughly analogous to the Bourne shell's variable interpolation with <CODE>$</CODE> inside double quotes.
; m4 : A backquote together with an apostrophe quotes strings (to suppress or defer macro expansion).
; MySQL : A backquote in queries is a delimiter for column, table, and database identifiers.
; OCaml : The backquote indicates polymorphic variants.
; Pico : The backquote indicates comments in the programming language.
; PowerShell : The backquote is used as the escape character.
For example, a newline character is denoted `n.
Most common programming languages use a backslash as the escape character (e.g., \n), but because Windows allows the backslash as a path separator, it is impractical for PowerShell to use backslash for a different purpose.
Two backticks produce the ` character itself.
For example, the nullable boolean of .NET is specified in PowerShell as [Nullable``1[System.Boolean]].
; Python : Prior to version 3.0, backticks were a synonym for the repr() function, which converts its argument to a string suitable for a programmer to view.
However, this feature was removed in Python 3.0.
Backticks also appear extensively in the reStructuredText plain text markup language (implemented in the Python docutils package).
; R : The backquote is used to surround non-syntactic variable names.
This includes variable names containing special characters or reserved words, among others.
; Scala : An identifier may also be formed by an arbitrary string between backquotes.
The identifier then is composed of all characters excluding the backquotes themselves.
; TeX : The backtick character represents curly opening quotes.
For example, ` is rendered as single opening curly quote () and `` is a double curly opening quote ().
It also supplies the numeric ASCII value of an ASCII character wherever a number is expected.
; Tom : The backquote creates a new term or to calls an existing term.
; Unlambda : The backquote character denotes function application.
; Verilog HDL : The backquote is used at the beginning of compiler's directives.
See also
Acute accent
Circumflex
Diacritic
Double grave accent
References
External links
Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents
ASCII and Unicode quotation marks – "Please do not use the ASCII grave accent as a left quotation mark"
Keyboard Help – Learn how to create world language accent marks and other diacriticals on a computer
