Rotuma  is a Fijian dependency, consisting of Rotuma Island and nearby islets.
The island group is home to a large and unique indigenous ethnic group which constitutes a recognisable minority within the population of Fiji, known as "Rotumans".
Its population at the 2017 census was 1,594, although many more Rotumans live on mainland Fijian islands, totaling 10,000.
Geography and geology
thumb|The island of Rotuma is on the far north of the map.
The Rotuma group of volcanic islands are located  (Suva to Ahau) north of Fiji.
Rotuma Island itself is  long and  wide, with a land area of approximately ,Rotuma Island | island, Fiji making it the 12th-largest of the Fiji islands.
The island is bisected by an isthmus into a larger eastern part and a western peninsula.
The isthmus is low and narrow, only  wide, and is the site of Motusa village (Itutiu district).
North of the isthmus is Maka Bay, and in the south is Hapmafau Bay.
There is a large population of coral reefs in these bays, and there are boat passages through them.
Rotuma is a shield volcano made of alkali-olivine basalt and hawaiite, with many small cones.
It reaches  above sea level at Mount Suelhof, near the center of the island.
Satarua Peak,  high, lies near the eastern end of the island.http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub126/126sec03.pdf While they are very secluded from much of Fiji proper, the large reef and untouched beaches are renowned as some of the most beautiful in the Kingdom of Fiji.
There are several islands that lie between  and  distant from the main island, but are still within the fringing reef.
They are:
Solnohu (south)
Solkope and Sari'i (southeast)
Afgaha and Husia Rua (far southeast)
Husia (Husiatiu) and Husiameamea (close southeast)
Hạuameamea and Hạua (Hạuatiu) (close together northeast).
There is also a separate chain of islands that lie between  and  to the northwest and west of Rotuma Island.
In order, from northeast to southwest, these are:
Uea
Hạfhai
Hạfhahoi
Hạfhaveiaglolo
Hatana
Hạfliua.http://www.rotuma.net/os/lajereports/LRI2007turtlereport.pdf
The geological features of this island contribute to its national significance, as outlined in Fiji's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.
Climate
Flora and fauna
300px|thumb|Mofmanu beach in Motusa, Rotuma A  area covering the main island and its small satellite islets is the Rotuma Important Bird Area.
The Important Bird Area covers the entire range of the vulnerable Rotuma myzomela, and the Rotuman subspecies of Polynesian starling and Fiji shrikebill.
Rotuma also supports isolated outlying populations of Crimson-crowned fruit dove and Polynesian triller.
The offshore islets of Haatana, Hofliua and Hatawa have nationally significant seabird colonies.
History
Linguistic evidence
Linguistic evidence suggests an original settlement from Fiji.
Linguists include the Rotuman language in a subgroup with the languages of western Fiji, but Rotuman also has a large number of Polynesian loanwords, indicating later contact with Samoa and Tonga.
Origins in oral history
According to Rotuman oral history the islands' first inhabitants came from Samoa, led by a man named Raho.
Shortly thereafter, additional settlers arrived from Tonga.
Later, additional settlers came from Tonga and Kiribati.
In the 1850s and 1860s, the Tongan prince Ma'afu claimed possession of Rotuma and sent his subordinates to administer the main island and its neighboring islets."
The Rotuman People", p. 4, in Teo Tuvale, An Account of Samoan History up to 1918
In 1896, the scholar Friedrich RatzelThe History of Mankind by Professor Friedrich Ratzel, Book II, Section A, The Races of Oceania page 173, MacMillan and Co., Ltd., published 1896 recorded a Samoan legend about Samoans’ relationship to Rotuma:
"Thus the Samoans relate that one of their chiefs fished up Rotuma and planted coco-palm on it.
But in a later migration the chief Tokaniua came that way with a canoe full of men and quarrelled with him about the prior right of possession."
European contact
The earliest known confirmed European sighting of Rotuma was in 1791, when Captain Edward Edwards and the crew of HMS Pandora landed in search of sailors who had disappeared following the Mutiny on the Bounty.
Some scholars have suggested that the first European to sight the island was, instead, Pedro Fernandes de Queirós: His description of an island he sighted is consistent with the characteristics and location of Rotuma.
However, this possibility has not been conclusively substantiated.
Mid-19th century
A favorite of whaling ships in need of reprovisioning, in the mid-nineteenth century Rotuma also became a haven for runaway sailors, some of whom were escaped convicts.
Some of these deserters married local women and contributed their genes to an already heterogeneous pool; others met violent ends, reportedly at one another's hands.
The first recorded whaler to visit was the Loper in 1825.
The last known whaling visit was by the Charles W. Morgan in 1894.Langdon, Robert (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p.209.
Rotuma was visited as part of the United States Exploring Expedition in 1840.
Cession to Britain
Wesleyan teachers from Tonga arrived on Rotuma in June 1841, followed by Catholic Marists in 1847.
The Roman Catholic missionaries withdrew in 1853 but returned in 1868.
Conflicts between the two groups, fuelled by previous political rivalries among the chiefs of Rotuma's seven districts, resulted in hostilities that led the local chiefs in 1879 to ask Britain to annex the island group.
On 5th November 1880, Rotuma was officially ceded to the United Kingdom, when the British flag was hoisted by Mr.Hugh Romilly.
The event is annually celebrated as Rotuma Day.
Demographics
Although the island has been politically part of Fiji since 1881, Rotuman culture more closely resembles that of the Polynesian islands to the east, most noticeably Tonga, Samoa, Futuna, and Uvea.
Because of their Polynesian appearance and distinctive language, Rotumans now constitute a recognizable minority group within the Republic of Fiji.
The great majority of Rotumans (9,984 according to the 2007 Fiji census) now live elsewhere in Fiji, with 1,953 Rotumans remaining on Rotuma.
Rotumans are culturally conservative and maintain their customs in the face of changes brought about by increased contact with the outside world.
As recently as 1985, some 85 percent of Rotumans voted against opening the island up to tourism, wary of the influence of Western tourists.
P&O Cruises landed on the island twice in the 1980s.
Notable Rotumans and people of Rotuman descent
Riamkau Sau: the last king of Rotuma
Robin Everett Mitchell:     president of the Association of National Olympic Committees; the Oceania National Olympic Committee; and “Olympic Solidarity.”
Paul Manueli: former commander of the Royal Fiji Military Forces; Fiji cabinet minister; senator; successful businessman
Jioji Konrote: president of Fiji (since 2015); former high commissioner to Australia
Marieta Rigamoto: former Fiji information minister
Daniel Fatiaki: Chief Justice of Fiji
Seán Óg and Setanta Ó hAilpín (brothers of Rotuman descent): Irish sportsmen
John Sutton: National Rugby League player
Vilsoni Hereniko: playwright; film director
Sapeta Taito: actress (The Land Has Eyes)
Jono Gibbes (of Rotuman descent on his mother’s side): New Zealand rugby union player
Rocky Khan (of Rotuman descent on his mother’s side): New Zealand Rugby Union player
Graham Dewes: Fiji Rugby Union player
Daniel Rae Costello (of Rotuman descent): Fijian-born musician
Rebecca Tavo (has a Rotuman father): Australian touch-rugby player
Selina Hornibrook (has a Rotuman mother): former Australian netball player
Ngaire Fuata (has a Rotuman father): New Zealand television producer and singer
Pene Erenio: top Fiji soccer player (Savusavu)
Ravai Fatiaki: Fiji Rugby Union player
Sofia Tekela-Smith (raised on Rotuma by her grandmother): New Zealand artist
David Eggleton (of Rotuman descent on his mother’s side): Poet Laureate of New Zealand
Fred Fatiaki: coach
Lee Roy Atalifo: Fiji Rugby Union player
Politics and society
In 1881, after Rotuma was ceded to the United Kingdom, it was governed as part of the Colony of Fiji, and a group of Rotuman chiefs travelled to London to meet Queen Victoria.
The Queen bestowed the name of Albert on the paramount chief in honour of her husband, Prince Albert, who had died twenty years before.
Rotuma remained with Fiji after Fiji's independence in 1970 and the military coups of 1987.
Sociopolitical organization
Rotuma is divided into seven autonomous districts, each with its own chief (Gagaj es Ituu),  with villages:
Noatau (extreme southeast): Fekeioko, Maragteu, Fafiasina, Matuea, Ututu, Kalvaka
Oinafa (east): Oinafa, Lopta, Paptea
Itutiu (west, but east of western peninsula): Savlei, Lạu, Feavại, Tuạkoi, Motusa, Hapmak, Losa, Fapufa, Ahạu (Government Station)
Malhaha (north): Pepheua, Elsee, Elsio
Juju (south): Tuại, Haga, Juju
Pepjei (southeast): Ujia, Uạnheta, Avave
Itumuta (western peninsula): Maftoa, Lopo
The district chiefs and elected district representatives make up the Rotuma Island Council.
The districts are divided into subgroupings of households (hoaga) that function as work groups under the leadership of a subchief (gagaj es hoaga).
All district headmen and the majority of hoaga headmen are titled.
In addition, some men hold titles without headship (as tög), although they are expected to exercise leadership roles in support of the district headman.
Titles, which are held for life, belong to specified house sites (fuạg ri).
All the descendants of previous occupants of a fuạg ri have a right to participate in the selection of successors to titles.
On formal occasions titled men and dignitaries such as ministers and priests, government officials, and distinguished visitors occupy a place of honor.
They are ceremonially served food from special baskets and kava.
In the daily routine of Village life, however, they are not especially privileged.
As yet no significant class distinctions based on wealth or control of resources have emerged, but investments in elaborate housing and motor vehicles by a few families have led to visible differences in standard of living.
Political organization
At the time of arrival by Europeans there were three pan-Rotuman political positions: the fakpure, the sạu, and the mua.
The fakpure acted as convener and presiding officer over the council of district headmen and was responsible for appointing the sạu and ensuring that he was cared for properly.
The fakpure was headman of the District that headed the alliance that had won the last war.
The sạu's role was to take part in the ritual cycle, oriented toward ensuring prosperity, as an object of veneration.
Early European visitors referred to the sạu as "king", but he actually had no secular power.
The position of sạu was supposed to rotate between districts, and a breach of this custom was considered to be incitement to war.
The role of mua is more obscure, but like the sạu, he was an active participant in the ritual cycle.
According to some accounts the mua acted as a kind of high priest.
Following Christianization in the 1860s, the offices of sạu and mua were terminated.
Colonial administration involved the appointment by the governor of Fiji of a Resident Commissioner (after 1935, a District Officer) to Rotuma.
He was advised by a council composed of the district chiefs.
In 1940 the council was expanded to include an elected representative from each district and the Assistant Medical Practitioner.
Following Fiji's independence in 1970, the council assumed responsibility for the internal governance of Rotuma, with the District Officer assigned to an advisory role.
Up until the first coup, Rotuma was represented in the Fiji legislature by a single senator.
Administratively, Rotuma is fully incorporated into Fiji, but with local government so tailored as to give the island a measure of autonomy greater than that enjoyed by other political subdivisions of Fiji.
Rotuma has the status of a Dependency, and its administrative capital is Ahạu in the district of Itutiu, where the "tariạgsạu" (traditionally the name of the sạu's palace) meeting house for the Council of Rotuma is based.
At the national level, Fijian citizens of Rotuman descent elect one representative to the Fijian House of Representatives, and the Council of Rotuma nominates one representative to the Fijian Senate.
Rotuma is also represented in the influential Great Council of Chiefs by three representatives chosen by the Council of Rotuma.
For electoral purposes, Rotumans were formerly classified as Fijians, but when the Constitution was revised in 1997–1998, they were granted separate representation at their own request.
(The majority of seats in Fiji's House of Representatives are allocated on a communal basis to Fiji's various ethnic groups)  In addition, Rotuma forms part (along with Taveuni and the Lau Islands) of the Lau Taveuni Rotuma Open Constituency, one of 25 constituencies whose representatives are chosen by universal suffrage.
Social control
The hoaga, a kinship community, was the basic residential unit in pre-contact Rotuma.
The basis for social control is a strong socialization emphasis on social responsibility and a sensitivity to shaming.
Gossip serves as a mechanism for sanctioning deviation, but the most powerful deterrent to antisocial behavior is an abiding belief in imminent justice, that supernatural forces (the atua or spirits of ancestors) will punish wrongdoing.
Rotumans are a rather gentle people; violence is extremely rare and serious crimes nearly nonexistent.
Conflict
Prior to cession, warfare, though conducted on a modest scale, was endemic in Rotuma.
During the colonial era political rivalries were muted, since power was concentrated in the offices of Resident Commissioner and District Officer.
Following Fiji's independence, however, interdistrict rivalries were again given expression, now in the form of political contention.
Following the second coup, when Fiji left the Commonwealth of Nations, a segment of the Rotuman population, known as the "Mölmahao Clan" of Noatau rejected the council's decision to remain with the newly declared republic.
Arguing that Rotuma had been ceded to the United Kingdom and not to Fiji, these rebels declared in 1987 independence of Republic of Rotuma and were charged with sedition.
It did not have any substantive support, majority opinion appears to favor remaining with Fiji, but rumblings of discontent remain.
See also
List of volcanoes in Fiji
Rotuma Airport
References
Islands of Fiji, Island Directory, United Nations Environment Programme
A.M. Hocart, Notes on Rotuman Grammar, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1919, 252.
External links
Rotuma website - an exhaustive website on all things Rotuman by anthropologists Alan Howard and Jan Rensel
The Land Has Eyes - an award-winning film set in Rotuma made by Rotumans.
Rotuman Hafa - Rotuman dance (see also Tautoga)
Amateur radio - Amateur radio operations from Rotuma, with information on Rotuman history, culture, flora, fauna, geography, etc.; lengthy bibliography.
General information, energy supply
The Vertebrates of Rotuma and Surrounding Waters, by George R. Zug, Victor G. Springer, Jeffrey T. Wiliams and G. David Johnson, Atoll Research Bulletin, No. 316
