V, or v, is the twenty-second and fifth-to-last letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Its name in English is vee (pronounced ), plural vees."
V", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "vee", op.
cit.
==History==
The letter V comes from the Semitic letter Waw, as do the modern letters F, U, W, and Y.
See F for details.
In Greek, the letter upsilon "Υ" was adapted from waw to represent, at first, the vowel  as in "moon".
This was later fronted to , the front rounded vowel spelled "ü" in German.
In Latin, a stemless variant shape of the upsilon was borrowed in early times as V — either directly from the Western Greek alphabet or from the Etruscan alphabet as an intermediary — to represent the same  sound, as well as the consonantal , num — originally spelled NVM — was pronounced  and via was pronounced .
From the 1st century AD on, depending on Vulgar Latin dialect, consonantal  developed into  (kept in Spanish), then later to .
During the Late Middle Ages, two minuscule glyphs developed which were both used for sounds including  and modern .
The pointed form "v" was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form "u" was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound.
So whereas "valour" and "excuse" appeared as in modern printing, "have" and "upon" were printed as "haue" and "vpon".
The first distinction between the letters "u" and "v" is recorded in a Gothic script from 1386, where "v" preceded "u".
By the mid-16th century, the "v" form was used to represent the consonant and "u" the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter "u".
Capital and majuscule "U" was not accepted as a distinct letter until many years later.
Letter
In the International Phonetic Alphabet,  represents the voiced labiodental fricative.
See Help:IPA.
In English, special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter V:
Traditionally, V is not doubled to indicate a short vowel, the way, for example, P is doubled to indicate the difference between "super" and "supper".
However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as , "divvy up" and "skivvies".
Barring the word of, a word that ends in a v sound is spelled ve regardless of the sound of the vowel before it.
This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as Kiev, or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as sov for sovereign.
The short u sound is spelled o, not u, before the letter v.
This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes (minims) in a row.
Like J, K, Q, X, and Z, V is not used very frequently in English.
It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 1.03% in words.
V is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the Australian version of the game of Scrabble.
C also cannot be used in the American version.
The letter appears frequently in the Romance languages, where it is the first letter of the second person plural pronoun and (in Italian) the stem of the imperfect form of most verbs.
Name in other languages
Classical   is the name for both its use as a consonant and as a vowel.
Chiefly in its role of a consonant and where the context calls for it, V (or rather its sound) was sometimes called by Roman grammarians  (), this being a name for the digamma (Ϝ); indeed, Roman grammarians commonly equated the sound of the consonantal V to that of the Aeolic digamma () and would sometimes directly call the consonantal V a digamma.
However, in general, the letter, wherever it occurred, was called .
, pronounced ; in dialects that lack contrast between  and , the letter is called ve baixa  "low B/V".
or vu
is recommended, but ve  is traditional.
If V is pronounced in the second way, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter B in Spanish (i.e.  after pause or nasal sound, otherwise ); thus further terms are needed to distinguish ve from be.
In some countries it is called ve corta, ve baja, ve pequeña, ve chica or ve labiodental.
In Japanese, V is called a variety of names originating in English, most commonly ブイ  or , but less nativized variants, violating to an extent the phonotactics of Japanese, of ヴィー , ヴイ  or , and ヴィ  are also used.
The phoneme  in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either  or  depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward .
Pronunciation and use
Pronunciations of Vv
In most languages which use the Latin alphabet,  has a voiced bilabial or labiodental sound.
In English, it is a voiced labiodental fricative.
In most dialects of Spanish, it is pronounced the same as , that is,  or .
In Corsican, it is pronounced , ,  or , depending on the position in the word and the sentence.
In contemporary German, it is pronounced  in most loan-words while in native German words, it is always pronounced .
In standard Dutch it is traditionally pronounced as  but in many regions it is pronounced as  in some or all positions.
In Native American languages of North America (mainly Muskhogean and Iroquoian),  represents a nasalized central vowel, /ə̃/.
In Chinese Pinyin, while  is not used, the letter  is used by most input methods to enter letter , which most keyboards lack (Romanised Chinese is a popular method to enter Chinese text).
Informal romanizations of Mandarin Chinese use V as a substitute for the close front rounded vowel /y/, properly written ü in pinyin and Wade–Giles.
In Irish, the letter  is mostly used in loanwords, such as veidhlín from English violin.
However the sound  appears naturally in Irish when /b/ (or /m/) is lenited or "softened", represented in the orthography by  (or "mh"), so that bhí is pronounced , an bhean (the woman) is pronounced , etc.
For more information, see Irish phonology.
This letter is not used in the Polish alphabet, where  is spelled with the letter  instead, following the convention of German.
In German the letter  sounds like /f/.
Other systems
In the 19th century,  was sometimes used to transcribe a palatal click, , a function since partly taken over by .
Related characters
Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet
U u : Latin letter U, originally the same letter as V
W w : Latin letter W, descended from V/U
Ỽ ỽ : Middle Welsh V
V with diacritics: Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ʋ ʋ ᶌ
IPA-specific symbols related to V:
ᶹ : Modifier letter small v with hook is used in phonetic transcription
Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: Turned v
ⱴ : V with curl
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to V:
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which V derives
Y y : Latin letter Y, which, like V, also derives from Upsilon (but was taken into the alphabet at a later date)
Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, also descended from Upsilon
У у : Cyrillic letter u, also descended from Upsilon via the digraph of omicron and upsilon
Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Ү, descended from У and izhitsa and used in the scripts for languages in the former Soviet Union and currently the Russian Federation, as well as in Mongolian.
Most commonly it represents /y/ or /ʏ/.
Ligatures and abbreviations
∨: Logical disjunction
℣ : Versicle sign
Ꝟ ꝟ : Forms of V were used for medieval scribal abbreviations
Computing codes
1
Other representations
V is the symbol for vanadium.
It is number 23 on the periodic table.
Emerald derives its green coloring from either vanadium or chromium.
v, v., and vs can also be used as an abbreviation for the word versus when between two or more competing items (Ex: Brown v. Board of Education).
See also
Dominant, in music theory
Vee
∨, logical disjunction
Check mark
Notes
References
External links
