The Four Seasons () is a group of four violin concertos by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi, each of which gives musical expression to a season of the year.
These were composed around 1718−1720, when Vivaldi was the court chapel master in Mantua.
They were published in 1725 in Amsterdam, together with eight additional concerti, as  (The Contest Between Harmony and Invention).
The Four Seasons is the best known of Vivaldi's works.
Though three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows patterns from a sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous opera Il Giustino.
The inspiration for the concertos is not the countryside around Mantua, as initially supposed, where Vivaldi was living at the time, since according to Karl Heller they could have been written as early as 1716–1717, while Vivaldi was engaged with the court of Mantua only in 1718.
They were a revolution in musical conception: in them Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterized), a shepherd and his barking dog, buzzing flies, storms, drunken dancers, hunting parties from both the hunters' and the prey's point of view, frozen landscapes, and warm winter fires.
Unusual for the period, Vivaldi published the concerti with accompanying sonnets (possibly written by the composer himself) that elucidated what it was in the spirit of each season that his music was intended to evoke.
The concerti therefore stand as one of the earliest and most detailed examples of what would come to be called program music—in other words, music with a narrative element.
Vivaldi took great pains to relate his music to the texts of the poems, translating the poetic lines themselves directly into the music on the page.
For example, in the middle section of "Spring", when the goatherd sleeps, his barking dog can be heard in the viola section.
The music is elsewhere similarly evocative of other natural sounds.
Vivaldi divided each concerto into three movements (fast–slow–fast), and, likewise, each linked sonnet into three sections.
Structure
thumb|Title page of Vivaldi's Cimento dell'Armonia e dell'Invenzione, which included The Four Seasons Vivaldi's arrangement is as follows:
Concerto No. 1 in E major, Op. 8, RV 269, "Spring" (La primavera)
Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 8, RV 315, "Summer" (L'estate)
Concerto No. 3 in F major, Op. 8, RV 293, "Autumn" (L'autunno)
Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 8, RV 297, "Winter" (L'inverno)
A performance of all four concerti may take about 40–43 minutes.
Approximate timings of the individual concerti:
Spring: 10 minutes
Summer: 11 minutes
Autumn: 11 minutes
Winter: 9 minutes
Sonnets and allusions
There is some debate as to whether the four concertos were written to accompany four sonnets or vice versa.
Though it is not known who wrote the accompanying sonnets, the theory that Vivaldi wrote them is supported by the fact that each sonnet is broken into three sections, each neatly corresponding to a movement in the concerto.
Regardless of the sonnets' authorship, The Four Seasons can be classified as program music, instrumental music intended to evoke something extra-musical, and an art form which Vivaldi was determined to prove sophisticated enough to be taken seriously.
In addition to these sonnets, Vivaldi provided instructions such as "The barking dog" (in the second movement of "Spring"), "Languor caused by the heat" (in the first movement of "Summer"), and "the drunkards have fallen asleep" (in the second movement of "Autumn").
A new translation of the sonnets into English by Armand D'Angour was published in 2019."
Vivaldi's Four Sonnets" by Armand D'Angour Sonnet text
Recording history
thumb|Bernardino Molinari, who made the first electrical recording of The Four Seasons in 1942.
The date and personnel on the first recording of The Four Seasons are disputed.
There is a compact disc of a recording made by the violinist Alfredo Campoli taken from acetates of a French radio broadcast; these are thought to date from early in 1939.Pearl GEMM CD 9151 The first proper electrical recording was made in 1942 by Bernardino Molinari; though his is a somewhat different interpretation from modern performances, it is clearly recognisable as The Four Seasons.
Molinari's recording was made for Cetra, and was issued in Italy and subsequently in the United States on six double-sided 78s, in the 1940s.
It was then reissued on long-playing album in 1950, and, later, on compact disc.Two versions are available, one with more extensive sleeve notes giving the political background and history of the work's rediscovery issued by Ermitage ERC CD 12006-2.
The first American recording was made in the final week of 1947 by the violinist Louis Kaufman.
The recording was made at Carnegie Hall in advance of a scheduled recording ban effective 1 January 1948.
The performers were The Concert Hall Chamber Orchestra under Henry Swoboda, Edith Weiss-Mann (harpsichor)) and Edouard Nies-Berger (organ).Concert Hall Records, CHS.
set AR; reissued on Naxos Historical 8.110297-98.
This recording helped the re-popularisation of Vivaldi's music in the mainstream repertoire of Europe and America following on the work done by Molinari and others in Italy.
It won the French Grand Prix du Disque in 1950, was elected to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002, and was selected the following year for the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress.
Kaufman, intrigued to learn that the four concertos were in fact part of a set of twelve, set about finding a full score and eventually recorded the other eight concertos in Zürich in 1950, making his the first recording of Vivaldi's complete Op. 8.
#CHS.CHC 1064 (#Nix.CLP 1061-1/2)
The ensemble I Musici recorded The Four Seasons several times, the debut recording in 1955 with Felix Ayo; a 1959 recording featuring Ayo again; and subsequent recordings featuring Roberto Michelucci (1969), Pina Carmirelli (1982), Federico Agostini (1990), and Mariana Sîrbu (1995).
The 1969 Argo recording by the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields conducted by Neville Marriner and featuring the soloist Alan Loveday sold over half a million copies; it became the ensemble's first gold record.
I Solisti di Zagreb, under the baton of Antonio Janigro with Jan Tomasow as violin soloist and Anton Heiller on harpsichord, followed in 1957 on the Vanguard label, further reissued under the Philips and other labels.
Wilfrid Mellers, an English music critic, musicologist and composer wrote of this performance, "the soloists phrase their lyricism beautifully."
John Thornton wrote about this recording, "Here is matchless ensemble playing, topped by Tomasow's secure playing.
Janigro reveals his talent for conducting, which competes with his considerable talent for cello playing."
Ivan Supek wrote of this recording:
Paul Shoemaker wrote about this recording:
Nigel Kennedy's 1989 recording of The Four Seasons with the English Chamber Orchestra sold over  copies, becoming one of the best-selling classical works ever.
Gil Shaham and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra recorded The Four Seasons as well as a music video for the first movement of "Winter" that was featured regularly on The Weather Channel in the mid-1990s.
Surround sound versions of the piece have been issued on Super Audio CD by Richard Tognetti, Pinchas Zukerman, Jonathan Carney and Rachel Podger.
The World's Encyclopedia of Recorded Music in 1952 cites only two recordings of The Four Seasons – by Molinari and Kaufman. , approximately 1,000 recorded versions have been made since Campoli's in 1939.
Classical musicians have sought to distinguish their recordings of The Four Seasons, with historically informed performances, and embellishments, to the point of varying the instruments and tempi, or playing notes differently from the listener's expectation (whether specified by the composer or not).Performing Vivaldi, Interview with Nemanja Radulovic, featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel) It is said that Vivaldi's work presents such opportunities for improvisation.Performing Vivaldi, Interview with Aisslinn Nosky, featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
Reception
The Four Seasons was voted #67 in the Classic FM Hall of Fame.
Three of the four concerti were included in the Classic 100 Concerto listing.
Derivative works
Derivative works of these concerti include arrangements, transcriptions, covers, remixes, samples, and parodies in music — themes in theater and opera, soundtracks in films (or video games), and choreography in ballet (along with contemporary dance, figure skating, rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, etc.) — either in their entirety, single movements, or medleys.
Antonio Vivaldi appears to have started this trend of adapting music from The Four Seasons, and since then it has expanded into many aspects of the performing arts (as have other instrumental & vocal works by the composer).
This contest between harmony and invention (as it were) now involves various genres around the world:
;1726 (or 1734)
Vivaldi re-scored the Allegro movement from the "Spring" concerto, both as the opening sinfonia (third movement), and chorus (adding lyrics) for his opera Dorilla in Tempe.
J. S. Bach used the theme of the first movement of the "Spring" concerto for the third movement (aria) of his cantata Wer weiß, wie nahe mir mein Ende?
(BWV 27).
;1727 (or 1730, 1731)
Vivaldi based his setting of "Gelido in ogni vena", an aria from Metastasio's Siroe, re di Persia libretto, on the first movement of the "Winter" concerto.
Vivaldi's Siroe, containing an aria on this text, premiered in 1727 (music lost).
An aria on the "Gelido in ogni vena" text also appeared in his 1730 Argippo (music lost).
In 1731, he inserted the extant version of this aria in his Farnace when this opera was restaged in Pavia.
;1739
Nicolas Chédeville (France) arranged the concerti (as "Le printemps, ou Les saisons amusantes") for hurdy-gurdy or musette, violin, flute, and continuo.
;1765
The French composer Michel Corrette composed and published a choral motet, Laudate Dominum de Coelis, subtitled Motet à Grand Chœur arrangé dans le Concerto de Printemps de Vivaldi.
The work, for choir and orchestra, consists of the words of Psalm 116 set to the music from the Spring concerto with vocal soloists singing the solo concerto parts.
1775
Jean-Jacques Rousseau published his flute version of the "Spring" concerto.Jean-Jacques Rousseau Le Printems de Vivaldi arrangé pour une Flute sans accompagnement.
Paris: Bignon, 1775.Le Printemps de Vivaldi at
;1969
The Swingle Singers (France) recorded an album (The Joy of Singing) based on the work (and that of other composers).
;1970
Astor Piazzolla (Argentina) published Estaciones Porteñas, "The Four Seasons of Buenos Aires"; these have been included in "eight seasons" performances, along with Vivaldi's work, by various artists.
;1972
Moe Koffman (Canada) recorded a jazz album of the concerti.Moe Koffman "The Four Seasons", GRT or Derby record label, Discogs listing.
;1976
The New Koto Ensemble (Japan) recorded the concerti on koto instruments.New Koto Ensemble "Koto Four Seasons", Discogs listing.
;1978
Michael Franks (United States) composed a vocal serenade based on the theme of the Adagio from the "Summer" concerto.Michael Franks, "Vivaldi's song", "Burchfield Nines" album.
This was subsequently covered by WoongSan (Korea) in 2010.WoongSan, "Vivaldi's Song", album "Close Your Eyes" (Pony Canyon label).
;1981
The Four Seasons is used in the eponymous 1981 film, along with other Vivaldi concertos for flute.
;1982
Patrick Gleeson (United States) recorded a "computer realization" of the concerti.
;1984
Thomas Wilbrandt (West Germany) composed and recorded "The Electric V" (later adapted for film), which interprets Vivaldi's work with ambient electronics, vocals, and samples of the original concerti.
Roland Petit (France) choreographed a ballet (entitled "Les Quatre Saisons") to an I Musici performance of Vivaldi's work.
;1987
Ben Shedd (United States) produced a scenic tour of nature with the concerti as background music (narrated by William Shatner).Ben Shedd, "Seasons", listed on IMDB; trailer featured on Vimeo (photagrapher's channel).
;1990
A MIDI arrangement of the "Spring" concerto by Passport Designs was included with Windows 3.0.
;1993
Jean-Pierre Rampal (France) recorded arrangements of the concerti for flute;Flute "Jean-Pierre Rampal Plays Vivaldi's Four Seasons", Sony Classical (53105), Allmusic listing.
these were also recorded by Jadwiga Kotnowska.
;1995
Arnie Roth (United States) recorded "The Four Seasons Suite", including sonnets (recited by Patrick Stewart).
This may not qualify as a derivative work, depending on whether Vivaldi's translated sonnets were meant to be narrated with the music (versus being read in Italian, or silently by the audience).Arnie Roth, "The Compleat Four Seasons", listed on Allmusic.
;1997
The Baronics (Canada) recorded surf guitar versions of one movement from each of the concerti.The Baronics "Get Bach!", on Discogs.
French musician Jacques Loussier composed and recorded, with his trio, jazz-swing interpretations of the concerti.
;1998
The Great Kat (England/United States) recorded a shred guitar (and violin) version of the Presto movement from the "Summer" concerto.The Great Kat, "Bloody Vivaldi", album.
Vanessa-Mae (Singapore/Britain) recorded a crossover version of the same movement for electric violin.Vanessa-Mae "Storm", album.
;1999
The Chinese Baroque Players recorded arrangements of the concerti for traditional Chinese instruments.Chinese Baroque Players "Four Seasons", Xien Records (XNC2 44032), Allmusic listing
Petrova & Tikhonov (Russia) performed their long program to a medley of Vivaldi's seasons to win the European Figure Skating Championships.
;2000
Venice Harp Quartet (Italy) recorded arrangements of the concerti for harp ensemble.Venice Harp Quartet "Four Seasons for Four Harps", Fine Classics (4423–2), Allmusic listing.
Gustavo Montesano (Argentina) recorded a tango guitar version of the "Spring" Allegro with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.Primavera Tango "Flamenco Fantasy", on Discogs.
Jochen Brusch (Germany) & Sven-Ingvart Mikkelsen (Denmark) recorded arrangements of the concerti for violin and organ.Brusch & Mikkelsen "The Four Seasons", Classico CLASSCD333
;2001
Ferhan & Ferzan Önder (Turkish twin sisters) recorded a transcription of the concerti for two pianos by Antun Tomislav Šaban.Ferhan & Ferzan discography "Vivaldi Reflections" , EMI classics.
Retrieved on 23 June 2013.
BanYa (South Korea) recorded a dance version of the "Winter" concerto for the Pump It Up video game.
Susan Osborn (United States) recorded a new-age vocal serenade based on the "Winter" Largo.Susan Osborn, "Winter/Vivaldi", album "Still Life" (Pony Canyon label).
The Charades (Finland) recorded the Presto from the "Summer" concerto as "Summer Twist", for surf guitar ensemble.The Charades, "Vivaldi's Summer Twist", album "As Hot As Cool Can Be" (Power Records).
;2003
Red Priest (UK) recorded arrangements of the concerti for recorder.Red Priest's "Four Seasons" (Dorian 90317), Allmusic listing.
Hayley Westenra (New Zealand) adapted the "Winter" concerto into a song titled "River of Dreams" which is sung in English.
It was recorded for her Pure album on July 10.
;2004
Tafelmusik (Canada) arranged a cross-cultural arts special based on the concerti, involving a Chinese pipa, Indian sarangi and Inuit throat-singing."
The Four Seasons Mosaic" DVD is paired with Tafelmusik's L'estro armonico CD, featured on Vimeo (producer's channel).
;2005
Mỹ Linh (Vietnamese singer) adapted the "Winter" concerto into a song titled "Mùa Đông" (which means "winter" also) on her album Chat với Mozart (Chat with Mozart).
Dark Moor (Spain) recorded an electric-guitar version of the Allegro non molto movement from the "Winter" concerto; this was later integrated into the Finnish video game Frets on Fire.Frets on Fire "Dark Moor's winter", featured on YouTube (open source gameplay recording).
;2006
Juliette Pochin (Wales) performed on her debut album an operatic suite of sonnets set to the concerti.
Accentus chamber choir (France) recorded a choral version of the "Winter" concerto.Accentus "Transcriptions 2", on Discogs.
Stéphane Lambiel (Switzerland) performed his long program to a medley of the concerti to win the World Figure Skating Championships.
;2007
Celtic Woman (Ireland) recorded the "Winter" Largo with vocals (Italian lyrics).Celtic Woman: A New Journey, "Vivaldi's Rain".
The youngest former member, Chloë Agnew, originally recorded it for her Walking in the Air album which was released in 2002.
PercaDu (Israel) performed an arrangement of the Allegro non molto movement from the "Winter" concerto, for marimbas with chamber orchestra.PercaDu (Tomer Yariv and Adi Morag), "Vivaldi, winter arr for marimbas", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Mauro Bigonzetti (Italy) choreographed a ballet of the concerti for a French-Canadian dance company.LesGrandsBallets "Les quatre saisons", featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
Tim Slade (Australia) directed 4, a documentary which follows four classical violinists in their homelands (of Tokyo; Thursday Island, New York; and Lapland), as they relate to Vivaldi's Four Seasons.Tim Slade "4", listed on IMDB.
Seoul Metropolitan Traditional Music Orchestra performed the concerti with arrangement for Korean traditional music (gugak) orchestra by Seong-gi Kim.
It was recorded live and released with CD from Synnara Music same year.Information about CD "국악으로 듣는 비발디의 사계 (in Korean)", on Aladin Communication Inc.
;2008
Sveceny & Dvorak (Czech Republic) produced both an album and stage production of world music based on the concerti.Jaroslav Sveceny & Michal Dvorak "Vivaldianno MMVIII", featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
Yves Custeau (Canada) recorded a rock & roll "one-man band" version of the "Spring" Allegro.Yves Custeau "Vivaldi Rock Spring", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Daisy Jopling (England/United States) recorded a violin & hip-hop version of the Allegro non molto movement from the "Winter" concerto, and also performs it reggae-style.Daisy Jopling, "Winter (hip hop)", album "Key to the Classics", "Winter (reggae)", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Innesa Tymochko (Ukraine) performed her crossover version of the Presto from the "Summer" concerto, for violin.Innesa Tymochko, "Vivaldi's Storm", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Wez Bolton (Isle of Man) recorded a cover version of the Allegro non molto movement from the "Winter" concerto, based on the Japanese video game "Beatmania" remix.Wez Bolton, "Winter (cover version)", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Patrick Chan (Canada) performed his long program to a medley of the concerti to win the Canadian Figure Skating Championships.Patrick Chan, "2008 Nationals", featured on YouTube (channel for the skater).
;2009
Absynth Against Anguish (Romania) produced an electronic (trance) version of the concerti.Absynth Against Anguish "The Four Seasons 2.0", creative commons audio.
Riccardo Arrighini (Italy) recorded the concerti for solo piano, in a jazz style.Riccardo Arrighini, "Le quattro stagioni", album "Vivaldi in Jazz".
Christophe Monniot recorded ambient-jazz interpretations of the concerti.Christophe Monniot, "Vivaldi Universel, Saison 5", Cristal Records (CR 149).
Christian Blind (France) recorded a surf guitar/acid rock version of the Allegro movement from the "Spring" concerto.BlinDChriS "Vivaldi Dead Springs", creative commons media.
;2010
Art Color Ballet (Poland) performed their "4 elements" show to the Presto movement from the "Summer" concerto, arranged by Hadrian Filip Tabęcki (Kameleon).Art Color Ballet "Vivaldi 4 Elements", featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
David Garrett (Germany) recorded a crossover version of Vivaldi's winter (allegro non molto), combining classical violin with modern rock music.David Garrett "Vivaldi/Vertigo", album "Rock Symphonies", featured on Vimeo (producer's channel).
;2011
Black Smith (Russia) performed the Presto movement from the "Summer" concerto in the style of thrash metal music (likewise, this movement has been covered numerous times by aspiring electric guitar virtuosos, and other crossover musicians).Black Smith "Vivaldi Tribute", Against all odds (DVD), featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Angels (Greece) performed their crossover version of the same movement, scored for electric strings.Angels Ensembles, "Angels Summer", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Szentpeteri Csilla (Hungary) performed her crossover version of the same movement, scored for piano.Szentpeteri Csilla, "Storm – Crossover", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
Leonel Valbom (Portugal) remixed the Presto movement from the "Summer" concerto with VST Synths.Leonel Valbom, "Summer Vivaldi", featured on SoundCloud (recording artist's channel).
Tim Kliphuis (Netherlands) performed the Allegro from the "Spring" movement as a crossover of world-music styles.Tim Kliphuis "Spring – Gypsy Jazz and Celtic version", "Live at Iford Manor" (DVD), featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
;2012
Russian violinist Olga Kholodnaya and Argentinian drummer Marino Colina arranged and recorded live in Berlin a version for violin and drum kit.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
German-born British composer Max Richter created a postmodern and minimalist recomposition, Recomposed by Max Richter: Vivaldi – The Four Seasons.
Working with solo violinist Daniel Hope, Richter discarded around 75 per cent of the original source material; the album is 44 minutes long.
Aura (Japan) recorded an a cappella arrangement of the concerti, and had also performed Vivaldi's Spring chorus (from Dorilla in Tempe) on a prior album.Aura discography "Le Quattro Stagioni" , EPIC Records (ESCL 3932).
Retrieved on 3 June 2013.
Sinfonity (Spain) performed the concerti for "electric-guitar orchestra".Sinfonity "The Four Seasons", live in Madrid, featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
Bachod Chirmof (USA) produced a MIDI recording & animation of Vivaldi's winter (movements I & III).Bachod Chirmof, "Midi Animation – Vivaldi", featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
Tornado Classic (Russia) performed the Presto movement from the "Summer" concerto, with electric guitar and slap bass.Tornado Classic, "Vivaldi Summer", featured on Vimeo (producer's channel).
The symphonic rock band Trans-Siberian Orchestra used a portion of the first movement of the "Winter" concerto in their song "Dreams of Fireflies (On A Christmas Night)" on their Dreams of Fireflies EP.
;2013
Richard Galliano (France) recorded the concerti for accordion, as well as a few of his opera arias on the instrument.Richard Galliano, DG Label "Vivaldi"  (featured on artist's site).
Vito Paternoster (Italy) recorded the concerti in the form of sonatas for cello.Vito Paternoster "The Four Seasons in forma di sonata for cello" ("Baryton BRT 006", tracks featured on Magnatune).
Periodic (Germany) produced a megamix of the concerti, which incorporates electronica with samples of a classical recording.The Periodic project & Lennart Wittenhagen "Vier Jahreszeiten", featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
Steven Buchanan (USA) produced a tetralogy of "midseasons" (slow movements and corresponding sonnets) from Vivaldi's program music.A Vivaldi Compendium "Midseasons", creative commons media, featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
;2014
The Piano Guys (USA) recorded an arrangement for piano and cello, a crossover between the "Winter" concerto and "Let it Go" from the computer-animated film Frozen.The Piano Guys – "Let it Go (Disney's "Frozen") Vivaldi Winter", featured on YouTube (group's channel).
Along with the original composition of "Winter" included in Fantasia: Music Evolved, there are also two mixes: the "Alt Rock" mix, and the "Steve Porter" mix.
;2015
Nihad Hrustanbegovic (The Netherlands) recorded the concerti for solo accordion on Zefir Records.
Zozimo Rech and Adrianne Simioni (Brazil) recorded the concerti on electric and acoustic guitar on the Astronomusic label.
Lupe Fiasco's songs "Summer", "Fall", "Winter", & "Spring" on his album Tetsuo & Youth reference the concerti.
;2016
Justin Bird (New Zealand) transcribed the concerti for solo piano.
In April, violist David Aaron Carpenter recorded the concerti, arranged for viola and released with an arrangement of Piazzolla's Estaciones Porteñas and The Four Seasons of Manhattan by Alexey Shor.
;2019
"For Seasons" is a recomposition of Vivaldi's concertos using algorithms to portray climate change from 1725 to 2019.
Arranged by Simone Candotto and performed in November 2019 by the NDR Elbphilharomie Orchestra, under the direction of Alan Gilbert.
;2021
Ballet Arizona performed original choreography by artistic director Ib Andersen in an outdoor performance set against the lush Southwest landscape of the Desert Botanical Gardens.
"The [Uncertain] Four Seasons" is a reworking of Vivaldi's original, by both human composers and AI algorithms based on climate predictions for the year 2050.
Each performance is modified to fit the climatic predictions for the location of performance.
The project includes a multi-orchestra, streamed event planned for November 1, 2021, in connection with the United Nations Climate Change conference held in Glasgow, Scotland.
It was inspired by the 2019 performance, "For Seasons."
References
External links
Scores, Mutopia Project
