The Lockheed AC-130 gunship is a heavily armed, long-endurance, ground-attack variant of the C-130 Hercules transport, fixed-wing aircraft.
It carries a wide array of ground attack weapons that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems.
Unlike other modern military fixed-wing aircraft, the AC-130 relies on visual targeting.
Because its large profile and low operating altitudes of approximately 7,000 feet (2,100 m) make it an easy target, its close air support missions are usually flown at night.
The airframe is manufactured by Lockheed Martin, while Boeing is responsible for the conversion into a gunship and for aircraft support.AC-130U Gunship page .
Boeing.
Developed during the Vietnam War as "Project Gunship II", the AC-130 replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky, or "Gunship I".
The sole operator is the United States Air Force, which uses the AC-130U Spooky and AC-130W Stinger II variants for close air support, air interdiction, and force protection, with the upgraded AC-130J Ghostrider entering service.
Close-air-support roles include supporting ground troops, escorting convoys, and urban operations.
Air-interdiction missions are conducted against planned targets and targets of opportunity.
Force-protection missions include defending air bases and other facilities.
AC-130Us are based at Hurlburt Field, Florida, while AC-130Ws are based at Cannon AFB, New Mexico; gunships can be deployed worldwide.
The squadrons are part of the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC), a component of the United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM).
(article was originally based on this.)
The AC-130 has an unpressurized cabin, with the weaponry mounted to fire from the port side of the fuselage.
During an attack, the gunship performs a pylon turn, flying in a large circle around the target, therefore being able to fire at it for far longer than in a conventional strafing attack.
The AC-130H Spectre was armed with two  M61 Vulcan cannons, one L60 Bofors 40 mm cannon, and M137  cannon and M37 recoil mechanism from the M102 howitzer; after 1994, the  cannons were removed.
The upgraded AC-130U Spooky has a single  GAU-12 Equalizer cannon in place of the Spectre's two  cannons, an improved fire-control system, and increased ammunition capacity.
The new AC-130J was based on the MC-130J Commando II special-operations tanker.
The AC-130W Stinger II is a modified C-130H with upgrades including a precision strike package."
AC-130W Stinger II" .
USAF, January 2016.
Development
Origins
During the Vietnam War, the C-130 Hercules was selected to replace the Douglas AC-47 Spooky gunship (Project Gunship I) to improve mission endurance and increase capacity to carry munitions.
Capable of flying faster than helicopters and at high altitudes with excellent loiter time, the use of the pylon turn allowed the AC-47 to deliver continuous, accurate fire to a single point on the ground.
thumb|left|AC-130H Spectre near Hurlburt Field, Florida in 1988 In 1967, JC-130A 54-1626 was selected for conversion into the prototype AC-130A gunship (Project Gunship II).
The modifications were done at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base by the Aeronautical Systems Division.
A direct-view night-vision telescope was installed in the forward door, an early forward-looking infrared device was placed in the forward part of the left wheel well, with miniguns and rotary cannons fixed facing down and aft along the left side.
The analog fire-control computer prototype was handcrafted by RAF Wing Commander Tom Pinkerton at the USAF Avionics Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB.
Flight testing of the prototype was performed primarily at Eglin Air Force Base, followed by further testing and modifications.
By September 1967, the aircraft was certified ready for combat testing and was flown to Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam for a 90-day test program.
The AC-130 was later supplemented by the AC-119 Shadow (Project Gunship III), which later proved to be underpowered.
Seven more warplanes were converted to the "Plain Jane" configuration like the AC-130 prototype in 1968, and one aircraft received the "Surprise Package" refit in 1969.Lockheed AC-130A "Surprise Package" .
National Museum of the United States Air Force.
Accessed on 5 April 2009.
The Surprise Package upgrade included the latest 20 mm rotary autocannons and 40 mm Bofors cannon, but no 7.62 mm close-support armament.
The Surprise Package configuration served as a test bed for the avionic systems and armament for the AC-130E.
In 1970, 10 more AC-130As were acquired under the "Pave Pronto" project.Lockheed AC-130A "PAVE Pronto" .
National Museum of the United States Air Force.
Accessed on 5 April 2009.
In the summer of 1971, Surprise Package AC-130s were converted to the Pave Pronto configuration and assumed the new nickname of "Thor".
Conversion of C-130Es into AC-130Es for the "PAVE Spectre" project followed.Lockheed AC-130E "PAVE Spectre" .
National Museum of the United States Air Force.
Accessed on 5 April 2009.Lockheed AC-130E "PAVE Aegis" .
National Museum of the United States Air Force.
Accessed on 5 April 2009.
Regardless of their project names, the aircraft were more commonly referred to by the squadron's call sign, Spectre.
Recent and planned upgrades
thumb|AC-130U armed with two 30 mm Bushmasters, 2007
In 2007, AFSOC initiated a program to upgrade the armament of AC-130s.
The test program planned for the 25 mm GAU-12/U and 40 mm Bofors cannon on the AC-130U gunships to be replaced with two 30 mm Mk 44 Bushmaster II cannons.
In 2007, the Air Force modified four AC-130U gunships as test platforms for the Bushmasters.
These were referred to as AC-130U Plus 4 or AC-130U+4.
AFSOC, however, canceled its plans to install the new cannons on its fleet of AC-130Us.
It has since removed the guns and reinstalled the original 40 mm and 25 mm cannons and returned the planes to combat duty.
Brigadier General Bradley A. Heithold, AFSOC's director of plans, programs, requirements, and assessments, said on 11 August 2008 that the effort was canceled because of problems with the Bushmaster's accuracy in tests "at the altitude we were employing it".
Also, schedule considerations drove the decision, he said.Michael Sirak with Marc Schanz, "Spooky Gun Swap Canceled".
Air Force Magazine, October 2008, Volume 91, Number 10, p.
24.
Plans were made to possibly replace the 105 mm cannon with a breech-loading 120 mm M120 mortar, and to give the AC-130 a standoff capability using either the AGM-114 Hellfire missile, the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (based on the Hydra 70 rocket), or the Viper Strike glide bomb.
In 2010, the Air Force awarded L-3 Communications a $61 million contract to add precision strike packages to eight MC-130W Combat Spear special-mission aircraftDoD "Contracts" .
U.S. Department of Defense, 21 September 2010.
to give them a gunship-like attack capability; such-equipped MC-130Ws are known as Dragon Spears.
AFSOC is arming these aircraft to relieve the high operational demands on AC-130 gunships until new AC-130Js enter service.Sirak, Micael.
"The SOF Makeover"  Air Force Magazine, Vol. 93, No. 6 June 2010.
The MC-130W Dragon Spear was renamed AC-130W Stinger II in 2011.Wallace, Ashley.
"News: Stinger II".
Air International, Vol. 82 No. 5, May 2012, p. 19. .
The precision strike packages consist of a 30 mm gun and several precision guided munitions.
Rails are mounted on the outboard pylon of the wing for four Hellfire missiles, SDBs, or SDB IIs under each.
Ten Common Launch Tubes (CLTs) are mounted on the rear ramp to fire Griffin A missiles; additional missiles are stored in the aircraft that can be reloaded in flight.AFSOC AC-130 Gunships  – Defensemedianetwork.com, 1 June 2015 CLTs are able to fire other small munitions able to fit inside the -diameter, -long tubes.Special Operations Gunships to Be Equipped With Improved Sensors – Nationaldefensemagazine.org, May 2016
The Air Force launched an initiative in 2011 to acquire 16 new gunships based on newly built MC-130J Combat Shadow II special-operations tankers outfitted with a "precision strike package" to give them an attack capability, requesting $1.6 billion from fiscal years 2011 through 2015.
This would increase the size of the gunship fleet to 33 aircraft, a net increase of eight after the planned retirement of eight aging AC-130Hs.
The first aircraft would be bought in fiscal 2012, followed by two in fiscal 2013, five in fiscal 2014, and the final eight in fiscal 2015.
The decision to retain the C-130 came after funding for 16 C-27Js was removed from the fiscal 2010 budget.
The AC-130J will follow the path of the Dragon Spear program.Duncan, Capt. Kristen D. "Benchmark 'Dragon Spear' program earns William J. Perry Award" .
Air Force Special Operations Command Public Affairs On 9 January 2013, the Air Force began converting the first MC-130J Combat Shadow II into an AC-130J Ghostrider.
The first AC-130J Ghostrider was delivered to AFSOC on 29 July 2015."
US Air Force Special Operations Command Takes Delivery of First AC-130J Ghostrider" , Deagel.com, Air Force News Service, 31 July 2015 The first AC-130J gunships achieved initial operational capability (IOC) on 30 September 2017.The Air Force’s newest, deadliest gunship just hit a major milestone  - Militarytimes.com, 10 October 2017 The AC-130J has two planned increments: the Block 10 configuration includes an internal 30 mm gun, small diameter bombs, and laser-guided missiles launched from the rear cargo door; and Block 20 configuration adds a 105 mm cannon, large aircraft infrared countermeasures, wing-mounted Hellfire missiles, and radio-frequency countermeasures.AC-130J poised to hit initial operational capability target  - Flightglobal.com, 21 September 2017
The Air Force decided to add a 105 mm cannon to the AC-130J in addition to the 30 mm cannon and smart bombs, the shells being more accurate and cheaper than dropping SDBs.
AFSOC is actively pursuing a directed-energy weapon on board the AC-130J in place of the 30mm gun by 2022,Mike Hoffman, "AFSOC Wants to Research Adding Laser Weapons to AC-130", Defensetech.org, 29 January 2015.
similar to the previous Advanced Tactical Laser program.
It is to produce a beam of up to 120 kW, or potentially even 180–200 kW, weigh about , defensively destroy antiaircraft missiles, and offensively engage communications towers, boats, cars, and aircraft.James Drew, "AFSOC developing tactics for '2020' AC-130 gunship laser weapon" , FlightGlobal, 17 September 2015Brendan McGarry, "Air Force Wants a Laser Weapon on AC-130J Gunship" , Defensetech.org, 16 September 2015Lara Seligman, "AFSOC Leveraging Lessons from Navy for AC-130J Laser", Defensenews.com, 3 December 2015 However, laser armament may only be installed on a few aircraft rather than the entire AC-130J fleet;Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr., "AC-130 To Get Laser Guns & Air-Launched Drones: Heithold"
, Breakingdefense.com, 3 December 2015 the laser will be mounted on the side in place of the 30 mm cannon.AFSOC favours side-mounted laser for gunship  – Flightglobal.com, 1 July 2016 Other potential additions include an active denial system to perform airborne crowd control, and small unmanned aerial vehicles from the common launch tubes to provide remote video feed and coordinates to weapons operators through cloud cover.Brian Everstine, "AFSOC envisions its gunship armed with lasers, other high-tech weapons", Air Force Times, 19 March 2015 Called the Tactical Off-board Sensor (TOBS), the drones would be expendable and fly along a programmed orbit to verify targets the aircraft cannot see itself because of bad weather or standing off from air defenses.
AFSOC will initially use the Raytheon Coyote small UAV for the TOBS mission, as it is an off-the-shelf design with a one-hour endurance, but plans to fulfill the role with a new drone capable of a four-hour endurance by 2019.
The Air Force was also interested in acquiring a glide bomb that can be launched from the common launch tubes capable of hitting ground vehicles traveling as fast as 120 km/h (70 mph) while above .James Drew, "US special forces seek tube-launched glide bombs" , FlightGlobal, 23 November 2015 In June 2016, Dynetics was awarded a contract by SOCOM to integrate its tactical munition onto the AC-130.
Designated the GBU-69/B Small Glide Munition, the weapon weighs  and is armed with a  blast-fragmentation warhead that can detonate by direct impact or at a selected height; despite being smaller, being unpowered allows for its warhead to be heavier than those on the Hellfire and Griffin A missiles,  and , respectively.
Guidance is provided by a GPS receiver with antispoofing software and four Distributed Aperture Semiactive Laser Seeker apertures adapted from the WGU-59/B APKWS for terminal guidance.Dynetics unveils new glide bomb with 16kg warhead  – Flightglobal.com, 14 June 2016Dynetics Looks to Fit Niche With Small Glide Munition – Defensenews.com, 22 August 2016Dynetics Awarded USSOCOM Small Glide Munition Contract  – Airforcemag.com, 14 June 2016 Approval for fielding occurred in early 2017.Dynetics awarded $470 million for increased production of glide bomb .
Flight International.
14 June 2018.
Dynetics was awarded a contract to deliver an initial batch of 70 SGMs in June 2017, with plans to buy up to 1,000.US special operators add new munition to air-launched arsenal  – Flightglobal.com, 29 June 2017 The SGM can travel .Commandos Buying Thousands of Small Missiles That Pack A Bigger Punch Than Hellfires .
Breaking Defense.
11 May 2018.
Future
, AC-130 gunships have been providing close air support for special operators for 50 years.
Although the aircraft have been kept relevant through constant upgrades to their weaponry, sensor packages, and countermeasures, they are not expected to be survivable in future nonpermissive environments due to their high signatures and low airspeeds.
Military analysts, such as the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, have suggested that AFSOC invest in more advanced technologies to fill the role to operate in future contested combat zones, including a mix of low-cost disposable unmanned and stealthy strike aircraft.Sandra I.
Erwin, "Air Force Commandos Will Have Fewer Aircraft, More Firepower"  National Defense Magazine, 15 May 2013 Design
thumb|Underside of an AC-130U Spooky Overview
The AC-130 is a heavily armed, long-endurance aircraft carrying an array of antiground-oriented weapons that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems.
It is capable of delivering precision firepower or area-saturation fire over a target area over a long period of time, at night, or in adverse weather.
The sensor suite consists of a television sensor, infrared sensor, and radar.
These sensors allow the gunship to visually or electronically identify friendly ground forces and targets in most weather conditions.
The AC-130U is equipped with the AN/APQ-180, a synthetic aperture radar, for long-range target detection and identification.
The gunship's navigational devices include inertial navigation systems and a global positioning system.
The AC-130U employs technologies developed in the 1990s, which allow it to attack two targets simultaneously.
It has twice the munitions capacity of the AC-130H.
Although the AC-130U conducts some operations in daylight, most of its combat missions are conducted at night.Naylor, Sean.
Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda , pp.
425.
Berkley Books, 2005. .
Retrieved 6 April 2009.
The AC-130H's unit cost is US$132.4 million, and the AC-130U's cost is $190 million (fiscal 2001 dollars).
Upgrades
thumb|left|AC-130U sensor suite
During the Vietnam War era, the various AC-130 versions following the Pave Pronto modifications were equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector system called Black Crow (designated AN/ASD-5), a highly sensitive passive device with a phased-array antenna located in the left-front nose radome that could pick up localized deviations in the Earth's magnetic field normally used to detect submerged submarines.
The Black Crow system was slaved into the targeting computers of the AC-130A/E/H, enabling the detection of the unshielded ignition coils of North Vietnamese trucks hidden under dense jungle foliage along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
It could also detect hand-held transmitter signals of air controllers on the ground to identify and locate targets.
The PGM-38/U enhanced 25 mm high-explosive incendiary round was created to expand the AC-130U gunships' mission in standoff range and survivability for its 25 mm GAU-12/U gun.
This round is a combination of the existing PGU-25 HEI and a M758 fuze designated as FMU-151/B to meet the MIL-STD-1316.
The FMU-151 has an improved arming delay with multisensitive range."
PGU-38/U 25mm Ammunition", August 1993, Alliant Techsystems, Public Release, Case No. 93-S3040, E10630 8/93.
Operational history
Vietnam War
thumb|An AC-130 in Southern Laos circa 1970
The AC-130 gunship first arrived in South Vietnam on 21 September 1967 under the Gunship II program and began combat operations over Laos and South Vietnam that year.
In June 1968, AC-130s were deployed to Tan Son Nhut AB near Saigon for support against the Tet Offensive.
By 30 October 1968, enough AC-130 Gunship IIs arrived to form a squadron, the 16th Special Operations Squadron of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand.
At this time, the C-130A gunship was designated the AC-130A.
On 18 August 1968, an AC-130 gunship flying an armed reconnaissance mission in Vietnam's III Corps was diverted to support the Katum Special Forces Camp.
The ground commander quickly assessed the accurate fire and capabilities of this weapons system and called for fire on his own perimeter when the Viet Cong attempted to bridge the wire on the west side of his position.
By December 1968, most AC-130s flew under F-4 Phantom II escort (to protect the gunship against heavy and concentrated antiaircraft fire) from the 497th Tactical Fighter Squadron, normally three Phantoms per gunship.
On 24 May 1969, the first Spectre gunship was lost to enemy fire.
In late 1969, under code name "Surprise Package", 56-0490 arrived with solid-state, laser-illuminated, low light-level TV with a companion YAG laser designator, an improved forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, video recording for TV and FLIR, an inertial navigation system, and a prototype digital fire-control computer.
The remaining AC-130s were refitted with upgraded similar equipment in the summer of 1970, and then redeployed to Ubon RTAFB.
On 25 October 1971, the first "Cadillac" gunship, the AC-130E, arrived in Vietnam.
On 17 February 1972, the first 105 mm cannon arrived for service with Spectre and was installed on Gunship 570.
It was used from mid-February until the aircraft received battle damage to its right flap.
The cannon was switched to Gunship 571 and was used until 30 March when the aircraft was shot down.
Summary of AC-130 Spectre gunships lost in the Vietnam War 1969–1972
On 28 January 1973, the Vietnam peace accord went into effect, marking the end of Spectre operations in Vietnam.
Spectre was still needed and active in the region, supporting operations in Laos and Cambodia.
On 22 February 1973, American offensive operations in Laos ended and the gunships became totally committed to operations in the Cambodian conflict.
On 12 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge was threatening the capital of Phnom Penh and AC-130s were called on to help in Operation Eagle Pull, the final evacuation of American and allied officials from Phnom Penh before it was conquered by the communists.
The AC-130 was also over Saigon on 30 April 1975 to protect the final evacuation in Operation Frequent Wind.
Spectres were also called in when the USS Mayaguez was seized, on the open sea, by Khmer Rouge soldiers and sailors on 15 May 1975.
Six AC-130s and 52 air crew members were lost during the war.
U.S. claimed AC-130s destroyed more than 10,000 trucks and participated in many crucial close-air-support missions in Vietnam.
Cold War and later action
thumb|An AC-130A performs a left-hand pylon turn.
With the conclusion of hostilities in Southeast Asia in the mid-1970s, the AC-130H became the sole gunship in the regular Air Force, home based at Hurlburt Field, Florida, while the AC-130A fleet was transferred to the Air Force Reserve's 919th Tactical Airlift Group (919 TAG) at Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field #3/Duke Field, Florida.
With the transition to the AC-130A, the 919 TAG was then redesignated as the 919th Special Operations Group.
In the late 1970s, when the AC-130H fleet was first being modified for in-flight refueling capability, a demonstration mission was planned and flown from Hurlburt Field, Florida, nonstop, to conduct a 2-hour live-fire mission over Empire Firing Range in the Republic of Panama, then return home.
This 13-hour mission with two in-flight refuelings from KC-135 tankers proved the validity of flying long-range missions outside the contiguous United States to attack targets then return to home base without intermediate stops.
AC-130s from both the 4th and 16th Special Operations Squadrons have been deployed in nearly every conflict in which the United States has been involved, officially and unofficially, since the end of the Vietnam War.
In July 1979, AC-130H crews deployed to Howard Air Force Base, Panama, as a precaution against possible hostile actions against American personnel during the Nicaraguan Revolution.
New time aloft and nonstop distance records were subsequently set by a 16th SOS two-ship AC-130H formation flight that departed Hurlburt Field on 13 November 1979 and landed on 15 November at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, a distance of  and 29 hours 43 minutes nonstop, refueling four times in-flight.Lockheed records.
Refueling support for the Guam deployment was provided by KC-135 crews from the 305th Air Refueling Wing from Grissom AFB, Indiana.
In November 1979, four AC-130H gunships flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field to Anderson AFB, Guam, because of the hostage situation at the US Embassy in Iran.
At Guam, AC-130H crews developed communications-out/lights-out refueling procedures for later employment by trial-and-error.
This deployment with the 1 SOW/CC as task force commander was directed from the office of the CJCS for fear that Iranian militants could begin executing American Embassy personnel who had been taken hostage on 4 November.
One early option considered AC-130H retaliatory punitive strikes deep within Iran.
Later gunship flights exceeded the 1979 Hurlburt-to-Guam flight.
Upon return in March 1980, the four planes soon found themselves in Egypt to support the ill-fated hostage rescue attempt.
During Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, AC-130s suppressed enemy air-defense systems and attacked ground forces enabling the assault of the Point Salines Airfield via airdrop and air-land of friendly forces.
The AC-130 aircrew earned the Lieutenant General William H. Tunner Award for the mission.
The AC-130Hs of the 16th Special Operations Squadron unit maintained an ongoing rotation to Howard AB, Panama, monitoring activities in El Salvador and other Central American points of interest, with rules of engagement eventually permitting attacks on FMLN targets.
This commitment of maintainers and crews started in 1983 and lasted until 1990.
The AC-130 is considered to have hastened the end of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s.
Crews flew undercover missions from Honduras and attacked guerrilla camps and concentrations.
AC-130s also had a primary role during the United States invasion of Panama (named Operation Just Cause) in 1989, when they destroyed Panama Defense Force headquarters and numerous command-and-control facilities, and provided close air support for US ground troops.
Aircrews earned the Mackay Trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year, and the Tunner Award.
Gulf War and the 1990s
thumb|right|A USAF AC-130 in combat operation
During the Gulf War of 1990–91 (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm), Regular Air Force and Air Force Reserve AC-130s provided close air support and force protection (air base defense) for ground forces, and battlefield interdiction.
The primary interdiction targets were early-warning/ground-control intercept sites along the southern border of Iraq.
At its standard altitude of 12,000 feet, the aircraft had a proven ability to engage moving ground targets.
The first gunship to enter the Battle of Khafji helped stop a southbound Iraqi armored column on 29 January 1991.
One day later, three more gunships provided further aid to Marines participating in the operation.
The gunships attacked Iraqi positions and columns moving south to reinforce their positions north of the city.
Despite the threat of SAMs and increasing visibility during the early morning hours of 31 January 1991, one AC-130H, AF Serial No. 69-6567, call-sign Spirit 03, opted to stay to continue to protect the Marines.
A lone Iraqi with a Strela-2 MANPADS shot Spirit 03 down, and all 14 crew members were killed.
The loss of Spirit 03 did however result in the US DoD joining the development of the AN/AAQ-24 Directed Infrared Countermeasures System which, in its updated laser-based form, is now a common fit across large US military aircraft.
The military has used AC-130 gunships during the humanitarian operations in Somalia (Operation Restore Hope and Operation United Shield) in 1992–93 and Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti in 1994.
AC-130s took part in Operation Assured Response in Liberia in 1996 and in Operation Silver Wake in 1997, the evacuation of American non-combatants from Albania.
AC-130s took part in the NATO missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo during the 1990s.
The AC-130U gunship set a new record for the longest sustained flight by any C-130 on 22 and 23 October 1997, when two AC-130U gunships flew 36 hours nonstop from Hurlburt Field to Taegu Air Base (Daegu), South Korea, being refueled seven times in the air by KC-135 tankers.
The two gunships took on 410,000 lb (186,000 kg) of fuel.
Gunships also were part of the buildup of US forces in 1998 to compel Iraq to allow UNSCOM weapons inspections.
War on Terror
The US has used gunships with deployments to the war in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan) (2001–2016), and Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom) (2003–2011).
AC-130 strikes were directed by special forces on known Taliban locations during the early days of the war in Afghanistan.
US Special Operations Forces are using the AC-130 to support its operations.
The day after arriving in Afghanistan, the AC-130s attacked Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces near the city of Konduz and were directly responsible for the city's surrender the next day.
On 26 November 2001, Spectres were called in to put down a rebellion at the prison fort of Qala-I-Janghi.
The 16 SOS flew missions over Mazar-i-Sharif, Kunduz, Kandahar, Shkin, Asadabad, Bagram, Baghran, Tora Bora, and virtually every other part of Afghanistan.
The Spectre participated in countless operations within Afghanistan, performing on-call close air support and armed reconnaissance.
In March 2002, three AC-130 Spectres provided 39 crucial combat missions in support of Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan.
During the intense fighting, the planes fired more than 1,300 40 mm and 1,200 105 mm rounds.
Close air support was the main mission of the AC-130 in Iraq.
Night after night, at least one AC-130 was in the air to fulfill one or more air-support requests (ASRs).
A typical mission had the AC–130 supporting a single brigade's ASRs followed by aerial refueling and another two hours with another brigade or SOF team.
The use of AC-130s in places like Fallujah, urban settings where insurgents were among crowded populations of non-combatants, was criticized by human rights groups.
AC-130s were also used for intelligence gathering with their sophisticated long-range video, infrared and radar sensors.
In 2007, US Special Operations forces also used the AC-130 in attacks on suspected Al-Qaeda militants in Somalia.
Eight AC-130H and 17 AC-130U aircraft were in active-duty service as of July 2010.
In March 2011, the Air Force deployed two AC-130U gunships to take part in Operation Odyssey Dawn, the US military intervention in Libya, which eventually came under NATO as Operation Unified Protector.
By September 2013, 14 MC-130W Dragon Spear aircraft have been converted to AC-130W Stinger II gunships.
The Stinger gunships have been deployed to Afghanistan to replace the aging AC-130H aircraft and provide an example for the new AC-130J Ghostrider.
Modifications began by cutting holes in the plane to make room for weapons and adding kits and bomb bases for laser-guided munitions.
Crews added a 105 mm cannon, 20-inch infrared and electro-optical sensors, and the ability to carry 250-lb bombs on the wings.
The final AC-130H Spectre gunship, tail number 69-6569 "Excalibur" was retired on 26 May 2015 at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico.
On 15 November 2015, two days after the attacks in Paris by ISIL, AC-130s and A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft destroyed a convoy of over 100 ISIL-operated oil tanker trucks in Syria.
The attacks were part of an intensification of the US-led Military intervention against ISIL called Operation Tidal Wave II (named after the original Operation Tidal Wave during World War II, a failed attempt to raid German oil fields that resulted in heavy aircraft and aircrew loss) in an attempt to cut off oil smuggling as a source of funding for the group.US A-10 Attack Planes Hit ISIS Oil Convoy to Crimp Terror Funding  – Military.com, 16 November 2015
On 3 October 2015, an AC-130 mistakenly attacked the Doctors Without Borders hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, killing 42 people and injuring over 30.
In five separate runs, the gunship struck the hospital, that was erroneously identified as the source of attacks on coalition members.
Subsequent inquiries led to punishment of 16 military personnel and cited "human error" as the root cause.
On 30 September 2017, the Air Force declared the AC-130J Ghostrider had achieved initial operational capability, with six gunships having been delivered; the aircraft is planned to reach full operational capability by 2023 with 37 gunships delivered.
The J-variant is lighter and more fuel efficient than previous versions, able to fly at  with a range of  and service ceiling of .
The AC-130U returned from its final combat deployment on 8 July 2019;AC-130U 'Spooky' Gunship Completes its Final Combat Deployment .
Military.com.
10 July 2019.
the final AC-130U was retired in August 2019."
AC-130U “Spooky” Gunship Rolls Into Retirement".
U.S. Air Force, 21 August 2019.
AFSOC started taking delivery of the AC-130J in spring 2019, and the aircraft began deploying to Afghanistan by the summer.AFSOC's 'Ultimate Battle Plane' Now Operating in Afghanistan.
Military.com.
16 September 2019.
Variants
In service
AC-130W Stinger II (formerly MC-130W Dragon Spear)
Conversions of 14 MC-130Ws (active duty USAF).
AC-130J Ghostrider
Based on MC-130J; 32 aircraft were to be procured as of 2014 to replace the AC-130H.
As of 2018, the first AC-130J "Ghostrider" squadron, the 73rd Special Operations Squadron, is operating from Hurlburt Field, Florida.Lake, Jon.
"Ghostrider Arrives to Replace Spooky Loop."
Aviation International News.
14 Mar. 2019.
Accessed 31 July 2021.
Retired
AC-130A Spectre (Project Gunship II, Surprise Package, Pave Pronto)
Conversions of C-130As; 19 completed; transferred to Air Force Reserve in 1975, retired in 1995."
AC-130A Spectre"  GlobalSecurity.org
AC-130E Spectre (Pave Spectre, Pave Aegis)
Conversions of C-130Es; 11 completed; 10 upgraded to AC-130H configuration.Lockheed AC-130H fact sheet .
National Museum of the United States Air Force
AC-130H Spectre
Upgraded AC-130E aircraft; 8 completed; last aircraft retired in 2015.
AC-130U Spooky
The 3rd generation AC-130 gunship.
The variant was retired in August 2019.
Operators
thumb|AC-130U over Hurlburt Field
;:
United States Air Force
Detachment 2, 14th Air Commando Wing – Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam 1967–1968
8th Tactical Fighter Wing – Ubon/Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand 1968–1975
16th Special Operations Squadron
1st Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 1975–1993, 2006–present
4th Special Operations Squadron 2006–present
8th Special Operations Squadron 1975
16th Special Operations Squadron 1975–1993, 2006–2007
18th Flight Test Squadron 1991–1993, 2006–2017
19th Special Operations Squadron 2006–2017
73d Special Operations Squadron 2018–present
16th Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 1993–2006
4th Special Operations Squadron 1995–2006
16th Special Operations Squadron
18th Flight Test Squadron
19th Special Operations Squadron 1996–2006
27th Special Operations Wing – Cannon AFB, New Mexico 2007–
16th Special Operations Squadron
73d Special Operations Squadron 2007-2015
551st Special Operations Squadron
46th Test Wing – Eglin AFB, Florida 2014–present
413th Flight Test Squadron
412th Test Wing – Edwards AFB, California 1990–1995
418th Flight Test Squadron
492d Special Operations Wing – Hurlburt Field, Florida 2017–present
18th Flight Test Squadron
19th Special Operations Squadron
919th Special Operations Wing – Duke Field, Florida 1975–1995
711th Special Operations Squadron
Aircraft on display
One of the first seven AC-130A aircraft deployed to Vietnam was AF serial no. 53–3129, named First Lady in November 1970.
This aircraft was a conversion of the first production C-130.
On 25 March 1971, it took an anti-aircraft artillery hit in the belly just aft of the nose gear wheel well over the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos.
The 37 mm shell destroyed everything below the crew deck and barely missed striking two crew members.
The pilot was able to crash land the aircraft safely.Noecker, Jeff.
Callsign: Spectre  In 1975, after the conclusion of US involvement in the Vietnam war, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve, where it served with the 711th Special Operations Squadron of the 919th Special Operations Wing.
In 1980, the aircraft was upgraded from the original three-bladed propellers to the quieter four-bladed propellers and was eventually retired in late 1995.
The retirement also marked an end to the Air Force Reserve Command flying the AC-130A.
The aircraft now sits on display in the final Air Force Reserve Command configuration with grey paint, black markings, and the four-bladed Hamilton Sunstrand 54H60-91 props at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA."
List of AC-130 Gunships."
Gunships.
Retrieved 6 June 2011.
"First Lady retires, era ends."
Gunships.
Retrieved 6 June 2011.
A second aircraft, AF serial no. 56–0509, named the Ultimate End, was originally accepted as a C-130A by the Air Force on 28 February 1957, and modified to the AC-130A configuration on 27 July 1970.
The aircraft participated in the Vietnam War and the rescue of the SS Mayaguez.
Ultimate End demonstrated the durability of the C-130 after surviving hits in five places by 37 mm anti-aircraft artillery on 12 December 1970, extensive left wing leading edge damage on 12 April 1971 and a 57 mm round damaging the belly and injuring one crewman on 4 March 1972.
"Ultimate End" was reassigned to the Air Force Reserve's 919th Special Operations Wing at Eglin AFB Auxiliary Field No.3 / Duke Field on 17 June 1975, where it continued in service until retired in the fall 1994 and transferred to Air Force Special Operations Command's Heritage Air Park at Hurlburt Field, Florida.
While assigned to the 711th Special Operations Squadron, Ultimate End served in Operations JUST CAUSE in Panama, DESERT STORM in Kuwait and Iraq, and UPHOLD DEMOCRACY in Haiti.
After 36 years and seven months of service, 24 years as a gunship, Ultimate End retired from active service on 1 October 1994.
It made its last flight from Duke Field to Hurlburt Field on 20 October 1994.
The Spectre Association dedicated "Ultimate End" (which served with the 16 SOS in Vietnam) on 4 May 1995.
Lt Col Michael Byers, then 16 SOS commander, represented the active-duty gunship force and Clyde Gowdy of the Spectre Association represented all Spectre personnel past and present for the unveiling of a monument at the aircraft and the dedication as a whole.AC-130A Spectre .
USAF Hurlburt Field
A third AC-130A, AF serial no. 54–1630, is on display in the Cold War Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.
Named Azrael for the angel of death in Islam who severs the soul from the body, this aircraft figured prominently in the closing hours of Operation Desert Storm.
On 26 February 1991, Coalition ground forces were driving the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait.
With an Air Force Reserve crew called to active duty, Azrael was sent to the Al Jahra highway (Highway 80) between Kuwait City and Basra, Iraq, to intercept the convoys of tanks, trucks, buses, and cars fleeing the battle.
Facing SA-6 and SA-8 surface-to-air missiles and 37 mm and 57 mm radar-guided anti-aircraft artillery the crew attacked and destroyed or disabled most of the convoys.
Azrael was also assigned to the 919th Special Operations Wing and retired to the museum in October 1995.
Another AC-130A, AF serial no. 54–1626, the original prototype AC-130 named "Gunship II" is on display at the outdoor Air Park at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.
This aircraft served in Southeast Asia from 1967 to 1972, then served in JC-130A test configuration.
It was transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in 1976, and converted back to AC-130A configuration in the late 1990s.
AC-130A serial no. 54–1623, c/n 3010, named "Ghost Rider" served in Southeast Asia and later conflicts until being retired in 1997 to Dobbins AFB, Georgia.
Ghost Rider eventually was transferred and displayed at the Aviation Wing Museum at Marietta, Georgia.
Specifications (AC-130U)
right|350px thumb|AC-130U Spooky
thumb|Gunners loading 40 mm cannon (background) and 105 mm cannon (foreground) Notable appearances in media
The AC-130 is a playable aircraft in many Call of Duty games, either as kill/scorestreaks in multiplayer or in missions in the campaigns.
See also
References
Further reading
(AC-130 refs loaded throughout book)
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External links
"Gunship History", Spectre Association.
AC-130, Global Security.
"Powerful Gunships Prowl Iraq, and Limits Show" on NPR from All Things Considered.
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(1977) T.O. 1C-130(A)A-1 Flight Manual USAF Series AC-130A Airplane (Part 1), (Part 2)
C-130, A C-130, A Category:1960s United States attack aircraft Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft Category:High-wing aircraft Category:Four-engined turboprop aircraft Category:Aircraft artillery Category:Gunships AC-130 Category:Aircraft first flown in 1966 Category:Military equipment of the Vietnam War
